抑肽酶抑制中性粒细胞对TNFα活化的人脐静脉内皮细胞黏附和迁移的实验研究
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摘要
目的:体外观察抑肽酶抑制中性粒细胞对TNFα活化的人脐静脉内皮细胞黏附和迁移,探讨其抑制体外循环术后全身性系统性炎症反应的机制。
    方法:采用Ficoll液提取高纯度的人中性粒细胞,使之与不同处理的人脐静脉内皮细胞黏附,计算黏附率。采用细胞培养小室测定中性粒细胞跨迁单层融合的人脐静脉内皮细胞的迁移率,采用免疫细胞化学法观察抑肽酶对TNFα活化的人脐静脉内皮细胞ICAM-1,β-catenin表达的改变。
    结果:1. TNFα未活化人脐静脉内皮细胞时,中性粒细胞和人脐静脉内皮细胞的黏附率为30.19%±3.23%,迁移率为16.63%±2.27%,活化后,黏附率上升到46.54%±3.59%,迁移率上升到41.70%±3.37%,抑肽酶预先作用并持续存在时,相同浓度的TNFα刺激相同时间,中性粒细胞和人脐静脉内皮细胞的黏附率为32.99%±3.43%,仅微弱增加,迁移率为27.48%±2.74%,增加幅度明显减少。
    2. 抑肽酶可抑制TNFα活化的人脐静脉内皮细胞ICAM-1的表达,可避免β-catenin的丢失。
    
    结论:抑肽酶可抑制抑制中性粒细胞对TNFα活化的人脐静脉内皮细胞黏附和迁移,抑肽酶抑制体外循环术后全身性系统性炎症反应与抑肽酶抑制血管内皮细胞ICAM-1,β-catenin表达的改变有关。
Objective: To study the anti-inflammatory mechanism of aprotinin in the prevention of systemic inflammation after cardiopulmonary bypass.
    Methods: We observed the adhesion between polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMN) and human umbilicus vein endothelial cells in different conditions, and studied the neutrophils transmigration through cultured human umbilicus vein endothelial cells(ECV-304 ) in response to the chemoattractants: platelet-activating factor(PAF). Immunocytoche- mical staining was used to observe the changes in the expression of ICAM-1,β-catenin of the endothelial cells.
    Results: 1. The firm adhesion rate and transmigration rate increased from 30.19%±3.23% to 46.54%±3.59%,16.63%±2.27% to 41.70%±3.37%,respectly after TNFαstimulated ECV-304.But,when aprotinin existed,the firm adhesion rate and transmigration rate added up to only 32.99%±3.43%,27.48%±2.74%, respectly.The increasing extent downgrated obviously.
    
    2.Aprotinin could downgrade the expression of ICAM-1 of TNFα activating endothelial cells and prevent the loss of β-catenin of the cells,protect the adherens junctions of endothelials cells.
    Conclusions: Aprotinin exerted obvious effect on the firm adhesion and significantly inhibited neutrophils transmigration through cultured human umbilicus vein endothelial cells (ECV-304) in response to the chemoattractants: platelet-activating factor(PAF). Aprotinin inhibited the systemic inflammation after cardiopulmonary bypass,which may be relevant to the downgrated expression of ICAM-1 and the prevented loss of β-catenin through the use of aprotinin.
引文
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    文献综述三
    抑肽酶止血抗炎机制研究进展
    重庆医科大学附属第二医院麻醉科 陈朝晖(综述) 徐昆(审校)
    摘要:抑肽酶是一种非特异性的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,在心脏外科中广泛应用,具有止血,降低全身性炎性反应作用,本文综述了抑肽酶止血抗炎机制。
    关键词:抑肽酶;止血;全身性炎性反应;机制。
    抑肽酶于20世纪60年代开始在临床上使用,最初用于治疗急性胰腺炎。1987年荷兰人Van Deveren首次报道将大剂量抑肽酶用于体外循环(CPB)心脏手术可明显减少术后失血。近年来发现抑肽酶可降低全身性炎性反应。本文综述了抑肽酶止血抗炎机制的研究进展。
    一、抑肽酶的生化结构和药理学特性
    抑肽酶是一种来自于牛肺的非特异性的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,它是一种碱性多肽,分子量为6512D,由16种氨基酸1258个残基组成。抑肽酶静脉给药后的半衰期为150分钟,主要分布容程相当于体液30%-50%。抑肽酶在肾脏被分解为较短的肽和氨基酸后排泄,无原形从肾脏排出。
    二、抑肽酶的止血机制
    正常的凝血功能由凝血酶,血小板和纤维蛋白溶解等三大系统组成,其中任何一个环节异常均可导致凝血功能障碍。体外循环是一个非生理性过程,在体外循环过程中,由于血液与人工心、肺等异物表面接触;鼓泡式氧合器直接接触的物理性破坏,心内负压吸引产生的剪切应力;肝素、鱼精蛋白及其复合物激活体内补体、蛋白酶等,致使许多生物活性物质释放,导致血小板数量减少,粘附和聚集功能明显下降,纤溶系统亢进,导致凝血功能障碍,引起术中术后非外科性出血。抑肽酶可抑制多种蛋白酶包括胰蛋白酶、纤溶酶、血管舒缓素、激肽释放酶及补体系统的激活。抑肽酶减少体外循环术后出血的机制有①保护血小板功能。血小板具有粘附于损伤血管内皮下胶原及带负电荷物质表面的功能,血小板质膜蛋白(GPIb)参与了血小板的粘附作用。在研究[1]表明,体外循环导致GPIb表达异常,血小板膜表面GP2b的含量明显减少,使血小板粘附、聚集功能明显减弱。
    
    
    抑肽酶不仅能防止体外循环对血小板的活化,应用后血浆中的血栓素B2、β血小板球蛋白,血小板因子4等含量增高不明显,从而有效地保护血小板粘附及聚集功能,而者对血小板的数目也有明显影响,但也有报道[2]抑肽酶对血小板的数目无明显影响,其减少出血的作用主要是保护血小板的功能。②抑制纤溶系统的激活。体外循环致使纤溶亢进,纤维蛋白原消耗,纤维蛋白降解,纤维蛋白降解产物增多,导致切口不能凝血,同时,纤维蛋白降解产物FDP抑制凝血酶和可溶性纤维蛋白的单体聚集而引起出血。纤溶酶是一种丝氨酸蛋白酶,抑肽酶通过酶上的丝氨酸活性成形成抑肽酶——蛋白酶复合物从而达到抑制纤溶酶活性的作用,抑肽酶还能阻止纤溶酶原的活化,防止大量纤溶酶的生成,有效地抑制纤溶六进[3]。③抑肽酶可抑制因子XⅡa的激活和激肽释放酶的产生及纤溶的激活,减轻对血小板的刺激,同时还可以抑制激活的蛋白C,使因子Va,VⅢa和纤溶酶原激活抑制物的灭活减少,发挥其抗纤溶及保护凝血的作用[4]。④与肝素协同作用,使ACT延长,减少肝素及血清蛋白的用量,减轻肝素及鱼精蛋白的不良影响,最终达到减少术后出血的目的[5]。
    抑肽酶是一种如此高效的止血剂,人们理所当然地认为它可能是促凝的,甚至人们担忧抑肽酶在冠状血管手术中使用将导致冠状血管闭塞的后果,因此,人们对在冠状血管手术中使用抑肽酶持谨慎态度,Landis[6]的研究消除了人们的疑虑,Landis发现抑肽酶选择性作用于血小板的凝血酶受体,蛋白酶活化的受体I(PARI),抑制PARI受体蛋白质水解,阻断了凝血酶的作用,但不影响血小板的聚集,使抑肽酶同时具有止血作用和抗凝作用。
    三、抑肽酶的抗炎机制
    3.1体外循环后全身炎症反应
    心脏直视手术中,一量建立体外循环,循环管通异物与血液接触,肝素一鱼精蛋白复合物形成等诱发全身补体系统的激活,促使内皮细胞Weible-Palade小体中P选择素释放,诱发短暂的中性粒细胞与血管内皮细胞及粘附反应[7。8],由于以肠道为主的内脏器管屏障功能削弱,导致内毒素释放入血,导致肿瘤坏死因子TNFα升高,进一步IL-1,IL-6,IL-8,PAF释放,激活中性细胞,使其氧化爆发,脱颗粒,增强其吞噬能力及白细胞粘附分子表达[9],同样,血管内皮细胞也被活化,
    
    
    E-选择素,ICAM-1在内皮细胞内合成,并在内皮细胞表面表达,数小时后达高峰,E-选择素,P-选择素与中性粒细胞膜表面结合,诱导中性粒细胞沿小血管壁“滚动”,同时激活中性粒细胞粘附分子CD11/CD18;使之与ICAM-1,ICAM-2的PI区结合,从而加强中性粒细胞与内皮细胞的相互作用,形成牢固延迟粘附,中性粒细胞与内皮细胞粘附后,进一步迁移至组织,释放多种炎性介质,蛋白酶,氧自由基等,损伤内皮细胞和其它组织细胞,诱导体外循环后全身性炎症反应的发生。严重者可进一步发展为多器管功能衰竭(MOSF),甚至死亡[10]。
    3.2抑肽酶的作用,对于CPB引起的全身性炎症反应,人们采用了肝素涂敷体外循环管道,白细胞滤器。糖皮质激素等降低CPB引起的SIRS,其中,抑肽酶的作用逐渐受到人们的重视,抑肽酶抑制体外循环引起的全身性炎症反应主要有以下几方面机制。
    3.2.1抑制促感染因子合成和释放,减轻机体炎性反应。研究显示CPB术中使用大剂量抑肽酶可减少血浆中TNFα及IL-6的浓度,改善中性粒细胞的趋化性,而小剂量抑肽酶无效[11]。
    3.2.2促抗感染因子IL-10的合成与释放,增强机体的抗感染能力。Hill [12]等发现CPB中大剂量抑肽酶可增加IL-10的血浆水平,机制尚不清楚。IL-10是近年来发现的一种抗感染因子,称为细胞因子合成抑制因子(CSIF),体外实验发现IL-10可抑制巨噬细胞和单核细胞对促感染因子TNFα,IL-1,IL-6的合成与释放,降低各自的mRNA水平,还可降低粘附分子的表达,抑制中性粒细胞一内皮细胞的粘附,减轻血管内皮的损伤。
    3.2.3降低粘附分子的表达,减轻肺内的细胞积聚,Hill [12]等发现在CPB术中大剂量抑肽酶可明显抑制中性粒细胞表面粘附分子CD11b/CD18表达的上调。抑制酶抑制CD11b/CD18表达可能与促感染因子的合成抑制有关,抑肽酶抑制粘附分子表达,从而抑制中性粒细胞一内皮细胞的粘附,减少肺泡内中性粒细胞积聚,减少弹性蛋白酶的释放,减轻肺泡上皮细胞的损伤。Horgan[13]在感染动物模形中发现使用CD11b/CD18抗体可减轻炎性反应所致的心肺细胞损伤。
    总之,抑肽酶在心脏外科的应用已逐渐推广,其止血抗炎的作用较确切,但其机制尚需进一步探索。
    
    
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