预应力混凝土工字梁的密实度与剪力滞效应分析
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摘要
桥梁结构的耐久性是影响桥梁安全与使用的重要因素。对于变截面T梁、工字梁、箱梁等常见结构,截面形式复杂,一些部位尺寸较小且密集配筋,如梁顶板,梁底板,预应力管道间,混凝土不可避免的造成不密实导致耐久性降低,而这些问题往往为设计者所忽略。对于新建桥梁混凝土的密实度问题,尤其是新建桥梁关键部位的混凝土密实度和耐久性问题,人们研究和关心的较少,这也为桥梁的质量监督控制和使用寿命埋下了隐患。本文针对桥梁构件局部尺寸较小部位的混凝土密实度问题,进行了2片腹板宽度为14cm,2片腹板宽度为16cm的变截面预应力工字梁的静载试验和超声无损检测试验,提出密实度系数的概念,对试验梁的密实度进行定量评定,推导了工字梁的塑性系数公式,基于塑性理论给出了试验梁的开裂荷载和极限承载能力计算公式,分析了试验梁的密实度对其开裂荷载和极限承载能力的影响。同时用弹性力学原理研究了宽翼缘梁的剪力滞效应,为今后的设计以及桥梁质量控制、维修加固提供了参考。
The durability of concrete has become a study hotspot in civil engineering in recent years. Since the foundation of PRC, with the rapid development of bridges, the concrete bridges of various forms and various structures have been built. However, the service life of existing bridges has not been up to the design service life. In recent years, during the detection of the established reinforced concrete or the prestressed concrete box girder bridges etc. the large structures, we can find that the concrete in particular structural positions such as the anchorage zones of prestressed reinforcement with dense reinforcement, the prestressed pipe in which the space of reinforcement or the thickness of concrete cover is small, the top and bottom flange of box girder and so on has brought great difficulty to concrete construction because of the small size and densely-packed reinforcement. Therefore, it inevitably leads to the incompactness in these positions, accordingly causes the crack or the peeling off of the concrete etc. early diseases. The early diseases not only are related to the appearance quality, but also influence the whole performance of the members, decrease the service life, seriously can also jeopardy the safety of bridge structure.
The paper relies on the project of“the disease diagnose and maintenance method aiming at early deterioration in small size member of bridge”belonging to the Communications Department of Jilin province. The project is completed in the collaboration of the Transportation College of Jilin University and Transportation Science institute in Jilin province. The paper mainly studies the characteristics and mechanical performance of small size member of bridge, the problems of concrete dense degree and shear lag effect of wide flange. The static load test and supersonic nondestructive test of four pieces of prestressed I-girder with varying section are carried out in bridge structure laboratory of Jilin University. The width of web plate of two pieces beam is 14cm and another two is 16cm. The paper consists of five chapters. Of these chapters, chapters two, three and four are kernels.
The durability of concrete has become a study hotspot in civil engineering in recent years. Since the foundation of PRC, with the rapid development of bridges, the concrete bridges of various forms and various structures have been built. However, the service life of existing bridges has not been up to the design service life. In recent years, during the detection of the established reinforced concrete or the prestressed concrete box girder bridges etc. the large structures, we can find that the concrete in particular structural positions such as the anchorage zones of prestressed reinforcement with dense reinforcement, the prestressed pipe in which the space of reinforcement or the thickness of concrete cover is small, the top and bottom flange of box girder and so on has brought great difficulty to concrete construction because of the small size and densely-packed reinforcement. Therefore, it inevitably leads to the incompactness in these positions, accordingly causes the crack or the peeling off of the concrete etc. early diseases. The early diseases not only are related to the appearance quality, but also influence the whole performance of the members, decrease the service life, seriously can also jeopardy the safety of bridge structure.
The paper relies on the project of“the disease diagnose and maintenance method aiming at early deterioration in small size member of bridge”belonging to the Communications Department of Jilin province. The project is completed in the collaboration of the Transportation College of Jilin University and Transportation Science institute in Jilin province. The paper mainly studies the characteristics and mechanical performance of small size member of bridge, the problems of concrete dense degree and shear lag effect of wide flange. The static load test and supersonic nondestructive test of four pieces of prestressed I-girder with varying section are carried out in bridge structure laboratory of Jilin University. The width of web plate of two pieces beam is 14cm and another two is 16cm. The paper consists of five chapters. Of these chapters, chapters two, three and four are kernels.
引文
1. 杨静.混凝土碳化机理及影响因素. 混凝土. 1995(6) .
2.卢木.混凝土耐久性研究现状和研究方向[J],工业建筑,1997, 27(5):1-6.
3.陈衡治.大跨预应力混凝土箱梁结构计算分析研究——杭州湾跨海大桥非通航孔上部结构计算分析,浙江大学博士论文,2005.
4.职雨风. 25m小箱梁纵向裂缝分析及处治实例.广东公路交通.2002 年增刊.
5.徐咏梅,周志祥,沈小俊 薄壁箱形构件预应力钢束净保护层厚度的讨论.重庆交通学院学报.第 24 卷 第 6 期,2005 年 12 月.
6.曹兴松,周德培 普通钢筋混凝土连续箱梁裂缝检测分析与处治的研究. 公路交通科技. 第 21 卷第 3 期 2004 年 3 月。
7.黄振鹤 连续箱梁裂缝问题研究. 公路工程与运输. 交通标准化2005 年第 6 期。
8.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范.JTG D62-2004.人民交通出版社
9.混凝土无损检测技术[M]. 北京.中国建材工业出版社.1996 年 9 月
10.李家为.陈积樊.无损检测手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社.2002
11.[英]R.Jones, [罗]1.弗格瓦洛.季光泽,钱普殷,陈纪萱译.混凝非破损试验法.中国建筑工业出版社,1982.
12. 周 明 华 . 对 混 凝 土 非 破 损 检 测 方 法 的 应 用 评 述 . 施 工 技 术 ,2002,31(4) .
13.程朝霞.高性能混凝土的超声测强及影响因素研究.华中科技大学硕士学位论文. 2004.4
14.S.Ould Na,M.Goueygou,B.Piwakowski etc. Detection of chemical damage in concrete using Ultrasonics. 2002 (40): 247～251
15.谷伟.无损检测理论与高强混凝土回弹仪测强曲线研究〔D〕,东北大学:东北大学,2001, 1-68
16. 侯林峰. 洛阳地区混凝土无损测强的试验及研究. 同济大学大学硕士学位论文. 2004.4
17.《回弹法检测混凝土抗压强度技术规程》JGJ/T23-2001 J115-2001. 2001
18. 朱逸谦,杨兆坚.超声波检测混凝土构件的影响因素.广州建筑.2002 年 5 期
19. 超声-回弹综合法检测混凝土强度技术规程(CEC 02:88),中国工程建设标准化委员会,1988 年。
20. 严凌,黄斌根,廖明生.混凝土强度声学测试方法的研究, 江西建材 2005.1
21. 李宏军.长龄期混凝土非破损测强的研究.东北大学硕士学位论文. 2000.1
22. UTA2000A 型超声波非金属无损检测分析仪使用说明书.北京煤炭科学研究院,2000 年。
23. 赵翔. 超声波法检测混凝土结构内部缺陷的定量化研究. 江苏大学硕士学位论文. 2002.1
24. 超声法检测混凝土缺陷技术规程(CEC 21:90),中国工程建设标准化委员会,1990 年。
25. 陈大兴,特殊截面开裂弯矩的简易计算法. 兰州铁道学院学报. 1994 年第13 卷第 4 期
26. 杨桂通.弹塑性力学引论.北京:清华大学出版社.2004.2.
27. 张树仁,郑少珪,黄侨, 鲍卫刚编著. 钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥梁结构设计原理.人民交通出版社.2004,9.
28. 罗旗帜, 俞建立. 钢筋混凝土连续箱梁桥翼板横向裂缝问题[J].桥梁建设,1997,(1):41-45.
29. MOFFATT PJ, DOW LING P J. British shear lag rules for composite girders[J].Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, 1978, 104(ST7): 1123-1130.
30. DIN 1075-1981, Betonbr ücken bemessung ündaus füh rung[S].
31. 吴文清,叶见曙,杨效中,蒋正国,李宏江. 薄壁箱梁剪力滞效应研究理论的若干问题讨论. 桥梁建设,2001 年第 6 期.
32. KARMARTV.Die mittragende breite, beitrage zur technischen mechanik undtechnischen physik [M].Berlin: August Foppl Festschrift, JuliusSpringer,1924.114-127.
33. LEE JAN. Effective width of Tee-beams[J]. The StructuralEngineer,1962,40(1):21-27.
34. SONG Q, SCORDELIS AC. Shear lag analysis of T-, I-, and box beams [J]. J StructEngrg,ASCE, 1990,116(5):1290-1305.
35. REISSNER E. On the problem of stress distribution in wide flanged box beam [J].Journal Aero Sci 1938,(5):295-299.
36. GOLDBERG JE, LEVE H L. Theory of prismatic folded plate structures [J]. International Assoc for Bridge and Structural Engineering Publications, 1957, (17):59-86.
37. DEFRIES-SKENE A, SCRODELI S A C. Direct stiffens solution for folded plates[J].J Struct Div,ASCE,1964,90(ST4):15-47.
38. 蔡松柏,李存权.箱形梁桥剪力滞效应的精确分析[J].中南公路工程,1989,(3):33-41.
39. REISSNER E. Analysis of shear lag in box beam by principle of minimum potential energy [J]. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, 1946, 5(3):268-278.
40. 郭金琼,房贞政,罗孝登.箱形梁桥剪滞效应分析[J].土木工程学报,1983,16(1):1-13.
41. FOUTCH D A, CHANG P C. A shear lag anomaly [J]. J Struct Engrg, ASCE, 1982,108(7): 1653-1658.
42.SUSHKEWICHKW.Negative shear lag explained [J]. J Struct Engrg ,ASCE,1991,117(11):3543-3545.
43. 罗 旗 帜 , 余 建 立 . 变 截 面 箱 梁 的 负 剪 力 滞 [J]. 重 庆 交 通 学 院 学报,1997,(3):18-25.
44. 黄剑源,杨元忠.钱塘江二桥变截面箱形连续梁桥剪滞效应的有限元分析[J].桥梁建设,1994,(1):70-76.
45. CHANGST, YUND. Shear lag effect in box girder with varying depth [J].J Struct Engrg, ASCE,1988,114(10):2280-2292.
46. 罗 旗 帜 . 变 截 面 多 跨 箱 梁 桥 剪 滞 效 应 分 析 [J]. 中 国 公 路 学报,1998,11(1):63-70.
47. 韦成龙,曾庆元,刘小燕.薄壁曲线箱梁桥剪滞效应分析的一维有限单元法[J].中国公路学报,2000,13(1):65-72.
48. 蔡松柏,程翔云,邵旭东. ㄇ形梁剪力滞效应的解析解. 工程力学 第 20 卷第 5 期
49. 胡海昌. 弹性力学的变分原理及其应用. 科学出版社. 1981.5
2.卢木.混凝土耐久性研究现状和研究方向[J],工业建筑,1997, 27(5):1-6.
3.陈衡治.大跨预应力混凝土箱梁结构计算分析研究——杭州湾跨海大桥非通航孔上部结构计算分析,浙江大学博士论文,2005.
4.职雨风. 25m小箱梁纵向裂缝分析及处治实例.广东公路交通.2002 年增刊.
5.徐咏梅,周志祥,沈小俊 薄壁箱形构件预应力钢束净保护层厚度的讨论.重庆交通学院学报.第 24 卷 第 6 期,2005 年 12 月.
6.曹兴松,周德培 普通钢筋混凝土连续箱梁裂缝检测分析与处治的研究. 公路交通科技. 第 21 卷第 3 期 2004 年 3 月。
7.黄振鹤 连续箱梁裂缝问题研究. 公路工程与运输. 交通标准化2005 年第 6 期。
8.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范.JTG D62-2004.人民交通出版社
9.混凝土无损检测技术[M]. 北京.中国建材工业出版社.1996 年 9 月
10.李家为.陈积樊.无损检测手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社.2002
11.[英]R.Jones, [罗]1.弗格瓦洛.季光泽,钱普殷,陈纪萱译.混凝非破损试验法.中国建筑工业出版社,1982.
12. 周 明 华 . 对 混 凝 土 非 破 损 检 测 方 法 的 应 用 评 述 . 施 工 技 术 ,2002,31(4) .
13.程朝霞.高性能混凝土的超声测强及影响因素研究.华中科技大学硕士学位论文. 2004.4
14.S.Ould Na,M.Goueygou,B.Piwakowski etc. Detection of chemical damage in concrete using Ultrasonics. 2002 (40): 247～251
15.谷伟.无损检测理论与高强混凝土回弹仪测强曲线研究〔D〕,东北大学:东北大学,2001, 1-68
16. 侯林峰. 洛阳地区混凝土无损测强的试验及研究. 同济大学大学硕士学位论文. 2004.4
17.《回弹法检测混凝土抗压强度技术规程》JGJ/T23-2001 J115-2001. 2001
18. 朱逸谦,杨兆坚.超声波检测混凝土构件的影响因素.广州建筑.2002 年 5 期
19. 超声-回弹综合法检测混凝土强度技术规程(CEC 02:88),中国工程建设标准化委员会,1988 年。
20. 严凌,黄斌根,廖明生.混凝土强度声学测试方法的研究, 江西建材 2005.1
21. 李宏军.长龄期混凝土非破损测强的研究.东北大学硕士学位论文. 2000.1
22. UTA2000A 型超声波非金属无损检测分析仪使用说明书.北京煤炭科学研究院,2000 年。
23. 赵翔. 超声波法检测混凝土结构内部缺陷的定量化研究. 江苏大学硕士学位论文. 2002.1
24. 超声法检测混凝土缺陷技术规程(CEC 21:90),中国工程建设标准化委员会,1990 年。
25. 陈大兴,特殊截面开裂弯矩的简易计算法. 兰州铁道学院学报. 1994 年第13 卷第 4 期
26. 杨桂通.弹塑性力学引论.北京:清华大学出版社.2004.2.
27. 张树仁,郑少珪,黄侨, 鲍卫刚编著. 钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥梁结构设计原理.人民交通出版社.2004,9.
28. 罗旗帜, 俞建立. 钢筋混凝土连续箱梁桥翼板横向裂缝问题[J].桥梁建设,1997,(1):41-45.
29. MOFFATT PJ, DOW LING P J. British shear lag rules for composite girders[J].Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, 1978, 104(ST7): 1123-1130.
30. DIN 1075-1981, Betonbr ücken bemessung ündaus füh rung[S].
31. 吴文清,叶见曙,杨效中,蒋正国,李宏江. 薄壁箱梁剪力滞效应研究理论的若干问题讨论. 桥梁建设,2001 年第 6 期.
32. KARMARTV.Die mittragende breite, beitrage zur technischen mechanik undtechnischen physik [M].Berlin: August Foppl Festschrift, JuliusSpringer,1924.114-127.
33. LEE JAN. Effective width of Tee-beams[J]. The StructuralEngineer,1962,40(1):21-27.
34. SONG Q, SCORDELIS AC. Shear lag analysis of T-, I-, and box beams [J]. J StructEngrg,ASCE, 1990,116(5):1290-1305.
35. REISSNER E. On the problem of stress distribution in wide flanged box beam [J].Journal Aero Sci 1938,(5):295-299.
36. GOLDBERG JE, LEVE H L. Theory of prismatic folded plate structures [J]. International Assoc for Bridge and Structural Engineering Publications, 1957, (17):59-86.
37. DEFRIES-SKENE A, SCRODELI S A C. Direct stiffens solution for folded plates[J].J Struct Div,ASCE,1964,90(ST4):15-47.
38. 蔡松柏,李存权.箱形梁桥剪力滞效应的精确分析[J].中南公路工程,1989,(3):33-41.
39. REISSNER E. Analysis of shear lag in box beam by principle of minimum potential energy [J]. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, 1946, 5(3):268-278.
40. 郭金琼,房贞政,罗孝登.箱形梁桥剪滞效应分析[J].土木工程学报,1983,16(1):1-13.
41. FOUTCH D A, CHANG P C. A shear lag anomaly [J]. J Struct Engrg, ASCE, 1982,108(7): 1653-1658.
42.SUSHKEWICHKW.Negative shear lag explained [J]. J Struct Engrg ,ASCE,1991,117(11):3543-3545.
43. 罗 旗 帜 , 余 建 立 . 变 截 面 箱 梁 的 负 剪 力 滞 [J]. 重 庆 交 通 学 院 学报,1997,(3):18-25.
44. 黄剑源,杨元忠.钱塘江二桥变截面箱形连续梁桥剪滞效应的有限元分析[J].桥梁建设,1994,(1):70-76.
45. CHANGST, YUND. Shear lag effect in box girder with varying depth [J].J Struct Engrg, ASCE,1988,114(10):2280-2292.
46. 罗 旗 帜 . 变 截 面 多 跨 箱 梁 桥 剪 滞 效 应 分 析 [J]. 中 国 公 路 学报,1998,11(1):63-70.
47. 韦成龙,曾庆元,刘小燕.薄壁曲线箱梁桥剪滞效应分析的一维有限单元法[J].中国公路学报,2000,13(1):65-72.
48. 蔡松柏,程翔云,邵旭东. ㄇ形梁剪力滞效应的解析解. 工程力学 第 20 卷第 5 期
49. 胡海昌. 弹性力学的变分原理及其应用. 科学出版社. 1981.5