企业的本质、性质与企业成长的理论研究
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摘要
企业是与市场结合却又不同于市场的协调资源配置的另一种必不可少的机制。企业的成长构成了一国经济发展和经济繁荣的基础，具有极高的研究价值。本文认为，对企业成长理论的研究，首先必须以对企业本身的认识为出发点。而企业的本身，主要是企业的本质，以及企业的性质这两大问题。
本文首先从对企业本质的认识开始。通过对新古典经济学、新制度学派与古典经济学、演化经济学、资源能力知识理论以及马克思、熊彼特、钱德勒与杨小凯等对企业本质认识的回顾、比较、评析与综合，本文认为，企业的本质是“高效率的生产组织”。它包括三层含义：首先，企业的本质，首要在于其生产属性，这是企业之所以区别于市场的地方；其次，之所以由企业组织生产，而不是分散生产是由于企业能够进行高效率的生产，这是企业之所以取代小生产组织的原因；而最后，企业无疑是一种组织，只有通过组织，企业才能够进行生产，才能够进行可以利用分工协作的效率优势的生产。
本文随后在对企业本质认识的基础上，探讨了企业的性质及其企业成长意义。通过对新古典经济学、交易成本经济学与演化经济学、资源能力知识等企业理论中对企业性质认识的回顾、比较与综合，本文认为，异质性是企业的基本性质，其基本涵义包括：第一，企业是一个历史的不断内生成长和演化的有机体，企业在成长中所积累的核心知识和能力是独特的和有价值的；第二，企业的核心知识和能力作为企业的关键性生产要素是非竞争性的和难以模仿与替代的，既无法通过市场公开定价和获得又使其他企业的模仿和替代行为面临成本约束。本文进而认为，企业的成长根源于核心知识与能力的积累，更根源于持续的知识创新，这是一个内生的企业成长问题。最后，本文介绍了一个基于人力资本与知识理论的企业成长的知识结构模型。
结合企业的异质观，本文基于对企业本质的认识，考查其企业成长意义。本文认为，面向产品的创新，是企业在市场竞争中求得生存与发展，求得持续成长的最基本手段。其中，企业本质的生产性，决定了企业的基于产品的竞争；而高效率，这一企业存在的规定性，决定了企业的基于创新的竞争。在这个认识的基础上，本文研究了基于面向产品的创新的企业成长模式与模式选择。随后，本文以产品创新为主，兼顾面向产品的流程创新，分析其与企业成长的关系、影响因素以及相关的国外经验研究成果。
The firm is another necessary mechanism of allocating resources, which integrates with market but different from market. The growth of the firm is the foundation of a country's economy development and has high researching value. This paper thinks that researching the growth of the firm should begin from the firm itself, mainly including the nature and the property of the firm.Beginning from the nature of the firm, this paper reviews and analyzes the viewpoints of neo-classical, new institutional, evolution economics etc. and Marx et al. Then it is concluded that the nature of the firm is a productive organization with high efficiency. There are three aspects of meanings. Firstly, the nature of the firm is firstly productive, which is what the firm differs from the market. Secondly, production is an organized production by the firm rather than a dispersed production. That is because firm can produce in a high efficiency. Finally, the firm is a kind of organization. Only through organizing, the firm can carry though production, a high efficient production taking advantage of the work division and collaboration.Based on the nature of the firm, the firm's property are discussed. Through the review and comparison, it is thought that the property of the firm is heterogeneity. It includes two aspects of meanings. On one hand, the firm is an organism of historically and continuously endogenous growth and evolution. In this growth process, the core knowledge and capabilities accumulated are special and valuable. On the other hand, core knowledge and capabilities are noncompetitive, inimitable and no-substitutable. They can't be priced and achieved through the public market, but also are a cost restriction for other firms to imitate. Moreover, this paper thinks that the growth of the firm rooted from the accumulation of the core knowledge and capabilities, and sustained knowledge innovation, which is an endogenous growth process. At last, a firm growth model from knowledge structure perspective is presented.According with the firm heterogeneity, the significance of the nature of the firm to the firm growth is that product-oriented innovation is a basic means for the firm's growth. Hereinto, the productiveness of the firm decides the competition based on product. And the high efficiency decides the competition based on innovation. Based on this, the firm growth pattern of product-oriented innovation and the choice of it are discussed. Then, the correlation and influence between product innovation and firm growth is analyzed. And the empirical research achievements abroad are introduced.
本文首先从对企业本质的认识开始。通过对新古典经济学、新制度学派与古典经济学、演化经济学、资源能力知识理论以及马克思、熊彼特、钱德勒与杨小凯等对企业本质认识的回顾、比较、评析与综合，本文认为，企业的本质是“高效率的生产组织”。它包括三层含义：首先，企业的本质，首要在于其生产属性，这是企业之所以区别于市场的地方；其次，之所以由企业组织生产，而不是分散生产是由于企业能够进行高效率的生产，这是企业之所以取代小生产组织的原因；而最后，企业无疑是一种组织，只有通过组织，企业才能够进行生产，才能够进行可以利用分工协作的效率优势的生产。
本文随后在对企业本质认识的基础上，探讨了企业的性质及其企业成长意义。通过对新古典经济学、交易成本经济学与演化经济学、资源能力知识等企业理论中对企业性质认识的回顾、比较与综合，本文认为，异质性是企业的基本性质，其基本涵义包括：第一，企业是一个历史的不断内生成长和演化的有机体，企业在成长中所积累的核心知识和能力是独特的和有价值的；第二，企业的核心知识和能力作为企业的关键性生产要素是非竞争性的和难以模仿与替代的，既无法通过市场公开定价和获得又使其他企业的模仿和替代行为面临成本约束。本文进而认为，企业的成长根源于核心知识与能力的积累，更根源于持续的知识创新，这是一个内生的企业成长问题。最后，本文介绍了一个基于人力资本与知识理论的企业成长的知识结构模型。
结合企业的异质观，本文基于对企业本质的认识，考查其企业成长意义。本文认为，面向产品的创新，是企业在市场竞争中求得生存与发展，求得持续成长的最基本手段。其中，企业本质的生产性，决定了企业的基于产品的竞争；而高效率，这一企业存在的规定性，决定了企业的基于创新的竞争。在这个认识的基础上，本文研究了基于面向产品的创新的企业成长模式与模式选择。随后，本文以产品创新为主，兼顾面向产品的流程创新，分析其与企业成长的关系、影响因素以及相关的国外经验研究成果。
The firm is another necessary mechanism of allocating resources, which integrates with market but different from market. The growth of the firm is the foundation of a country's economy development and has high researching value. This paper thinks that researching the growth of the firm should begin from the firm itself, mainly including the nature and the property of the firm.Beginning from the nature of the firm, this paper reviews and analyzes the viewpoints of neo-classical, new institutional, evolution economics etc. and Marx et al. Then it is concluded that the nature of the firm is a productive organization with high efficiency. There are three aspects of meanings. Firstly, the nature of the firm is firstly productive, which is what the firm differs from the market. Secondly, production is an organized production by the firm rather than a dispersed production. That is because firm can produce in a high efficiency. Finally, the firm is a kind of organization. Only through organizing, the firm can carry though production, a high efficient production taking advantage of the work division and collaboration.Based on the nature of the firm, the firm's property are discussed. Through the review and comparison, it is thought that the property of the firm is heterogeneity. It includes two aspects of meanings. On one hand, the firm is an organism of historically and continuously endogenous growth and evolution. In this growth process, the core knowledge and capabilities accumulated are special and valuable. On the other hand, core knowledge and capabilities are noncompetitive, inimitable and no-substitutable. They can't be priced and achieved through the public market, but also are a cost restriction for other firms to imitate. Moreover, this paper thinks that the growth of the firm rooted from the accumulation of the core knowledge and capabilities, and sustained knowledge innovation, which is an endogenous growth process. At last, a firm growth model from knowledge structure perspective is presented.According with the firm heterogeneity, the significance of the nature of the firm to the firm growth is that product-oriented innovation is a basic means for the firm's growth. Hereinto, the productiveness of the firm decides the competition based on product. And the high efficiency decides the competition based on innovation. Based on this, the firm growth pattern of product-oriented innovation and the choice of it are discussed. Then, the correlation and influence between product innovation and firm growth is analyzed. And the empirical research achievements abroad are introduced.
引文
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