我国碳汇林建设融资机制研究
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摘要
随着气候变化问题日益严峻，我国二氧化碳排放面临着巨大的国际压力，节能减排已成为不容推卸的社会责任。森林碳汇及由其兴起的碳汇林业在应对气候变化和促进可持续发展中具有积极主动和率先垂范的典型作用。国际经验证明，碳汇林能以低成本的汇大幅度减少源排放并增加碳清除。碳汇林建设已成为我国林业可持续发展的重要战略选择。
碳汇林建设，资金问题是核心，融资机制的设计既是重点，更是难点。由于我国碳汇林建设起步较晚，加之碳汇林建设投入高、回收期长，且经济效益低等特点，极少有私人部门愿意涉足碳汇林领域。随着节能减排的社会责任进一步刚性化，碳汇林建设融资的工作机理及制度设计研究就显得十分迫切和必要。
从我国碳汇林建设融资现状与存在问题的分析中，我们看到，没有一个单一的融资渠道和融资方式能够满足碳汇林建设巨大的资金需求。除了优化配置资金来源，提高资金利用效率外，还需要国际资金的援助与投入，同时也离不开国内政府、国企和私人部门的积极参与。
本文从碳汇林及其融资的内涵界定入手，论证了融资与碳汇林发展的关系。运用发展经济学、制度经济学、公共产品理论和外部性理论，充分借鉴国外碳汇林融资经验，运用“三层次”划分法构建我国碳汇林建设融资机制，阐述并论证了非市场与市场、政府与私人、国际和国内交叉相融的碳汇林建设组合融资体系。
本文重点探讨了碳汇林建设非碳融资下的政府主导融资机制、私人部门自组织融资机制以及碳汇林建设碳融资机制的设计。在具体的融资机制设计研究中，首先对每种融资机制的一般理论进行阐述，然后对每一种融资机制实施的必要性和可行性进行分析，进而对每一种碳汇林建设融资的运行机制进行具体设计。
在非碳融资政府主导融资部分，特别提出政府除应采用无偿财政拨付的方式支持碳汇林建设外，还应积极利用市场化手段和机制提升资金投放效率，并努力创新碳汇林建设政府融资机制，如适时开征碳税、发行长期绿色国债、设立碳汇林政府周转基金以及将碳汇林建设与其他社会和环境目标捆绑融资等。
在私人部门自组织融资部分，主要应通过鼓励大型企业成为碳汇林商业化融资的融资主体，开发合适的商业化融资工具，加强保障措施建设等手段吸引私人商业性投资；此外，还可通过舍入法、绿色彩票等创新融资机制吸引私人捐赠资金。
在碳融资部分，提出政府应通过提高对碳汇林建设国际碳市场融资的重视度，加大对外宣传力度等措施扩大我国碳汇林在国际碳市场的融资额；同时，应通过积极创建碳汇补偿国家体系，或创建国内碳交易排放权市场并将林业碳汇交易纳入其中的方式加大碳汇林建设国内碳融资额。
总之，我国碳汇林建设融资机制的设计与确立，不仅要兼顾融资效果和社会公平，还应兼备可行性和可操作性，唯有如此，才能使所设计的碳汇林建设融资机制具有切实的现实指导意义。
Nowadays, the threat from climate change is growing serious and China's carbon dioxideemission is facing huge international pressure. Energy-saving and emission-reduction havebecome our social responsibility. Forest carbon sinks and carbon forestry are playing proactiveand important roles in coping with climate change and promoting sustainable development.International experience has shown that carbon forestry can reduce emission and remove CO2significantly with low cost. Construction of carbon sink forests has become an important strategicchoice for the sustainable development of China's forestry.
For carbon forestry, the most key issue is the guarantee of capital invested, so the design offinancial mechanisms is the key step and a hard work. Due to the late start, high input, longpayback period and low economic efficiency of carbon forestry, private sectors would not like toinvest in carbon forestry. With the further rigidity of energy-saving and emission-reduction, theresearch on financial mechanisms for carbon forestry is very become more and more urgent.
From the analysis of the financing status and problems of China's carbon forestry, we canconclude that not a single financing channel and financing way can meet the huge capital demandof carbon forestry. In addition to optimize the allocation and improve the efficiency of existingfunds, we also need new and additional financial sources, need innovative financial mechanismsto integrate various financial sources, and need incentive mechanisms to guide the funds fromunsustainable usage to sustainable carbon forest building.
This thesis defines the concept of carbon forest, and describes its economics characteristics.On the basis of analyzing the relationship between finance and the developmental level of carbonforest, the present situation and the existing problems, external opportunities and internalcapacities, this thesis uses development economics theory, institutional economics theory, publicproducts theory, externalities theory and foreign countries' carbon forest financing experience asa guide to construct a "three levels" financial mechanisms for Chinese carbon forestry.
This study focuses on the government-supported financial mechanisms, self-organizedprivate financial mechanisms and carbon financial mechanisms. In the study of each specificfinancial mechanisms design, the article explains general principles, analyzes the necessity andfeasibility of implementation and then presents running mechanisms in details for each specificfinancial mechanism.
In government-supported financial mechanisms section, the thesis suggests that thegovernment and the forestry sector should strengthen cooperation with multilateral and bilateralgovernments and institutions, and then seek official development assistance actively from them.Central and local governments should also increase their transfer payment and fiscal investment and loan to carbon forestry, and the developed area also have obligations to provide cross transferpayment to poor areas Moreover, the governments have to develop innovative financing methodsand ways to raise funds for carbon forestry. The innovative financing methods can be used bygovernments includes: introduction of a carbon tax, issuing of long-term green governmentbonds, the establishment of forest carbon revolving fund and integration of carbon forest withother environmental and development goals.
In self-organized private financial mechanisms section, government should encourage largecompanies which have higher credibility and lucrative assets to be a carbon forest project'sfinancing entities, or encourage the establishment of new carbon forest industry associations asfinancing entities to raise and manage the operating capital. This study suggests that design easier,more attractive financing mechanisms and keep smooth donation roads are the most importantpaths to raise private donations. Specially, this thesis designs round-up method and green lotterysystem for carbon forest projects.
In carbon financial mechanism section, this thesis suggest that our government and forestenterprises should pay more attention to international carbon market, and try to build nationalcarbon compensation system, or construct domestic carbon trading markets and permit forestcarbon participate it.
In short, when design and establish the financial mechanisms of carbon forestry, we mustnot only take into account the financing effect and social equity, but also consider both thefeasibility and operability. Only in this way can the designed financing mechanisms be a practicalguidance.
碳汇林建设，资金问题是核心，融资机制的设计既是重点，更是难点。由于我国碳汇林建设起步较晚，加之碳汇林建设投入高、回收期长，且经济效益低等特点，极少有私人部门愿意涉足碳汇林领域。随着节能减排的社会责任进一步刚性化，碳汇林建设融资的工作机理及制度设计研究就显得十分迫切和必要。
从我国碳汇林建设融资现状与存在问题的分析中，我们看到，没有一个单一的融资渠道和融资方式能够满足碳汇林建设巨大的资金需求。除了优化配置资金来源，提高资金利用效率外，还需要国际资金的援助与投入，同时也离不开国内政府、国企和私人部门的积极参与。
本文从碳汇林及其融资的内涵界定入手，论证了融资与碳汇林发展的关系。运用发展经济学、制度经济学、公共产品理论和外部性理论，充分借鉴国外碳汇林融资经验，运用“三层次”划分法构建我国碳汇林建设融资机制，阐述并论证了非市场与市场、政府与私人、国际和国内交叉相融的碳汇林建设组合融资体系。
本文重点探讨了碳汇林建设非碳融资下的政府主导融资机制、私人部门自组织融资机制以及碳汇林建设碳融资机制的设计。在具体的融资机制设计研究中，首先对每种融资机制的一般理论进行阐述，然后对每一种融资机制实施的必要性和可行性进行分析，进而对每一种碳汇林建设融资的运行机制进行具体设计。
在非碳融资政府主导融资部分，特别提出政府除应采用无偿财政拨付的方式支持碳汇林建设外，还应积极利用市场化手段和机制提升资金投放效率，并努力创新碳汇林建设政府融资机制，如适时开征碳税、发行长期绿色国债、设立碳汇林政府周转基金以及将碳汇林建设与其他社会和环境目标捆绑融资等。
在私人部门自组织融资部分，主要应通过鼓励大型企业成为碳汇林商业化融资的融资主体，开发合适的商业化融资工具，加强保障措施建设等手段吸引私人商业性投资；此外，还可通过舍入法、绿色彩票等创新融资机制吸引私人捐赠资金。
在碳融资部分，提出政府应通过提高对碳汇林建设国际碳市场融资的重视度，加大对外宣传力度等措施扩大我国碳汇林在国际碳市场的融资额；同时，应通过积极创建碳汇补偿国家体系，或创建国内碳交易排放权市场并将林业碳汇交易纳入其中的方式加大碳汇林建设国内碳融资额。
总之，我国碳汇林建设融资机制的设计与确立，不仅要兼顾融资效果和社会公平，还应兼备可行性和可操作性，唯有如此，才能使所设计的碳汇林建设融资机制具有切实的现实指导意义。
Nowadays, the threat from climate change is growing serious and China's carbon dioxideemission is facing huge international pressure. Energy-saving and emission-reduction havebecome our social responsibility. Forest carbon sinks and carbon forestry are playing proactiveand important roles in coping with climate change and promoting sustainable development.International experience has shown that carbon forestry can reduce emission and remove CO2significantly with low cost. Construction of carbon sink forests has become an important strategicchoice for the sustainable development of China's forestry.
For carbon forestry, the most key issue is the guarantee of capital invested, so the design offinancial mechanisms is the key step and a hard work. Due to the late start, high input, longpayback period and low economic efficiency of carbon forestry, private sectors would not like toinvest in carbon forestry. With the further rigidity of energy-saving and emission-reduction, theresearch on financial mechanisms for carbon forestry is very become more and more urgent.
From the analysis of the financing status and problems of China's carbon forestry, we canconclude that not a single financing channel and financing way can meet the huge capital demandof carbon forestry. In addition to optimize the allocation and improve the efficiency of existingfunds, we also need new and additional financial sources, need innovative financial mechanismsto integrate various financial sources, and need incentive mechanisms to guide the funds fromunsustainable usage to sustainable carbon forest building.
This thesis defines the concept of carbon forest, and describes its economics characteristics.On the basis of analyzing the relationship between finance and the developmental level of carbonforest, the present situation and the existing problems, external opportunities and internalcapacities, this thesis uses development economics theory, institutional economics theory, publicproducts theory, externalities theory and foreign countries' carbon forest financing experience asa guide to construct a "three levels" financial mechanisms for Chinese carbon forestry.
This study focuses on the government-supported financial mechanisms, self-organizedprivate financial mechanisms and carbon financial mechanisms. In the study of each specificfinancial mechanisms design, the article explains general principles, analyzes the necessity andfeasibility of implementation and then presents running mechanisms in details for each specificfinancial mechanism.
In government-supported financial mechanisms section, the thesis suggests that thegovernment and the forestry sector should strengthen cooperation with multilateral and bilateralgovernments and institutions, and then seek official development assistance actively from them.Central and local governments should also increase their transfer payment and fiscal investment and loan to carbon forestry, and the developed area also have obligations to provide cross transferpayment to poor areas Moreover, the governments have to develop innovative financing methodsand ways to raise funds for carbon forestry. The innovative financing methods can be used bygovernments includes: introduction of a carbon tax, issuing of long-term green governmentbonds, the establishment of forest carbon revolving fund and integration of carbon forest withother environmental and development goals.
In self-organized private financial mechanisms section, government should encourage largecompanies which have higher credibility and lucrative assets to be a carbon forest project'sfinancing entities, or encourage the establishment of new carbon forest industry associations asfinancing entities to raise and manage the operating capital. This study suggests that design easier,more attractive financing mechanisms and keep smooth donation roads are the most importantpaths to raise private donations. Specially, this thesis designs round-up method and green lotterysystem for carbon forest projects.
In carbon financial mechanism section, this thesis suggest that our government and forestenterprises should pay more attention to international carbon market, and try to build nationalcarbon compensation system, or construct domestic carbon trading markets and permit forestcarbon participate it.
In short, when design and establish the financial mechanisms of carbon forestry, we mustnot only take into account the financing effect and social equity, but also consider both thefeasibility and operability. Only in this way can the designed financing mechanisms be a practicalguidance.
引文
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