滴头水力性能与抗堵塞性能试验研究
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摘要
滴头是滴灌系统最为关键的部件之一，因此，对滴头水力性能和抗堵塞性能的研究有着极为重要的意义。本文的研究内容和实验结果分析主要包括5个部分：(1)研制开发了一种灌水器水力性能和抗堵塞性能实验测试装置。该装置既能测定灌水器的水力性能(包括流量压力关系、水温对流量的影响、灌水器制造偏差等)，又能测定灌水器的抗堵塞性能(包括物理堵塞和化学堵塞)。(2)对7种典型流道结构形式的滴头分别在不同流道长度下的水力性能进行了研究。比较了不同结构形式滴头的流态指数和相同工作压力和流量下的流道长度与流道截面积，分析了其抗堵塞性能，得出了较佳的几种流道结构，并建立了描述滴头流量与工作压力及流道长度之间关系的函数模型。(3)以齿形流道结构中齿角度、齿间距、齿高、流道深度为实验因素，每个因素选用4个水平，进行正交实验，研究了齿形流道结构参数对滴头水力性能的影响。根据实验结果分析了各因素之间的最优组合，分析了各因素对滴头流态指数、滴头流量的影响显著性，并在流道长度一定的情况下，建立了10m工作水头下滴头流量与流道结构参数之间的模型。(4)在参考ISO抗堵塞实验国际标准草案的基础上，制定了抗堵塞实验方案，研究了齿形流道结构参数对滴头抗堵塞性能的影响。根据抗堵塞实验结果，分析了各参数之间的最优组合和各因素对滴头抗堵塞性能影响的显著性。此外，还分析了流道宽度、滴头流量与齿形滴头抗堵塞性能之间的内在关系。(5)根据水工模型定律，放大滴头原型，探索了其与滴头原型的水力相似性。
Emitters are one of the key parts of drip irrigation system. Thus, the study on the hydraulic performance and anti-clogging ability of emitters has important significance. The content and results analysis in this paper conclude the following four parts: (I) An equipment for testing the hydraulic performance and anti-clogging performance of emitters has been developed. This equipment can test the emitters' hydraulic performance, which includes the relationship between pressure and flow rate, the impact on flow rate by water temperature, manufacturer's coefficient of variation of emitters. It also can test the emitters' anti-clogging ability, which comprises physical clogging and chemical clogging. (2) Hydraulic performance of seven typical emitters forms were studied under different flow passage length respectively through experiments. The exponent of flow state of these emitters was compared. Under the same working pressure and flow rate, the flow passage length and cross-section area of the seven different emitters were compared. According to those results, the anti-clogging ability of emitters was analyzed and several good structural form of flow passage were obtained. In addition, regression model describing the relationship among flow rate, the length of flow passage and work pressure was set up. (3) Quadrature experiment consisted of four experimental factors including dental angle, space between dental structure, dental height and the depth of flow passage of dentate, any one of which has four different values. How these dental structural parameters affected hydraulic performance of dentate emitters was studied. The optimal combination among structural factors was obtained through experimental results. In addition, which experimental factor has significant influence on the exponent of flow state and flow rate of these emitters was analyzed. Finally, several regression models describing the relationship between flow rate and structural parameters of flow passage were set up under the condition of certain flow passage length and 10m working pressure. (4) Anti-clogging experimental scheme was established on the basis of referring to ISO Anti -clogging experimental scheme which is still under discussion. How these structural parameters affected anti -clogging ability of dentate emitters was studied. According to the test results, the optimal combination among structural factors was obtained and which structural factor has significant influence on the anti -clogging ability of these emitters was analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship among flow passage width, flow rate of emitters and anti -clogging ability of dentate emitters was analyzed. (5) Finally, an enlarged emitter model was designed according to hydraulic engineering model principle, which was used for exploring hydraulic similarity between the original model and the enlarged model.
Emitters are one of the key parts of drip irrigation system. Thus, the study on the hydraulic performance and anti-clogging ability of emitters has important significance. The content and results analysis in this paper conclude the following four parts: (I) An equipment for testing the hydraulic performance and anti-clogging performance of emitters has been developed. This equipment can test the emitters' hydraulic performance, which includes the relationship between pressure and flow rate, the impact on flow rate by water temperature, manufacturer's coefficient of variation of emitters. It also can test the emitters' anti-clogging ability, which comprises physical clogging and chemical clogging. (2) Hydraulic performance of seven typical emitters forms were studied under different flow passage length respectively through experiments. The exponent of flow state of these emitters was compared. Under the same working pressure and flow rate, the flow passage length and cross-section area of the seven different emitters were compared. According to those results, the anti-clogging ability of emitters was analyzed and several good structural form of flow passage were obtained. In addition, regression model describing the relationship among flow rate, the length of flow passage and work pressure was set up. (3) Quadrature experiment consisted of four experimental factors including dental angle, space between dental structure, dental height and the depth of flow passage of dentate, any one of which has four different values. How these dental structural parameters affected hydraulic performance of dentate emitters was studied. The optimal combination among structural factors was obtained through experimental results. In addition, which experimental factor has significant influence on the exponent of flow state and flow rate of these emitters was analyzed. Finally, several regression models describing the relationship between flow rate and structural parameters of flow passage were set up under the condition of certain flow passage length and 10m working pressure. (4) Anti-clogging experimental scheme was established on the basis of referring to ISO Anti -clogging experimental scheme which is still under discussion. How these structural parameters affected anti -clogging ability of dentate emitters was studied. According to the test results, the optimal combination among structural factors was obtained and which structural factor has significant influence on the anti -clogging ability of these emitters was analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship among flow passage width, flow rate of emitters and anti -clogging ability of dentate emitters was analyzed. (5) Finally, an enlarged emitter model was designed according to hydraulic engineering model principle, which was used for exploring hydraulic similarity between the original model and the enlarged model.
引文
[1] 王春堂．我国水资源现状及缓解用水紧张现状的措施．排灌机械，2001，19(2)：35-36．
[2] 李世英．对我国节水灌溉技术发展的几点思考．排灌机械，2000，(1)：6-8．
[3] 李光永．世界微灌发展态势．节水灌溉，2001，(2)：24-27．
[4] 王留运，叶清平，岳兵．我国微灌技术发展的回顾与预测．节水灌溉，2000，(3)：3-7．
[5] 姚振宪，何松林．滴灌设备与滴灌系统规划设计．北京：中国农业出版社，1999，17-38．
[6] 徐建海，吴兴旺．滴灌技术与滴灌管(带)生产技术现状与发展前景．塑料科技，2001，(2)：38-41．
[7] 韩权利，赵万华，丁玉成．滴灌用灌水器的现状及分析．节水灌溉，2003，(1)：17-18．
[8] 傅琳，董文楚，郑耀泉，等．微灌工程技术指南．水利电力出版社，1988，15-60．
[9] 杨培岭，雷显龙．滴灌用灌水器的发展及研究．节水灌溉，2000，(3)：15-17．
[10] 王尚锦，刘小民，席光，等．农灌用新型迷宮式滴头内流动特性分析．农业工程学报，2000，16(4)：61-63．
[11] 王尚锦，刘小民，席光，等．迷宮式滴头内流动的有限元数值分析．农业机械学报，2000，31(4)：43-46．
[12] 郭庆人，魏茂庆，朱嘉冀，等．迷宮式滴灌带生产及其在节水灌溉中的应用．中国塑料，2000，(2)：53-56．
[13] 吕谋超，彭贵芳，杨跃辉，等．新型双壁滴灌带的研制与应用．中国农村水利水电，2002，(7)：52-54．
[14] 李光永．压力补偿灌水器的研究进展与使用中应注意的几个问题．节水灌溉，2000，(3)：19-21．
[15] Glaad, Yigal, Krystal et al. Hydraulic and Mechanical Properties of Drippers. Proceedings Of The 2nd International Drip Irrigation Congress, July, 1974.
[16] Tal S, Zur, Benjamin. Flow Regime in Helical Long path Emitters. Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, 106, No. 1, March 1980, 27-35.
[17] Avner Asin, Mollie Sacks. Dripper-Clogging Factors in Wastewater Irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 117, No. 6, November/December 1991, 813-826.
[18] 方部玲．圆片式迷宫长流道滴头的研究[A]．耕作机械学会论文集，1997．
[19] Netafim Products Guide. Netfaim 2001.
[20] Eutrodrip滴头样本.
[21] Naan Irrigation System. Naan 2000.
[22] Maoz E. Plastro Emitters:Hydraulics Performence Data for Designers. Plastro 2000.
[23] Rainbird Products. Rainbird 2001.
[24] ISO/TC 23/SC 18/WG5 N4. Clogging test methods for emitters. 2003.
[25] 彭贵芳译．美国国家灌溉工程手册．中国水利水电出版社，1995，349-480．
[26] 中华人民共和国水利部．中华人民共和国行业标准：微灌灌水器(SL／T67．1～3-94)．
[27] 朱勇华．邰淑彩，孙韫玉．应用数理统计．武汉水利水电出版社，1998，210-260．
[28] Sietan Chieng, Ali A Ghaemi. Uniformity in a Microirrigation with Partially Clogged Emitters. ASAE Annual International Meeting paper,2003,Paper No: 032097.
[29] Hills D J, Brenes M J. Mieroirrigation of Wastewater Effluent Using Drip Tape. Soil & Water Division of ASAE in December 2000, 17(3): 303-308.
[30] Pitts D J, Haman D Z, A G Smajstrla. Causes and Prevention of Emitter Plugging In Microirrigation Systems. University of Florida Bulletin 258.
[31] 吴持恭．水力学，第二版．北京：高等教育出版社，1982．
[32] Richard H Cuenca. Irrigationg System Design.
[33] Nakayama, F S, Bulks et al. 1981. Emitter clogging effects on trickle irrigation uniformity. Trans. ASAE 24: 77-80.
[34] 仵峰，范永申，李辉，等．地下滴灌灌水器堵塞研究．农业工程学报，2004，20(2)：81-83．
[35] Berkowitz S J. Hydraulic performance of subsurface wasterwater drip systems. In On-Site Wastewater Treatment, Proe. Ninth Natl. Symp. on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Pp. 583-592.
[36] Bui W. 1992. Recycling wastewater by drip irrigation. In ASCE National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, ed. F. Pierce, 437-441. New York: ASCE.
[37] Hills D J, Nawar F J, Waller P M. 1989. Effects of chemical clogging on drip-tape irrigation uniformity. Transactions of the ASAE 32(4): 1202-1206.
[38] Ravina, Paz I E, Sorer Z. et al.1992. Control of emitter clogging in drip irrigation with reclaimed wastewater. Irrigation Science, 13(1): 129-139.
[39] Smajstrla, A G, Clark G A. 1992. Hydraulic performance of microirrigation drip tape emitters. ASAE Paper No 92-2057. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.
[40] Bralts, V F, Wu I P. et al. 1982. Emitter plugging and drip irrigation line hydraulics. Trans. of the ASAE 25(5):1274-1281.
[41] Solomon, K H. 1979. Manufacturing variation of trickle emitters. Trans. ASAE, 22(5):1034-1035 and 1045.
[42] Rubens Duarte Coelho, Ronaldo Souza Resende. Biological clogging of Netafim drippers and recovering process through chlorination impact treatment. 2001 ASAE Annual International Meeting paper.
[43] Talozi S A, Hills D J. Simulating Emitter Clogging In a Microirrigation Subunit. Transactions of the ASAE,44(6): 1503-1509.
[44] Dvir Y. Flow Control Dvices. Lehaval Habashan 12125. Israel.
[45] Padmaknmar O. Study on Clogging of Emitter in Drip Irrigation.Drip irrigation in Action. ASAE,
Michigan,USA. 1998.
[46] Nalagama S. Temperature Effect on Calcium Carbonate Precipitate Clogging of Trickle Emitter.
[47] Boswell M J. Design Characteristics of line-source Drip Tube. ASAE, Michigan,USA. 1998.
[48] Decrox M. Laboratory Evaluating of Trickle Irrigation Equipment for Field System Design. ASAE, Michigan,USA.1998.
[49] 水利水电科学研究院，南京水利科学研究院．水工模型试验(第二版)．水利电力出版社，1983，25-40．
[50] 李永欣，李光永，邱象玉，等．迷宫式滴头内部流动的CFD数值模拟．农业工程学报，待刊．
[2] 李世英．对我国节水灌溉技术发展的几点思考．排灌机械，2000，(1)：6-8．
[3] 李光永．世界微灌发展态势．节水灌溉，2001，(2)：24-27．
[4] 王留运，叶清平，岳兵．我国微灌技术发展的回顾与预测．节水灌溉，2000，(3)：3-7．
[5] 姚振宪，何松林．滴灌设备与滴灌系统规划设计．北京：中国农业出版社，1999，17-38．
[6] 徐建海，吴兴旺．滴灌技术与滴灌管(带)生产技术现状与发展前景．塑料科技，2001，(2)：38-41．
[7] 韩权利，赵万华，丁玉成．滴灌用灌水器的现状及分析．节水灌溉，2003，(1)：17-18．
[8] 傅琳，董文楚，郑耀泉，等．微灌工程技术指南．水利电力出版社，1988，15-60．
[9] 杨培岭，雷显龙．滴灌用灌水器的发展及研究．节水灌溉，2000，(3)：15-17．
[10] 王尚锦，刘小民，席光，等．农灌用新型迷宮式滴头内流动特性分析．农业工程学报，2000，16(4)：61-63．
[11] 王尚锦，刘小民，席光，等．迷宮式滴头内流动的有限元数值分析．农业机械学报，2000，31(4)：43-46．
[12] 郭庆人，魏茂庆，朱嘉冀，等．迷宮式滴灌带生产及其在节水灌溉中的应用．中国塑料，2000，(2)：53-56．
[13] 吕谋超，彭贵芳，杨跃辉，等．新型双壁滴灌带的研制与应用．中国农村水利水电，2002，(7)：52-54．
[14] 李光永．压力补偿灌水器的研究进展与使用中应注意的几个问题．节水灌溉，2000，(3)：19-21．
[15] Glaad, Yigal, Krystal et al. Hydraulic and Mechanical Properties of Drippers. Proceedings Of The 2nd International Drip Irrigation Congress, July, 1974.
[16] Tal S, Zur, Benjamin. Flow Regime in Helical Long path Emitters. Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, 106, No. 1, March 1980, 27-35.
[17] Avner Asin, Mollie Sacks. Dripper-Clogging Factors in Wastewater Irrigation. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 117, No. 6, November/December 1991, 813-826.
[18] 方部玲．圆片式迷宫长流道滴头的研究[A]．耕作机械学会论文集，1997．
[19] Netafim Products Guide. Netfaim 2001.
[20] Eutrodrip滴头样本.
[21] Naan Irrigation System. Naan 2000.
[22] Maoz E. Plastro Emitters:Hydraulics Performence Data for Designers. Plastro 2000.
[23] Rainbird Products. Rainbird 2001.
[24] ISO/TC 23/SC 18/WG5 N4. Clogging test methods for emitters. 2003.
[25] 彭贵芳译．美国国家灌溉工程手册．中国水利水电出版社，1995，349-480．
[26] 中华人民共和国水利部．中华人民共和国行业标准：微灌灌水器(SL／T67．1～3-94)．
[27] 朱勇华．邰淑彩，孙韫玉．应用数理统计．武汉水利水电出版社，1998，210-260．
[28] Sietan Chieng, Ali A Ghaemi. Uniformity in a Microirrigation with Partially Clogged Emitters. ASAE Annual International Meeting paper,2003,Paper No: 032097.
[29] Hills D J, Brenes M J. Mieroirrigation of Wastewater Effluent Using Drip Tape. Soil & Water Division of ASAE in December 2000, 17(3): 303-308.
[30] Pitts D J, Haman D Z, A G Smajstrla. Causes and Prevention of Emitter Plugging In Microirrigation Systems. University of Florida Bulletin 258.
[31] 吴持恭．水力学，第二版．北京：高等教育出版社，1982．
[32] Richard H Cuenca. Irrigationg System Design.
[33] Nakayama, F S, Bulks et al. 1981. Emitter clogging effects on trickle irrigation uniformity. Trans. ASAE 24: 77-80.
[34] 仵峰，范永申，李辉，等．地下滴灌灌水器堵塞研究．农业工程学报，2004，20(2)：81-83．
[35] Berkowitz S J. Hydraulic performance of subsurface wasterwater drip systems. In On-Site Wastewater Treatment, Proe. Ninth Natl. Symp. on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems Pp. 583-592.
[36] Bui W. 1992. Recycling wastewater by drip irrigation. In ASCE National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, ed. F. Pierce, 437-441. New York: ASCE.
[37] Hills D J, Nawar F J, Waller P M. 1989. Effects of chemical clogging on drip-tape irrigation uniformity. Transactions of the ASAE 32(4): 1202-1206.
[38] Ravina, Paz I E, Sorer Z. et al.1992. Control of emitter clogging in drip irrigation with reclaimed wastewater. Irrigation Science, 13(1): 129-139.
[39] Smajstrla, A G, Clark G A. 1992. Hydraulic performance of microirrigation drip tape emitters. ASAE Paper No 92-2057. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.
[40] Bralts, V F, Wu I P. et al. 1982. Emitter plugging and drip irrigation line hydraulics. Trans. of the ASAE 25(5):1274-1281.
[41] Solomon, K H. 1979. Manufacturing variation of trickle emitters. Trans. ASAE, 22(5):1034-1035 and 1045.
[42] Rubens Duarte Coelho, Ronaldo Souza Resende. Biological clogging of Netafim drippers and recovering process through chlorination impact treatment. 2001 ASAE Annual International Meeting paper.
[43] Talozi S A, Hills D J. Simulating Emitter Clogging In a Microirrigation Subunit. Transactions of the ASAE,44(6): 1503-1509.
[44] Dvir Y. Flow Control Dvices. Lehaval Habashan 12125. Israel.
[45] Padmaknmar O. Study on Clogging of Emitter in Drip Irrigation.Drip irrigation in Action. ASAE,
Michigan,USA. 1998.
[46] Nalagama S. Temperature Effect on Calcium Carbonate Precipitate Clogging of Trickle Emitter.
[47] Boswell M J. Design Characteristics of line-source Drip Tube. ASAE, Michigan,USA. 1998.
[48] Decrox M. Laboratory Evaluating of Trickle Irrigation Equipment for Field System Design. ASAE, Michigan,USA.1998.
[49] 水利水电科学研究院，南京水利科学研究院．水工模型试验(第二版)．水利电力出版社，1983，25-40．
[50] 李永欣，李光永，邱象玉，等．迷宫式滴头内部流动的CFD数值模拟．农业工程学报，待刊．