外商直接投资对江苏省就业结构的影响
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摘要
随着我省经济和社会的发展,我省的外商直接投资(FDI)状况和就业结构也出现了一些变化。我省的就业结构出现了哪些变化?外商直接投资对我省就业结构又造成怎样的影响?本文将从结构的角度出发,围绕着上述问题展开研究。
就业结构是一国经济结构的重要组成部分,对经济运行和社会发展有着深远的影响。我省的外商直接投资数额数年处于全国领先位置,外商直接投资对我省就业存在一定的贡献,因此,为了更好地认识FDI在我省经济发展中的作用以及促进其对我省就业做出更大的贡献,研究外商直接投资对我省就业结构的影响就有着重要的理论和现实意义。
本文旨在说明外商直接投资在我省的基本情况,结合我省相关的FDI数据和就业数据,分析外商直接投资对我省就业结构(主要是就业的产业结构、地区结构、技能结构)的影响,并尝试性地进行相关理论分析和实证分析,探讨FD[对我省就业结构的相关效应,得出相应的政策启示。
由于上世纪90年代以来我省资本国际化的进程明显加快,尤其是2001年以后,外商直接投资的数额大幅上升,因此就业结构变动较大,结合相关数据的可得性,本文的统计数据主要取于1998-2009年间。本文的研究结果表明,外商直接投资(FDI)对我省的就业结构存在着一定的影响：在就业的产业结构方面,FDI对于促进第一产业劳动力转移,增加我省第二产业和第三产业就业人数的贡献是比较突出的,此外,江苏省的产业结构与就业结构日趋协调。分析数据还表明,“刘易斯拐点”在江苏己悄然出现；在就业的地区结构方面,外商直接投资区域分布差异异常悬殊,FDI在我省分布的不平衡以及江苏三大经济区域经济发展明显的梯度特征导致了三大经济区域就业的不平衡,并反映在就业压力、产业结构、所有制结构、劳动者素质等方面；在就业的技能结构方面,FDI在一定程度上会促使我省高技能劳动力的需求,从一定程度上促进劳动者加强对自身综合素质的培养,提高其知识结构,对我省就业的知识结构的改善具有积极的推动作用。
With the development of economy and society, foreign direct investment (FDI) and employment structure have evolved at the same time.The primary Intention of this paper is to examine the characteristics and tendency of FDI and employment structure and then to study the influences of FDI on the structure of employment in Jiangsu. The research has focused on three aspects of employment structure, such as the employment structure of industry, region, and skill.
The procedure can be briefly described as follows. Firstly, this paper gives a brief introduction of the theory of FDI structure and employment structure. Secondly, with the usage of some related data from the year book of Jiangsu statistics, the paper presents forward the main characteristics of FDI and employment structure In Jiangsu. In this part, the method of statistical description is adopted.Then a model is built to analyze the various factors influencing the employment structure so as to contribute to the following analyses of their influences of FDI on it. Thirdly, combining theoretical analysis with empirical analysis, the paper studies the influences of FDI on the three aspects of employment structure and some conclusions have drawn. In this Part, with the help of Eviews, the analysis of correlation and regression is adopted. The majority of observing data is taken from Jiangsu Statistical Year book and the research times Pace is taken from the year of 1999 to 2008.
In summing up, it may be stated that FDI does have some influences on employment structure in China. In Industrial aspect, FDI has contributed to the aggregate of employment in Jiangsu and it plays a great role in transfer of labor force in primary industry, and employment growth of secondary and tertiary industry.In regional aspect, the disproportion of FDI,combining with the disproportional economic development of three parts in Jiangsu, has lead to the disequilibria in three main parts in Jiangsu, which lie in the following aspects:employment pressure, industry structure, pattern of ownership and laborer's quality. In skill aspect, as a result of its high demand of skilled labor, FDI will stimulate the education and self-discipline of domestic labors and consequently contribute to the improvement of employment structure of skill.
就业结构是一国经济结构的重要组成部分,对经济运行和社会发展有着深远的影响。我省的外商直接投资数额数年处于全国领先位置,外商直接投资对我省就业存在一定的贡献,因此,为了更好地认识FDI在我省经济发展中的作用以及促进其对我省就业做出更大的贡献,研究外商直接投资对我省就业结构的影响就有着重要的理论和现实意义。
本文旨在说明外商直接投资在我省的基本情况,结合我省相关的FDI数据和就业数据,分析外商直接投资对我省就业结构(主要是就业的产业结构、地区结构、技能结构)的影响,并尝试性地进行相关理论分析和实证分析,探讨FD[对我省就业结构的相关效应,得出相应的政策启示。
由于上世纪90年代以来我省资本国际化的进程明显加快,尤其是2001年以后,外商直接投资的数额大幅上升,因此就业结构变动较大,结合相关数据的可得性,本文的统计数据主要取于1998-2009年间。本文的研究结果表明,外商直接投资(FDI)对我省的就业结构存在着一定的影响：在就业的产业结构方面,FDI对于促进第一产业劳动力转移,增加我省第二产业和第三产业就业人数的贡献是比较突出的,此外,江苏省的产业结构与就业结构日趋协调。分析数据还表明,“刘易斯拐点”在江苏己悄然出现；在就业的地区结构方面,外商直接投资区域分布差异异常悬殊,FDI在我省分布的不平衡以及江苏三大经济区域经济发展明显的梯度特征导致了三大经济区域就业的不平衡,并反映在就业压力、产业结构、所有制结构、劳动者素质等方面；在就业的技能结构方面,FDI在一定程度上会促使我省高技能劳动力的需求,从一定程度上促进劳动者加强对自身综合素质的培养,提高其知识结构,对我省就业的知识结构的改善具有积极的推动作用。
With the development of economy and society, foreign direct investment (FDI) and employment structure have evolved at the same time.The primary Intention of this paper is to examine the characteristics and tendency of FDI and employment structure and then to study the influences of FDI on the structure of employment in Jiangsu. The research has focused on three aspects of employment structure, such as the employment structure of industry, region, and skill.
The procedure can be briefly described as follows. Firstly, this paper gives a brief introduction of the theory of FDI structure and employment structure. Secondly, with the usage of some related data from the year book of Jiangsu statistics, the paper presents forward the main characteristics of FDI and employment structure In Jiangsu. In this part, the method of statistical description is adopted.Then a model is built to analyze the various factors influencing the employment structure so as to contribute to the following analyses of their influences of FDI on it. Thirdly, combining theoretical analysis with empirical analysis, the paper studies the influences of FDI on the three aspects of employment structure and some conclusions have drawn. In this Part, with the help of Eviews, the analysis of correlation and regression is adopted. The majority of observing data is taken from Jiangsu Statistical Year book and the research times Pace is taken from the year of 1999 to 2008.
In summing up, it may be stated that FDI does have some influences on employment structure in China. In Industrial aspect, FDI has contributed to the aggregate of employment in Jiangsu and it plays a great role in transfer of labor force in primary industry, and employment growth of secondary and tertiary industry.In regional aspect, the disproportion of FDI,combining with the disproportional economic development of three parts in Jiangsu, has lead to the disequilibria in three main parts in Jiangsu, which lie in the following aspects:employment pressure, industry structure, pattern of ownership and laborer's quality. In skill aspect, as a result of its high demand of skilled labor, FDI will stimulate the education and self-discipline of domestic labors and consequently contribute to the improvement of employment structure of skill.
引文
“两个率先”：率先全面建成小康社会、率先基本实现现代化的目标。
出自：工云帆.江苏地方政府“引资运动”的另类效应http://www.21cbh.com/HTML/2003-3-3/8554.html
杨翔博.产业结构调整过程中劳动力转移研究——以江苏为例.2009
[1]蔡昉.人口转变、人口红利与经济增长可持续性——兼论充分就业如何促进经济增长.人口研究,2004,(2)：25-27
[2]罗良文.外商直接投资的就业效应分析.华中农业大学学报,2003,(4)：13-17
[3]曹安定,张庆君.外商直接投资对非农就业影响的实证分析.渤海大学学报,2004,(6)
[4]凌海生.外商直接投资对我国就业效应的分析.华东经济管理,2005,(10)
[5]黄为民.外商直接投资对我国宏观经济影响的实证分析.经济评论,2000,(6)
[6]孙倩,桑百川.外商直接投资在我国产生的就业效应分析.企业活力,2005,(7)：22-23
[7]张二震,任志成.FDI与中国国就业结构的演进.经济理论与经济管理,2005,(5)
[8]陈晅.外商直接投资对我国劳动力就业的影响.人口与经济,2001,(5)
[9]蔡防,王德文.外商直接投资与就业——一个人力资本分析框架.财经论丛,2004,(1)：1-14
[10]朱金生.外商直接投资对我国就业的影响.商业时代,2004,(23)
[11]Graham, E.M. Fighting the Wrong Economy:Antiglobal Activities and Multinational Enterprises. Washington,D.C:Institute for International Economics
[12]Blomstorm, Magnus. Foreign Investment and Spillover, Rontledge, London and New York
[13]Haddad, Mona and Ann Harrison. Are there Positives Pillovers from direct foreign investment?, Journal of International Economies, Vol42:51—74
[14]Roger H. Gordon and David D.Li. The Effects of Wage Distortionson the Transition: Theory and Evidence from China, European Economic Review,1999(43):163-183
[15]Arjun S.Bedi and Andrze j Ciestik. Wage and wage Growth in Poland:The Role of Foreign Direct Investment,2000
[16]Yao hui Zhao. Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages:The Case of China China Economic Review,2001(2)
[17]Feenstra R C, Hanson G H. Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wage Evidence from Mexico's Maquiladoras. Journal of International Economics,1997(42):371-393
[18]李雪辉、许罗丹.FDI对外商投资集中地区工资水平影响的实证研究[J].南开经济研究,2002,(2)：35-39
[19]刘辉.外商直接投资的就业效应分析.华中农业大学学报,2003,(4)
[20]张春敏.论我国就业结构的矛盾及其调整：[博士学位论文].北京：中央民族 大学,2004
[21]姜渔,党晓婕.中国就业结构研究.第1版.太原：山西人民出版社,1986,1
[22]Hymer, Stephen H. The international Operational of National Firms:A Study Direct Investment, Cambridge, Mass:MIT press,1976
[23]Vernon, R. "International investment and international trade in the product cycle", Quarterly Journal of Economics,Voll.80:190-207
[24]孔淑红,梁明.国际投资学.第1版.北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社,2001,17-28
[25]Dunning, John H. Trade location of economic activity, and the multinational firm. "A Search for eclectic approach", in B.Ohlin, P.O.Hessslberger and P.M.Wijkman(eds.),the International Allocation of Economic Activity,London
[26]Chenery H, Strour A N. Foreign Assistance and Economic Development, American Economic Review,1996(8)
[27]田素华.外资对上海就业效应的实证分析.财经研究,2006,30(3)：122-132
[28]江小娟.跨国投资、市场结构与外商投资企业的竞争行为.经济研究,2002,(9)：39
[29]任志成.国际产业资本流入与中国“刘易斯拐点”出现的关系分析.国际贸易问题.2008,(9)：82-85
[30]Feenstra. Advanced International Trade:Trade in Intermediate inputs and wages
[31]孙庆刚.外商直接投资对我过就业结构的影响.山东社会科学,2009(7)：101-104
[32]战磊.产业发展与人口就业协调共进研究——以江苏为例.人口与发展.2008(3)：30-36
[33]胡荣,袁鹏.江苏省产业结构域就业结构的协调性分析.南京航空航天大学学报.2008(3)：25-30
[34]吴霖.江苏就业结构调整与产业结构优化的实证研究：[硕士学位论文].南京：南京航空航天大学,2007
[35]Berman, Eli, John Bound, Zvi Griliches. Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor within U. S. Manufacturing:Evidence from the Annual Survey of Manufactures. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1994,104:3672398
[36]Feenstra, Robert C. and Gordon H. Hanson. The Impact of Outsourcing and High Technology Capital on Wages:Estimates for the United States,1979～1990. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,114 (3):9072940
[37]Delaine, C., Laplagne, P., Stone, S. The Increasing Demand for Skilled Workers in Australia:The Role of Technical Change. Productivity Commission Staff Research Paper, 2000
[38]Wood, Adrian. North-South Trade, Employment, and Inequality:Changing Fortunes in a Skill-Driven World. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1994
[39]James R. Markusen, Anthony J. Venables. Multinational Production, Skilled Labor and Real Wages. NBER Working Papers5483, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc,1996
[40]Feenstra, R. C., G. H. Hanson. Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality:A Survey of Trade and Wages. Handbook of International Trade (K. Choi and J. H. Harrigan,eds.) Basil Blackwell,2003:1462187
[41]Lumenga-Neso, Oliver, Marcelo Olarreaga, Maurice Schiff. On'Indirect'Trade Related R&D Spillovers. European Economic Review,2005,49 (7):178521898
[42]Grossman, G., Helpman E. Innovation and Growth in the World Economy. MIT Press Cambridge, MA,1991
[43]Keller,W. International Technology Diffusion, Journal of Economic Literature, forthcoming,2004
[44]Harrison, Ann, Gordon H. Hanson. Who Gains from Trade Reform? Some Remaining Puzzles. Journal of Development Economics,1999,59:1252154
[45]Pavcnik, Nina. What Explains Skill Upgrading in Less Developed Countries? Journal of Development Economics, forthcoming,2003
[46]姚先国.技术进步、技能需求与就业结构———基于制造业微观数据的技能偏态假说检验.中国人口科学,2005(5)：39-40
出自：工云帆.江苏地方政府“引资运动”的另类效应http://www.21cbh.com/HTML/2003-3-3/8554.html
杨翔博.产业结构调整过程中劳动力转移研究——以江苏为例.2009
[1]蔡昉.人口转变、人口红利与经济增长可持续性——兼论充分就业如何促进经济增长.人口研究,2004,(2)：25-27
[2]罗良文.外商直接投资的就业效应分析.华中农业大学学报,2003,(4)：13-17
[3]曹安定,张庆君.外商直接投资对非农就业影响的实证分析.渤海大学学报,2004,(6)
[4]凌海生.外商直接投资对我国就业效应的分析.华东经济管理,2005,(10)
[5]黄为民.外商直接投资对我国宏观经济影响的实证分析.经济评论,2000,(6)
[6]孙倩,桑百川.外商直接投资在我国产生的就业效应分析.企业活力,2005,(7)：22-23
[7]张二震,任志成.FDI与中国国就业结构的演进.经济理论与经济管理,2005,(5)
[8]陈晅.外商直接投资对我国劳动力就业的影响.人口与经济,2001,(5)
[9]蔡防,王德文.外商直接投资与就业——一个人力资本分析框架.财经论丛,2004,(1)：1-14
[10]朱金生.外商直接投资对我国就业的影响.商业时代,2004,(23)
[11]Graham, E.M. Fighting the Wrong Economy:Antiglobal Activities and Multinational Enterprises. Washington,D.C:Institute for International Economics
[12]Blomstorm, Magnus. Foreign Investment and Spillover, Rontledge, London and New York
[13]Haddad, Mona and Ann Harrison. Are there Positives Pillovers from direct foreign investment?, Journal of International Economies, Vol42:51—74
[14]Roger H. Gordon and David D.Li. The Effects of Wage Distortionson the Transition: Theory and Evidence from China, European Economic Review,1999(43):163-183
[15]Arjun S.Bedi and Andrze j Ciestik. Wage and wage Growth in Poland:The Role of Foreign Direct Investment,2000
[16]Yao hui Zhao. Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages:The Case of China China Economic Review,2001(2)
[17]Feenstra R C, Hanson G H. Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wage Evidence from Mexico's Maquiladoras. Journal of International Economics,1997(42):371-393
[18]李雪辉、许罗丹.FDI对外商投资集中地区工资水平影响的实证研究[J].南开经济研究,2002,(2)：35-39
[19]刘辉.外商直接投资的就业效应分析.华中农业大学学报,2003,(4)
[20]张春敏.论我国就业结构的矛盾及其调整：[博士学位论文].北京：中央民族 大学,2004
[21]姜渔,党晓婕.中国就业结构研究.第1版.太原：山西人民出版社,1986,1
[22]Hymer, Stephen H. The international Operational of National Firms:A Study Direct Investment, Cambridge, Mass:MIT press,1976
[23]Vernon, R. "International investment and international trade in the product cycle", Quarterly Journal of Economics,Voll.80:190-207
[24]孔淑红,梁明.国际投资学.第1版.北京：对外经济贸易大学出版社,2001,17-28
[25]Dunning, John H. Trade location of economic activity, and the multinational firm. "A Search for eclectic approach", in B.Ohlin, P.O.Hessslberger and P.M.Wijkman(eds.),the International Allocation of Economic Activity,London
[26]Chenery H, Strour A N. Foreign Assistance and Economic Development, American Economic Review,1996(8)
[27]田素华.外资对上海就业效应的实证分析.财经研究,2006,30(3)：122-132
[28]江小娟.跨国投资、市场结构与外商投资企业的竞争行为.经济研究,2002,(9)：39
[29]任志成.国际产业资本流入与中国“刘易斯拐点”出现的关系分析.国际贸易问题.2008,(9)：82-85
[30]Feenstra. Advanced International Trade:Trade in Intermediate inputs and wages
[31]孙庆刚.外商直接投资对我过就业结构的影响.山东社会科学,2009(7)：101-104
[32]战磊.产业发展与人口就业协调共进研究——以江苏为例.人口与发展.2008(3)：30-36
[33]胡荣,袁鹏.江苏省产业结构域就业结构的协调性分析.南京航空航天大学学报.2008(3)：25-30
[34]吴霖.江苏就业结构调整与产业结构优化的实证研究：[硕士学位论文].南京：南京航空航天大学,2007
[35]Berman, Eli, John Bound, Zvi Griliches. Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor within U. S. Manufacturing:Evidence from the Annual Survey of Manufactures. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1994,104:3672398
[36]Feenstra, Robert C. and Gordon H. Hanson. The Impact of Outsourcing and High Technology Capital on Wages:Estimates for the United States,1979～1990. Quarterly Journal of Economics,1999,114 (3):9072940
[37]Delaine, C., Laplagne, P., Stone, S. The Increasing Demand for Skilled Workers in Australia:The Role of Technical Change. Productivity Commission Staff Research Paper, 2000
[38]Wood, Adrian. North-South Trade, Employment, and Inequality:Changing Fortunes in a Skill-Driven World. Oxford:Clarendon Press,1994
[39]James R. Markusen, Anthony J. Venables. Multinational Production, Skilled Labor and Real Wages. NBER Working Papers5483, National Bureau of Economic Research Inc,1996
[40]Feenstra, R. C., G. H. Hanson. Global Production Sharing and Rising Inequality:A Survey of Trade and Wages. Handbook of International Trade (K. Choi and J. H. Harrigan,eds.) Basil Blackwell,2003:1462187
[41]Lumenga-Neso, Oliver, Marcelo Olarreaga, Maurice Schiff. On'Indirect'Trade Related R&D Spillovers. European Economic Review,2005,49 (7):178521898
[42]Grossman, G., Helpman E. Innovation and Growth in the World Economy. MIT Press Cambridge, MA,1991
[43]Keller,W. International Technology Diffusion, Journal of Economic Literature, forthcoming,2004
[44]Harrison, Ann, Gordon H. Hanson. Who Gains from Trade Reform? Some Remaining Puzzles. Journal of Development Economics,1999,59:1252154
[45]Pavcnik, Nina. What Explains Skill Upgrading in Less Developed Countries? Journal of Development Economics, forthcoming,2003
[46]姚先国.技术进步、技能需求与就业结构———基于制造业微观数据的技能偏态假说检验.中国人口科学,2005(5)：39-40