大学生前瞻性人格与时间洞察力的相关研究
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摘要
时间和空间是相互交融在一起的,Lewin在场理论中提出时间洞察力是生活空间的一个要素,个人的生活空间不仅指现在,也包含于过去和未来之中。个体与环境的动态交互作用造就了一个人的人格;而时间洞察力反映的是个体对时间认知、态度、行动倾向的人格特质。时间洞察力(time perspective)已经被看作为一种人格特质,指个体对于时间的认知、体验和行动(或行动倾向)的一种人格特质。另外,Bateman,Crant(1993)根据互动论(interactionism),将个体主动改变环境的行为视为一种相对稳定的个人特质或行为倾向的结果,他们将这种特质称为前瞻性人格(proactive personality),意指个体不受情境阻力的制约,主动采取行动以改变其外部环境的倾向性。本研究试图通过探讨前瞻性人格与时间洞察力的关系,管窥人格层面时间和环境的交互作用。
本研究对前瞻性人格量表进行修订,并在此基础上考察前瞻性人格与时间洞察力的关系。得出以下结论:
(1)修订后的前瞻性人格问卷具有良好的信度和效度。前瞻性人格有三个维度构成:完美性倾向,机遇识别力和意志坚定性。分别代表了前瞻性人格的情感、认知和意志方面。
(2)男女大学生在前瞻性人格三个维度极其总体上存在显著差异,并且男生显著高于女生;大学生前瞻性人格在年级上存在差异,并且,在前瞻性三个维度及总分上,大学生在大二年级达到最高值,大三、大四逐渐下降;文科大学生前瞻性人格在总体和机遇识别力维度显著高于理科学生;理科大学生在意志坚定性维度显著高于文科学生;在完美倾向性方面没有显著差异。
(3)在时间洞察力广度上,高前瞻性人格更倾向于未来广度,低前瞻性人格更倾向于过去广度;高完美性倾向性更倾向于未来广度,低完美倾向性更倾向于过去广度;高机遇识别力更倾向于未来广度,低机遇识别力更倾向于过去广度;与高意志坚定性相比,低意志坚定性更倾向于过去广度,而在未来广度上,高低意志坚定性不存在显著性差异。
(4)在时间洞察力心理结构的时间取向方面,高前瞻性人格更倾向于未来取向,低前瞻性人格更倾向于过去取向;高完美倾向性更倾向于未来取向,低完美倾向性更倾向于过去取向;高机遇识别力更倾向于未来取向,低完美倾向性更倾向于过去取向;低意志坚定性更倾向于过去取向,而在未来取向上,高低意志坚定性差异不显著。
(5)在时间关联性方面,前瞻性人格更倾向于分离型,低前瞻性人格更倾向于包含型;高完美倾向性更倾向于分离型,低完美倾向性更倾向于包含型;低机遇识别力更倾向于包含型,在分离型上,高低机遇识别力差异不显著;低意志坚定性更倾向于包含型,在分离型上,高低机遇识别力差异不显著。
(5)完美倾向性分别对时间支配、时间取向、时间关联性回归显著;机遇识别力与时间关联性回归显著;意志坚定性与时间取向回归显著。
Time and space is interracted with each other. Lewin pointed out that time perspective is one element in life-space which is not just existed in "now", but also belongs to "past" and "future". Based on interactionism, personalities are characterized by dynamic interaction of person and environment. Bateman, Crant(1993) intended that proactive behavior is dispositional construct that identfies differences among people in the extent to which they take action to influence their environments. And time perspective reflects a person's characterists of cognitive, attitude and intention on time. The purpose of this paper is to research on the relationship of proactive personality and time perspective, through which to make a step to the research on the interachion of time and environment personalities.
This research first revised the proactive personality scale(PPS), then researched on the relaship of proactive personality and time perspective. From the result, we can make a conclution bellow:
(1) The revised PPS is of high reliability and fair validity. There are three factors in PPS: striving for perfection, identify opportunity and strong will.
(2) The scores of PPS and the three factors of male colledge students are higher than female colledge students; significant difference between freshmen, sophomore, junior and senior colledge students has been found in PPS and the three factors; significant different between art and science students has been found in PPS, opportunity identification and strong will, while no signifficant difference in perfection inclination.
(2) High level proactive personality is inclined to future expance, while low level proactive personality is inclined to past expance. High level perfection inclination is inclined to future expance, while low level striving for perfection is inclined to past expance. High level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to future expance, while low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to past expance. High level strong-will is inclined to future expance, while low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to past expance.
(3) High level proactive personality is inclined to future orientation, while low level proactive personality is inclined to past orientation. High level perfection inclination is inclined to future orientation, while low level striving for perfection is inclined to past orientation. High level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to future orientation while low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to past orientation. Low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to past orientation.
(4) High level proactive personality is inclined to isolation, while low level proactive personality is inclined to inclution. High level perfection inclination is inclined to isolation, while low level striving for perfection is inclined to inclution. Low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to inclution. High level strong-will is inclined to isolation.
(5) Perfection inclination is respectively regressive to time expence, time orientation and time relevance; opportunity sensetivity is regressive to time relevance; strong-will is regressive to strong orientation.
本研究对前瞻性人格量表进行修订,并在此基础上考察前瞻性人格与时间洞察力的关系。得出以下结论:
(1)修订后的前瞻性人格问卷具有良好的信度和效度。前瞻性人格有三个维度构成:完美性倾向,机遇识别力和意志坚定性。分别代表了前瞻性人格的情感、认知和意志方面。
(2)男女大学生在前瞻性人格三个维度极其总体上存在显著差异,并且男生显著高于女生;大学生前瞻性人格在年级上存在差异,并且,在前瞻性三个维度及总分上,大学生在大二年级达到最高值,大三、大四逐渐下降;文科大学生前瞻性人格在总体和机遇识别力维度显著高于理科学生;理科大学生在意志坚定性维度显著高于文科学生;在完美倾向性方面没有显著差异。
(3)在时间洞察力广度上,高前瞻性人格更倾向于未来广度,低前瞻性人格更倾向于过去广度;高完美性倾向性更倾向于未来广度,低完美倾向性更倾向于过去广度;高机遇识别力更倾向于未来广度,低机遇识别力更倾向于过去广度;与高意志坚定性相比,低意志坚定性更倾向于过去广度,而在未来广度上,高低意志坚定性不存在显著性差异。
(4)在时间洞察力心理结构的时间取向方面,高前瞻性人格更倾向于未来取向,低前瞻性人格更倾向于过去取向;高完美倾向性更倾向于未来取向,低完美倾向性更倾向于过去取向;高机遇识别力更倾向于未来取向,低完美倾向性更倾向于过去取向;低意志坚定性更倾向于过去取向,而在未来取向上,高低意志坚定性差异不显著。
(5)在时间关联性方面,前瞻性人格更倾向于分离型,低前瞻性人格更倾向于包含型;高完美倾向性更倾向于分离型,低完美倾向性更倾向于包含型;低机遇识别力更倾向于包含型,在分离型上,高低机遇识别力差异不显著;低意志坚定性更倾向于包含型,在分离型上,高低机遇识别力差异不显著。
(5)完美倾向性分别对时间支配、时间取向、时间关联性回归显著;机遇识别力与时间关联性回归显著;意志坚定性与时间取向回归显著。
Time and space is interracted with each other. Lewin pointed out that time perspective is one element in life-space which is not just existed in "now", but also belongs to "past" and "future". Based on interactionism, personalities are characterized by dynamic interaction of person and environment. Bateman, Crant(1993) intended that proactive behavior is dispositional construct that identfies differences among people in the extent to which they take action to influence their environments. And time perspective reflects a person's characterists of cognitive, attitude and intention on time. The purpose of this paper is to research on the relationship of proactive personality and time perspective, through which to make a step to the research on the interachion of time and environment personalities.
This research first revised the proactive personality scale(PPS), then researched on the relaship of proactive personality and time perspective. From the result, we can make a conclution bellow:
(1) The revised PPS is of high reliability and fair validity. There are three factors in PPS: striving for perfection, identify opportunity and strong will.
(2) The scores of PPS and the three factors of male colledge students are higher than female colledge students; significant difference between freshmen, sophomore, junior and senior colledge students has been found in PPS and the three factors; significant different between art and science students has been found in PPS, opportunity identification and strong will, while no signifficant difference in perfection inclination.
(2) High level proactive personality is inclined to future expance, while low level proactive personality is inclined to past expance. High level perfection inclination is inclined to future expance, while low level striving for perfection is inclined to past expance. High level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to future expance, while low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to past expance. High level strong-will is inclined to future expance, while low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to past expance.
(3) High level proactive personality is inclined to future orientation, while low level proactive personality is inclined to past orientation. High level perfection inclination is inclined to future orientation, while low level striving for perfection is inclined to past orientation. High level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to future orientation while low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to past orientation. Low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to past orientation.
(4) High level proactive personality is inclined to isolation, while low level proactive personality is inclined to inclution. High level perfection inclination is inclined to isolation, while low level striving for perfection is inclined to inclution. Low level opportunity sensetivity is inclined to inclution. High level strong-will is inclined to isolation.
(5) Perfection inclination is respectively regressive to time expence, time orientation and time relevance; opportunity sensetivity is regressive to time relevance; strong-will is regressive to strong orientation.
引文
[1] 黄希庭．论时间洞察力．心理科学,2004,27(1)：5—7
[2] Bateman T S, Crant J M. The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1993,14(2): 103-118
[3] Buss, A. and Finn,S.(1987). Classification of personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52,432444
[4] Schneider,B.(1983). Interactional psychology and organizational behavior. In: Cummings, L. and Staw, B. Reseach in Organizational Behavior, Vol.5,Greenwich,CT:jai Press,pp.1-31
[5] Secord,P. and Backman, C.(1965). An interpersonal approach to personality.In: Maher, B.(Ed.) Progress in Experimental Personality Research, Vol.2, Academic Press, New York pp.91-125
[6] Lazarus, R.S.(1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping ,Springer,New York
[7] Crant J M. The proactive personality scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1995,80: 532-537
[8] Thompson J A. Proactive personality and job performance: Asocial capital perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2005,90(5): 1011-1017
[9] Parker S K, Sprigg C A. Minimizing strain and maximizing learning: The role of job demands, job control, and proactive personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1999,84(6): 925-939
[10] Harvey S, Blouin C, Stout D. Proactive personality as a moderator of outcomes for young workers experiencing conflict at work. Personality and Individual Differences, 2006,40(5): 1063-1074
[11] Allen D G, Weeks K P. Turnover intentions and voluntary turnover: The moderating roles of self-monitoring, locus of control, proactive personality, and risk aversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2005,90(5): 980-990
[12] Agarwal, A. Tripathi, K.K.& Srivastava, M. International Journal of Psychology, 1983, 18:367-380
[13] Deluga R. American presidential proactivity, charismatic leadership and rated performance. Leadership Quarterly, 1998,9(3): 265-291
[14] Major D A, Turner J E, Fletcher T D. Linking Proactive Personality and the Big Five to Motivation to Learn and Development Activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006, 91(4)927-935
[15] Kammeyer-Mueller J D, Wanberg C R. Unwrapping the organizational entry process: Disentangling multiple antecedents and their pathways to adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2003, 88(5): 779-794
[16] Crant J M. The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 1996, 34(3): 42-49
[17] Becherer R C, Maurer J G. The proactive personality disposition and entrepreneurial behavior among small company presidents. Journal of Small Business Management, 1999, 38(1): 28-36
[18] Kickul J, Gundry L K. Prospecting for strategic advantage: The proactive entrepreneurial personality and small firm innovation. Journal of Small Business Management, 2002, 40(2): 85-97
[19] Campbell, D J. The proactive employee: Managing workplace initiative. Academy of Management Executive,2000,14(3):52-66
[20]Claes R,Beheydt C,Lemmens B.Unidimensionality of abbreviated proactive personality scales across cultures.Applied Psychology:An international review,2005,54(4):476-489
[21]黄希庭,孙承惠,胡维芳.过去时间的心理结构.心理科学,1998,21(1):1-4
[22]吕厚超.关于时间透视的研究.心理学动态,1999,7(3):13-18
[23]黄希庭.时间心理学的若干研究1 见:中国心理学会编,当代中国心理学.人民教育出版社,2001:19-33
[24]Lennings CJ.Adolescents' time perspective.Perceptual and Motor Skills,1992,74:424-426
[25]Gonzalez,A.,Zimbardo,P.G.Time in perspective:A Psychology Today survey report.Psychology Today,1985:19,21-26.
[26]Agarwal A.Time,memory,and knowledge representation:the Indian perspective.In:Jeanette A(Ed.).Cognition and culture:A cross-cultural approach to psychology.Advances in psychology.North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers:Amsterdam,Netherlands,1993
[27]Fingerman KL,Perlmutter M.Future time perspective and life events across adulthood.The Journal of General Psychology,1995,122(1):95-111
[28]杉山成.An analysis of relationship between the general perceived control and the time persepctive in junior high school students.Japaneses Jounal of Education Psychology,1994,42:415-420
[29]白井利明.A study on the construction of Experiential Time Perspective Scale.The Japanese Journal of Psychology,1994,65(1):54-60
[30]黄希庭.未来时间的心理结构.心理学报,1994,26(2):121-127
[31]王卫红.成人时间透视心理结构的研究.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,24(2):239-246
[32]Hooraert J.Time perspective:Theoretical and methological considerations.Psychological Belgica,1973,13:2650-2940
[33]Zimbardo,P.G.,Boyd,J.N.Putting time in perspective:A valid,reliable individualdifferences metric.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1999,77(6):1271-1288
[34]吕厚超,黄希庭.时间洞察力的心理特征、结构及研究焦点.心理科学,2004,27(5):1037-1040
[35]吕厚超,黄希庭.青年时间洞察力结构的初步研究.西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004(7):46-50
[36]黄希庭,郑涌.时间透视的自我整合:心理结构方式的投射测验.心理学报,2000,32(1):30-35
[37]叶莲花,凌文辁.工业与组织心理学中的前瞻性人格.心理科学进展,2007,15(3):498-504
[38]Crant J M,Bateman T S.Charismatic leadership viewed from above:The impact of proactive personality.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2000,21:63-75
[39]Berry,J.W.Imposed-etic-derive-detic:The operationalization of acompelling idea International Journal of Psychology,1989,24:721-7351
[40]王登峰,崔红.中西方人格结构的理论和实证比较.北京大学学报,2003,40(5):109-1201
[41]宋其争.大学生未来时间洞察力的理论及实践研究.西南师范大学博士论文,2001
[42]宋其争,黄希庭.时间透视的研究现状.心理科学,2003,26(3):498-500
[2] Bateman T S, Crant J M. The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1993,14(2): 103-118
[3] Buss, A. and Finn,S.(1987). Classification of personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52,432444
[4] Schneider,B.(1983). Interactional psychology and organizational behavior. In: Cummings, L. and Staw, B. Reseach in Organizational Behavior, Vol.5,Greenwich,CT:jai Press,pp.1-31
[5] Secord,P. and Backman, C.(1965). An interpersonal approach to personality.In: Maher, B.(Ed.) Progress in Experimental Personality Research, Vol.2, Academic Press, New York pp.91-125
[6] Lazarus, R.S.(1984). Stress, Appraisal, and Coping ,Springer,New York
[7] Crant J M. The proactive personality scale and objective job performance among real estate agents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1995,80: 532-537
[8] Thompson J A. Proactive personality and job performance: Asocial capital perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2005,90(5): 1011-1017
[9] Parker S K, Sprigg C A. Minimizing strain and maximizing learning: The role of job demands, job control, and proactive personality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1999,84(6): 925-939
[10] Harvey S, Blouin C, Stout D. Proactive personality as a moderator of outcomes for young workers experiencing conflict at work. Personality and Individual Differences, 2006,40(5): 1063-1074
[11] Allen D G, Weeks K P. Turnover intentions and voluntary turnover: The moderating roles of self-monitoring, locus of control, proactive personality, and risk aversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2005,90(5): 980-990
[12] Agarwal, A. Tripathi, K.K.& Srivastava, M. International Journal of Psychology, 1983, 18:367-380
[13] Deluga R. American presidential proactivity, charismatic leadership and rated performance. Leadership Quarterly, 1998,9(3): 265-291
[14] Major D A, Turner J E, Fletcher T D. Linking Proactive Personality and the Big Five to Motivation to Learn and Development Activity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2006, 91(4)927-935
[15] Kammeyer-Mueller J D, Wanberg C R. Unwrapping the organizational entry process: Disentangling multiple antecedents and their pathways to adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2003, 88(5): 779-794
[16] Crant J M. The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 1996, 34(3): 42-49
[17] Becherer R C, Maurer J G. The proactive personality disposition and entrepreneurial behavior among small company presidents. Journal of Small Business Management, 1999, 38(1): 28-36
[18] Kickul J, Gundry L K. Prospecting for strategic advantage: The proactive entrepreneurial personality and small firm innovation. Journal of Small Business Management, 2002, 40(2): 85-97
[19] Campbell, D J. The proactive employee: Managing workplace initiative. Academy of Management Executive,2000,14(3):52-66
[20]Claes R,Beheydt C,Lemmens B.Unidimensionality of abbreviated proactive personality scales across cultures.Applied Psychology:An international review,2005,54(4):476-489
[21]黄希庭,孙承惠,胡维芳.过去时间的心理结构.心理科学,1998,21(1):1-4
[22]吕厚超.关于时间透视的研究.心理学动态,1999,7(3):13-18
[23]黄希庭.时间心理学的若干研究1 见:中国心理学会编,当代中国心理学.人民教育出版社,2001:19-33
[24]Lennings CJ.Adolescents' time perspective.Perceptual and Motor Skills,1992,74:424-426
[25]Gonzalez,A.,Zimbardo,P.G.Time in perspective:A Psychology Today survey report.Psychology Today,1985:19,21-26.
[26]Agarwal A.Time,memory,and knowledge representation:the Indian perspective.In:Jeanette A(Ed.).Cognition and culture:A cross-cultural approach to psychology.Advances in psychology.North-Holland/Elsevier Science Publishers:Amsterdam,Netherlands,1993
[27]Fingerman KL,Perlmutter M.Future time perspective and life events across adulthood.The Journal of General Psychology,1995,122(1):95-111
[28]杉山成.An analysis of relationship between the general perceived control and the time persepctive in junior high school students.Japaneses Jounal of Education Psychology,1994,42:415-420
[29]白井利明.A study on the construction of Experiential Time Perspective Scale.The Japanese Journal of Psychology,1994,65(1):54-60
[30]黄希庭.未来时间的心理结构.心理学报,1994,26(2):121-127
[31]王卫红.成人时间透视心理结构的研究.西南师范大学学报(自然科学版),1999,24(2):239-246
[32]Hooraert J.Time perspective:Theoretical and methological considerations.Psychological Belgica,1973,13:2650-2940
[33]Zimbardo,P.G.,Boyd,J.N.Putting time in perspective:A valid,reliable individualdifferences metric.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1999,77(6):1271-1288
[34]吕厚超,黄希庭.时间洞察力的心理特征、结构及研究焦点.心理科学,2004,27(5):1037-1040
[35]吕厚超,黄希庭.青年时间洞察力结构的初步研究.西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004(7):46-50
[36]黄希庭,郑涌.时间透视的自我整合:心理结构方式的投射测验.心理学报,2000,32(1):30-35
[37]叶莲花,凌文辁.工业与组织心理学中的前瞻性人格.心理科学进展,2007,15(3):498-504
[38]Crant J M,Bateman T S.Charismatic leadership viewed from above:The impact of proactive personality.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2000,21:63-75
[39]Berry,J.W.Imposed-etic-derive-detic:The operationalization of acompelling idea International Journal of Psychology,1989,24:721-7351
[40]王登峰,崔红.中西方人格结构的理论和实证比较.北京大学学报,2003,40(5):109-1201
[41]宋其争.大学生未来时间洞察力的理论及实践研究.西南师范大学博士论文,2001
[42]宋其争,黄希庭.时间透视的研究现状.心理科学,2003,26(3):498-500