担保物权立法价值取向初探——以不动产担保物权为中心
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摘要
担保物权制度,由其自身发展的历史上来看,无不是为配合社会经济发展的需要而次第建立起来的。当前社会经济的迅猛发展,如何建立健全我国的担保物权制度,是一项我们无法回避的重要课题,而如何设计担保物权制度的价值取向则更是其中的重中之重。我国有学者认为,以维护交易静态安全为目的的担保物权从属性理论已经无法满足现在社会经济急速发展对于交易动态安全的强烈需求,并且认为建立在传统从属性理论基础上的担保物权制度,仅具保全功能,而不具有投资功能,因此将影响现代社会对于直接融资(投资)的强烈需求。因此,通过考察德国民法上的建立在独立性理论基础上的投资抵押制度,我国有学者认为我国将来的担保物权立法的价值取向应该借鉴德国民法的投资抵押制度,建立自己的流通抵押制度。
     然而,担保物权独立性理论所要解决的,无非就是担保物权的公示公信问题,解决了担保物权的公示公信问题,实际上也就解决了担保物权的流通性问题。值得注意的是,担保物权公示公信问题的解决,并非只有通过采行担保物权独立性理论这一途径。实际上,在担保物权从属性下,通过确保债权本身存在的确实,也可以达到与担保物权独立性同样的效果。抵押权与证券的结合,实现不动产债权化,在法律技术上可以分为采抵押权为中心的法律构成和采以债权为中心的法律构成两种。德国法上的投资抵押即为前者,其通过独立性理论很好的解决了不动产担保物权的物权公示的公信力问题,至于后者,由于以从属性理论为基础,抵押权的效力受到债权的影响,因此解决抵押权的公信力问题,尚需确保债权的确实。
     通过对德国民法的投资抵押制度的考察,我们可以发现其担保物权公信力的获得,实际上是物权行为无因性与担保物权独立性协力的结果。因此,我国若采行担保物权独立性理论而解决担保物权的公示公信问题,那么我们同时也就不可避免的必须同时采行物权行为无因性理论。反观批判担保物权从属性理论的观点,我们可以发现在其论述中法国法成为了被批判的对象。但是,我国的登记制
    
    度有别于法国法,我国登记制度实行的是与法国法不同的登记成立主义与实质审
    查主义。因此,尽管我国与法国法一样采行担保物权从属性理论,但是由于登记
    制度的区别,担保物权从属性理论的回旋空间也就产生相应的变化。
     此外,日本法上的建立在担保物权从属性基础之上的抵押证券的失败,固然
    有其指导思想上的原因,但是抵押证券公信力的缺失则为其制度上的根本原因。
    日本法上的抵押证券的公信力缺失,并不单单在于担保物权从属性或是其登记制
    度,而在于担保物权从属性与登记对抗主义、形式审查主义的结合。日本法上的
    抵押证券公信力问题的解决可以通过两种途径来解决,其一是摈弃担保物权从属
    性理论,改采担保物权独立性理论,改物权行为有因性为物权行为无因性,并改
    登记对抗主义为登记成立(生效)主义,即仿效德国的立法例。在此基础上建立
    的就将不再是以债权为中心的法律构成,而是建立在担保物权独立性基础之上
    的,以抵押权为中心的法律构成。其二是摈弃登记对抗主义与形式审查主义,改
    采登记成立(生效)主义与实质审查主义,这样就可以在最大程度上确保债权的
    确实的基础上,赋予不动产担保物权登记以公信力,从而在担保物权从属性基础
    之上建立以债权为中心的法律构成。
     就近代抵押权论者所主张的不动产物权价值的流通性而言,近代抵押权的发
    展方向,并不仅仅只有德国法上的投资抵押一种,建立在担保物权从属性基础之
    上的抵押债券也应认为是符合这一发展方向的。至于从属性下担保物权的公信力
    问题,则可以通过采行登记成立(生效)主义与实质审查主义而获得解决,并且
    附抵押的债权的证券化后,可以通过票据三角关系的无因性,进一步地彻底地解
    决债权的确实性问题。因此,解决了担保物权公示的公信力问题的抵押债券,完
    全可以作为我们承继近代抵押权论的一种选择,而不必执著于德国法上的投资抵
    押。这样,我国将来担保物权立法,似乎无需沿着德国法的轨迹发展,而完全可
    以固守担保物权从属性的传统阵营,这样也就可以避免上述德国法上投资抵押的
    缺陷,维护自罗马法以来的物权法体系的完整性,避开作为投资抵押制度的价值
    权说的理论缺陷,并且符合我国传统的法观念和法情感。
Real rights for security, from the view of its own history of development, is related with and designed for the need of social economic development. With the development of present social economy, how to establish and improve system of real right of pledge of our country is an important subject that we can't avoid. The value orientation of it is the most important thing among them.
    Some scholars in our country think that Dependency theory of Real rights for security has been already unable to satisfy social economy development' demand for trade safe. And they think Dependency theory of Real rights for security only has guarantee function and has not investing function which is very important to the modern social economic rapid development. So, through investigating and studying the Real rights for security based on Independency theory in Germany's civil law, someone think the same value orientation should be adopted in the near future and therefore to set up our own circulation mortgage system.
    What Independency theory of Real rights for security solves is only the question of demonstration and public credit of Real rights for security which is most important to the circulation problem. To adopt Independency theory is not the only way to reach the subject. In fact, under the dependency theory, the subject can be reached only if the exist of creditor's right can be guaranteed.
    Combination of the mortgage and securities has two kinds of structure, one is that the Real rights for security is the center of the structure, the other is that the creditor's right is the center of the structure. The mortgage security in Germany belongs to the former, which is on the base of Independency theory and does solve the question of demonstration and public credit of mortgage. As for the latter, based on Dependency theory, the effect of the mortgage will be influenced by the effect of creditor's right, so the effective exist of creditor' right is still to be solved.
    It can be found that the mortgage security in Germany with the public credit has its own special system basis. Besides the Independency theory, the Abstrakionsprinzip plays an important role in it. So, the Abstrakionsprinzip should be adopted altogether if we adopt Independency theory. It can be founded that the criticized subject is France civil law when we study the views which criticize the Dependency theory. One
    
    
    important fact or system base has been neglected here. The Registration law in France has much difference from ours, which may cause much difference in the result and provide more space for choice.
    Moreover, the lessons of mortgage securities in Japan, apart from the direction spirit of government, mainly came from its fault in Registration provision, which has the similar fault as France's. In other words, that the mortgage securities in Japan have no public credit is the main reason for failure. There are two ways that Japanese can make their own choice to make the mortgage securities have public credit. One is to abandon the Dependency theory and to adopt the Independency theory and Abstrkionsprinzip. And take the legislation of registration in Germany as its example, i.e. to change the registration-effective principle into the registration-antagonastic principle. The other way is to change its registration law and take that of Switzerland as example, i.e. to change the registration-effective principle into the registration-antagonastic principle and the form examination principle into the substance examination principle, which makes it possible that creditor's right really exists to maximum degree
    in different way.
    Generally speaking, the orientation of mortgage is to make the value of real estate's circulation possible. The mortgage securities based on Independency theory in Germany complies with this trend. But the mortgage securities based on Dependency theory is also accordance with this trend if only the creditor' right can be guaranteed. Besides, Abstrakionsprinzip on triangle relation in securities makes thoroughly the transfer of securities
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