美国杂交早熟禾坪用性状研究
|
摘要
美国杂交早熟禾(Poa pratensis L. cv.Hybrid)是中国农业科学院兰州畜牧与兽药研究所于2003年在美国引进的一种最新的优良草坪草种(原种)。本文通过对美国杂交早熟禾与目前广泛种植表现较优的公园早熟禾(Park Bluegrass)、萨伯早熟禾(Saber Bluegrass)、橄榄球早熟禾(Bugby Bluegrass)、球道黑麦草(Farway Perennial)、传奇紫羊茅(Legend Red Fescue)和猎狗高羊茅(Houndog Tall Fescue)六种常见草坪草品种进行坪用性状的多方面对比,分析评价美国杂交早熟禾在我国北方温带半湿润地区坪用性状的优缺点,并探讨其生长发育的潜力及规律,为其在我国能够引种成功与推广应用奠定了基础。主要结果如下:
1.播种的美国杂交早熟禾为国内自繁Ⅰ代种子,于2007年8月17日播种到2008年6月12日收种结束,完成了一个生育周期的生长,生育周期为301天,青绿期315天,播种当年不产种子,2008年种子产量达到225 kg/hm2。实践证明,美国杂交早熟禾在我国北方温带半湿润地区可正常生长并结籽成熟,这为实现我国草坪种子国产化奠定坚实的基础。
2.美国杂交早熟禾在以密度、质地、叶色、均一性、青绿期、盖度、草坪强度、草坪弹性及分蘖数9个景观性状指标的评价体系中综合得分最高(4.6),其叶片柔软,叶宽适中,颜色深绿有光泽,成坪草层均匀整齐,青绿期长,分蘖能力强,比其它几个对比品种外观效果要好。美国杂交早熟禾适宜作为观赏草坪、游憩草坪和运动草坪的建植。
3.美国杂交早熟禾具有优良的缓生性,其测定的2008年5月份的日平均生长量为0.58 cm,球道黑麦草为0.90 cm,猎狗高羊茅为1.39 cm,生长速度差距明显。草坪成坪后生长速度缓慢则决定着该草坪较低的修剪频率,美国杂交早熟禾其缓生的优良特性在单播或混播的草坪中都将延长草坪的修剪周期,降低草坪的修剪频率,有利于养护成本的降低。
4.美国杂交早熟禾具有较强的抗旱能力,在夏季高温季节(2008年6~9月)叶片无萎蔫现象,在实验室抗旱性四项理化指标(相对含水量、游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量和可溶性糖含量)的测定分析中,美国杂交早熟禾叶片相对含水量、丙二醛相对最低,分别为85.56 %、0.0025μmol/g;而游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量最高,分别为81.5634μg/g和4.5063 %。在田间观测中,以单播为主的美国杂交早熟禾草坪小区可达到20~25天一次的浇水周期并保持正常生长,比常规草坪要长10天左右,在草坪养护管理过程中将大大降低草坪浇灌的需水量与次数,该品种所蕴藏的优质抗旱基因是我国草坪草抗旱育种的一个重要育种材料,这也为解决我国草坪业的发展与水资源的矛盾提供了很好的方向。
5.美国杂交早熟禾具有较强的抗寒性,在2007年冬季小区观测,越冬期间有1/2的叶片可以保持青绿,越冬率达到90 %,青绿期达到315d,比其它几个对比早熟禾品种的青绿期要长15d左右。在气温较低的冬季或北方地区,美国杂交早熟禾作为草坪建植能够大大提高草坪的外观质量。
6.小区在一个生长周期内出现4次病虫害,美国杂交早熟禾平均感病级数为1.75,其抗病虫害能力虽低于黑麦草、紫羊茅和高羊茅品种,但在早熟禾系列中占优,为具有较强抗病虫害能力的早熟禾品种。
The Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is the lanzhou institute of animal and veterinary pharmaceutics sciences in 2003 with the introduction in the United States, a new high grass lawn. This article through to the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid and the turf planted widely performance of the Park Bluegrass,the Saber Bluegrass,the Bugby Bluegrass,the Farway Perennial,the Legend Red Fescue, and the Houndog Tall Fescue six kinds of common turf varieties were compared with in the characters on the use of turf, analysis and evaluation on Poa pratensis L. cv. temperate semi-humid regions in north China with the advantages and disadvantages of the characters on the use of turf, explore its growth potential and regularity in China, for its success and application were able to lay the foundation.The main results are as follows:
1. As the second generation of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid, it finished one growth cycle from seeding in 2007 August 17 and seeded on June 12, 2008. The one growth cycle spent 301 days and green period is 315 days.the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid seeds seed yield reached 225 kg/hm2 in 2008. Practice has proved, the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid in temperate semi-humid region of northern China normal growth and maturity, the seed of China turf grass seeds to realize localization of solid foundation.
2. The Poa pratensis L.cv.Hybrid get the highest mark (4.6) in the comprehensive evaluation system for 9 indexes of the turf characters,which including the turf density, the turf exture, the turf color, the turf uniformity, the green period, the turf coverage, the turf strength, the turf elasticity and the tiller number. Blade is soft and moderate, green color and luster, establishment grass layer even and neat, the green period is longer,the tillering ability is stronger. The Poa pratensis L.cv.Hybrid than other several varieties of exterior effect is compared. It is used as an ornamental turf, recreation and sports turf grass planting the building.
3. One of the advantage of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is slow-growing. The average incerment of the advantage of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is 0.58 cm for May 2008. The Farway Perennial Ryegrass is 0.90 cm and the Houndog Tall Fescue is 1.39 cm. It has an obvious differences in the average incerment. After a slow growth turf establishment determines the turf is low cutting frequency, the Poa pratensis L.cv.Hybrid its slow excellent characteristics on unicast or mixed turf would extend the lawn clip period, lower the cutting frequency.It can reduce the cost of maintenance.
4. One of the advantage of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is drought-resistant ability. Its leaf has not wilting in the summer high temperature form june to september in 2008. The changes of relative leaf water content,proline content,malondialdehyde(MDA) and soluble sugar content(SS) of all of 7 varieties are measured and analyzed on the laboratory. The changes of relative leaf water content and malondialdehyde(MDA) content of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid are lower(85.56 %、0.0025μmol/g). The proline and soluble sugar content of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid are higher(81.5634μg/g and 4.5063 %). In the field observation, mainly in the unicast of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid turf area can reach 20-25 days of water cycle and maintain normal growth, than conventional lawn to about 10 days. In the grass maintenance management process it will greatly reduce the frequency with water turf, the variety of the gene is our quality drought resistance breeding turf is one of the important breeding materials, this also is the development of China turf grass industry to solve the contradiction with the water provides a good direction.
5. One of the advantage of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is cold-resistant ability. The half of leaf can keep green in the wintering period , the overwintering percentage can get 90 % and the green period can get 315 days in the cold winter in 2007 in the observation. The green period of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is more than other several varieties of bluegrass compared to 15 days. In the winter of low temperature or northern region, the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid built a turf grass planting can greatly improve the appearance quality.
6. There are 4 diseases and insect pests phenomenon in the growth cycle in the field plot. The average infection grade of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is 1.75. The pest resistance of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid s is best in the bluegrass varieties, but is lower than other varieties.
1.播种的美国杂交早熟禾为国内自繁Ⅰ代种子,于2007年8月17日播种到2008年6月12日收种结束,完成了一个生育周期的生长,生育周期为301天,青绿期315天,播种当年不产种子,2008年种子产量达到225 kg/hm2。实践证明,美国杂交早熟禾在我国北方温带半湿润地区可正常生长并结籽成熟,这为实现我国草坪种子国产化奠定坚实的基础。
2.美国杂交早熟禾在以密度、质地、叶色、均一性、青绿期、盖度、草坪强度、草坪弹性及分蘖数9个景观性状指标的评价体系中综合得分最高(4.6),其叶片柔软,叶宽适中,颜色深绿有光泽,成坪草层均匀整齐,青绿期长,分蘖能力强,比其它几个对比品种外观效果要好。美国杂交早熟禾适宜作为观赏草坪、游憩草坪和运动草坪的建植。
3.美国杂交早熟禾具有优良的缓生性,其测定的2008年5月份的日平均生长量为0.58 cm,球道黑麦草为0.90 cm,猎狗高羊茅为1.39 cm,生长速度差距明显。草坪成坪后生长速度缓慢则决定着该草坪较低的修剪频率,美国杂交早熟禾其缓生的优良特性在单播或混播的草坪中都将延长草坪的修剪周期,降低草坪的修剪频率,有利于养护成本的降低。
4.美国杂交早熟禾具有较强的抗旱能力,在夏季高温季节(2008年6~9月)叶片无萎蔫现象,在实验室抗旱性四项理化指标(相对含水量、游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛含量和可溶性糖含量)的测定分析中,美国杂交早熟禾叶片相对含水量、丙二醛相对最低,分别为85.56 %、0.0025μmol/g;而游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖的含量最高,分别为81.5634μg/g和4.5063 %。在田间观测中,以单播为主的美国杂交早熟禾草坪小区可达到20~25天一次的浇水周期并保持正常生长,比常规草坪要长10天左右,在草坪养护管理过程中将大大降低草坪浇灌的需水量与次数,该品种所蕴藏的优质抗旱基因是我国草坪草抗旱育种的一个重要育种材料,这也为解决我国草坪业的发展与水资源的矛盾提供了很好的方向。
5.美国杂交早熟禾具有较强的抗寒性,在2007年冬季小区观测,越冬期间有1/2的叶片可以保持青绿,越冬率达到90 %,青绿期达到315d,比其它几个对比早熟禾品种的青绿期要长15d左右。在气温较低的冬季或北方地区,美国杂交早熟禾作为草坪建植能够大大提高草坪的外观质量。
6.小区在一个生长周期内出现4次病虫害,美国杂交早熟禾平均感病级数为1.75,其抗病虫害能力虽低于黑麦草、紫羊茅和高羊茅品种,但在早熟禾系列中占优,为具有较强抗病虫害能力的早熟禾品种。
The Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is the lanzhou institute of animal and veterinary pharmaceutics sciences in 2003 with the introduction in the United States, a new high grass lawn. This article through to the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid and the turf planted widely performance of the Park Bluegrass,the Saber Bluegrass,the Bugby Bluegrass,the Farway Perennial,the Legend Red Fescue, and the Houndog Tall Fescue six kinds of common turf varieties were compared with in the characters on the use of turf, analysis and evaluation on Poa pratensis L. cv. temperate semi-humid regions in north China with the advantages and disadvantages of the characters on the use of turf, explore its growth potential and regularity in China, for its success and application were able to lay the foundation.The main results are as follows:
1. As the second generation of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid, it finished one growth cycle from seeding in 2007 August 17 and seeded on June 12, 2008. The one growth cycle spent 301 days and green period is 315 days.the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid seeds seed yield reached 225 kg/hm2 in 2008. Practice has proved, the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid in temperate semi-humid region of northern China normal growth and maturity, the seed of China turf grass seeds to realize localization of solid foundation.
2. The Poa pratensis L.cv.Hybrid get the highest mark (4.6) in the comprehensive evaluation system for 9 indexes of the turf characters,which including the turf density, the turf exture, the turf color, the turf uniformity, the green period, the turf coverage, the turf strength, the turf elasticity and the tiller number. Blade is soft and moderate, green color and luster, establishment grass layer even and neat, the green period is longer,the tillering ability is stronger. The Poa pratensis L.cv.Hybrid than other several varieties of exterior effect is compared. It is used as an ornamental turf, recreation and sports turf grass planting the building.
3. One of the advantage of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is slow-growing. The average incerment of the advantage of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is 0.58 cm for May 2008. The Farway Perennial Ryegrass is 0.90 cm and the Houndog Tall Fescue is 1.39 cm. It has an obvious differences in the average incerment. After a slow growth turf establishment determines the turf is low cutting frequency, the Poa pratensis L.cv.Hybrid its slow excellent characteristics on unicast or mixed turf would extend the lawn clip period, lower the cutting frequency.It can reduce the cost of maintenance.
4. One of the advantage of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is drought-resistant ability. Its leaf has not wilting in the summer high temperature form june to september in 2008. The changes of relative leaf water content,proline content,malondialdehyde(MDA) and soluble sugar content(SS) of all of 7 varieties are measured and analyzed on the laboratory. The changes of relative leaf water content and malondialdehyde(MDA) content of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid are lower(85.56 %、0.0025μmol/g). The proline and soluble sugar content of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid are higher(81.5634μg/g and 4.5063 %). In the field observation, mainly in the unicast of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid turf area can reach 20-25 days of water cycle and maintain normal growth, than conventional lawn to about 10 days. In the grass maintenance management process it will greatly reduce the frequency with water turf, the variety of the gene is our quality drought resistance breeding turf is one of the important breeding materials, this also is the development of China turf grass industry to solve the contradiction with the water provides a good direction.
5. One of the advantage of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is cold-resistant ability. The half of leaf can keep green in the wintering period , the overwintering percentage can get 90 % and the green period can get 315 days in the cold winter in 2007 in the observation. The green period of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is more than other several varieties of bluegrass compared to 15 days. In the winter of low temperature or northern region, the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid built a turf grass planting can greatly improve the appearance quality.
6. There are 4 diseases and insect pests phenomenon in the growth cycle in the field plot. The average infection grade of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid is 1.75. The pest resistance of the Poa pratensis L. cv. Hybrid s is best in the bluegrass varieties, but is lower than other varieties.
引文
[1]夏汉平,赵南先.中国草坪科学发展过程中几个值得注意的问题[J].中国园林,2000,5:13~16.
[2]孙本信.绿地草坪[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
[3] Michacl M.All about lawns [M].Chevion.Chemical Compeny,1958,87~100.
[4]张丽霞,姚爱兴.国内外草地早熟禾育种技术及其研究进展[J].宁夏农学院学报,2002,23(2):76~79.
[5]张建华,庞良玉.我国草业现状与发展前景[J].西南农业学报,2003,16:72~76.
[6]高志民,王雁.草坪草引种栽培研究现状及存在的问题[J].中国草地,2000, (3):60~65.
[7]韩烈保,孙吉雄,刘自学.草坪建植与管理[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1991.
[8]孙吉雄.草坪学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995.
[9] Robert,D.E(冯钟粒等译).草坪科学与管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992.
[10]李云侠,鲍厚柱.中国草坪业现状与发展趋势[J].贵州科学,1999,16(3):73~76.
[11]周寿荣.草坪地被与人类环境[M].成都:四川科技出版社,1996.
[12]刘发民,王辉珠,孟文学.草坪科学与研究[M].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1998.
[13]文亦芾,朱熙梅,孙吉雄.我国与世界主要草坪草选育地气候带相似性分析[J].草业科学,2000,9(2):82~83.
[14]彭燕,张新全,周寿荣.草坪草利用及引种适应性研究[J].草原与草坪,2004, (4):12~16.
[15]韩烈保,杨碚,邓菊芬.草坪草种及其品种[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
[16]刘建秀.关于建立我国草坪草品种区域试验的设想[J].草业科学,2003,26(1):45~48.
[17]邵敏健,吕公平,杭振家.草地早熟禾的引种及养护管理[J].北京园林,1989, (2).
[18]杨秀云,武小钢,丛日晨.冷地型草坪草种在山西的引种适应性研究[J].草原与草坪,2004, (1):33~35.
[19]寇建村,杨文权,杨云贵,陆阿飞,冯达庆,葛磊.几种冷季型草坪草在关中地区的引种试验[J].草业科学,2007, (2):96~99.
[20]王和祥,汤巧香,么秀文.马尼拉草在天津地区的引种栽培[J].园林科技通讯,1995, (26):35~38.
[21]张巨明,赵鸣.兰引3号草坪型结缕草与日本结缕草的比较研究[J].草业科学,1996,13(2):47~50.
[22]刘维章,付浩,邵伯琴.杂交结缕草在青岛地区的引种栽培试验[J].中国草地,1996, (1):52~55.
[23]钮友民,钟勇芳,吴宝莲.混合草坪草的引种和筛选的研究[J].杭州植物园通讯,1989, (1):10~15.
[24]谭子雄.长沙市园林中几种草坪草适应性观察[J].湖南园林,1990, (14):30~32.
[25]余华阳,欧阳延生,刘斌,叶华,于徐根,李翔宏.几种草坪草在南昌地区的引种试验结果初报[J].四川草原,2004, (10):33~34.
[26]刘及动,陈秋全,焦念智.草坪质量评定方法的研究[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1999,20(2):44～48.
[27]孙吉雄.草坪学(二版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2003.355~369.
[28]王钦,谢源芳.草坪质量评定方法[J].草业科学,1993,10(4):69~73.
[29]刘建秀.草坪坪用价值综合评价体系的探讨——Ⅰ.评价体系的建立[J].中国草地,1998, (1):44~47.
[30]刘建秀.草坪坪用价值综合评价体系的探讨——Ⅱ.评价体系的应用[J].中国草地,2000, (3):54~57.
[31]周禾,樊奋成,杨波.草坪质量评价方法的研究[A].面向21世纪的中国草坪科学与草坪业[C].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.22~26.
[32]张珍.草坪质量综合评价体系研究.甘肃农业大学学位论文,2000.
[33] A.J.P.Van Wijk. Turfgrasses in Europe, Cultivar Evaluation and Advances in Breeding.Int. Turfgrass Soc.Res. Journal,Interec. Publishing Cvrp, 1993,26~37.
[34]任继周,赵鸣等.我国北方地区运动场草坪建植管理技术的研究与实施[J].草业科学,1991.
[35]尚以顺,杨桦,陈燕萍.灰色系统理论在草坪草引种综合评估上的初探[J].四川草原,1995, (2):21~24.
[36]王彦荣,曾彦军等.丹麦草坪草在兰州市区引种试验初报[J].草业科学,1998, (6):57~63.
[37]李德颖,张德顺.北京工人体育场草坪质量分析[J].草业学报,1998, (3):62~66.
[38]刘晓静.草坪质量评价新方法[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,12(6):651~655.
[39]中华人民共和国农业部(NY/T 1091-2006).草品种审定技术规程,2006,12~15.
[40]韩建国.国内外草坪草种子生产[J].北京园林,2000, (2):23~26.
[41]马进,梁立军,孟瑾.我国草坪业若干问题探讨[J].浙江林学院学报,2001,18(2):202~205.
[42]任继周,张自和.草地与人类文明[J].草原与草坪,2000, (1):5~9.
[43]张义儒.试述我国草业的现况与前景[J].中国环境管理干部学院学报,2004,14(3):88~90.
[44]张殿京,白冬梅,李悦生,孙国庆,郭继霞,孙克泰.我国草坪业生产发展中存在的问题及解决途径[J].天津农业科学,2001,7(3):52~54.
[45]任继周.草坪业是我国全民共有、全民共建、全民共享的伟大事业[J].草地学报,2008,16(6):545~546.
[46]王文涛.我国草坪发展中建植问题的探讨[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1999, (3):32~34.
[47]姚轶文,宋桂龙,韩烈保,钟亮.北京丰台体育中心足球场草坪质量分析[J].草业科学,2008,25(5):108~111.
[48] Federation International Football Association.Standard of the Football Field[M].FIFA,2006.
[49] Adams W A,Gibbs R J.Natural Turf for Sport and Amenity:Science and Practice[M].CAB International,1994.
[50]高峻风.植物生理学实验技术[M].西安:世界图书出版社,2000.11~26.
[51]邹琦.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[52]上海植生所.现代植物生理实验指南[M].北京:中国科技出版社,1998.128~145.
[53]李如亮.生物化学实验[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1998.8.
[54]熊庆娥.植物生理学实验教程[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2003.
[55]杨霞,常根柱,孙吉雄.冰草的坪用性状及其抗旱性研究[J].兰州:中国草食动物,2005专刊.
[56]孙建华,王彦荣,柴琦.28个草地早熟禾品种坪用性状评价[J].草业科学,2003,20(12):18~21.
[57]韩德梁,余玲,王彦荣.2种野生早熟禾坪用性能评价[J].草业科学,2005,22(2):92~95.
[58]韩烈保.运动场草坪[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[59]张正斌.作物抗旱节水的生理遗传基础[M].科学出版社,2003.
[60]吴永美,吕炯章,王书建,李润植.植物抗旱生理生态特性研究进展[J].杂粮作物,2008,28(2):90~93.
[61]马宗仁,郭博.短芒披碱草和老芒麦在水分胁迫下游离脯氨酸积累的研究-植物的抗旱性与脯氨酸积累能力关系的标准[J].中国草地,1991, (4):12~16.
[62]陈发河,张维一.低温胁迫对甜椒果实游离脯氨酸的影响[J].植物生理学通讯,1999,27(5):301~320.
[63]谷文英,陈莹,余飞.红三叶愈伤组织培养与异黄酮的产生[J].草业科学,2006,23(8):45~48.
[64] Halliwell B.Chlorop Last Metabolism,the structure and function of chlorop tasts in green leaf cells[M].Oxford:Charenden Press 1981,186.
[65] Chaoui A,Mazhoudi S,Ghorbal MH,Cadmium and Zine Induction of Lipid Peroxidation and Effects on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Bean[J].Plant Sci,1997,127:139~147.
[66]文金花,马玉寿.草坪草抗寒性研究进展[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2005,35(6):39~40.
[67] Chloroplast w - 3 fatty acid desaturases in transgenic tobacoo.Plants Physiol,1994, (5):601~605.
[68]中国草种网.草业行情. http://www.cngrasseed.com,2009.
[69]王钦等.草坪植物对干旱胁迫效应[J].草业科学,1995,12(5):54~59.
[70]常根柱,时永杰,杨志强.沙拐枣、冰草等旱生牧草引进驯化及栽培利用技术研究[J].兰州:中国草食动物,2005专刊.
[71] Beard J B.Turfgrass Science and culture [M]:NJ Prentic-Hall,1973.
[2]孙本信.绿地草坪[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
[3] Michacl M.All about lawns [M].Chevion.Chemical Compeny,1958,87~100.
[4]张丽霞,姚爱兴.国内外草地早熟禾育种技术及其研究进展[J].宁夏农学院学报,2002,23(2):76~79.
[5]张建华,庞良玉.我国草业现状与发展前景[J].西南农业学报,2003,16:72~76.
[6]高志民,王雁.草坪草引种栽培研究现状及存在的问题[J].中国草地,2000, (3):60~65.
[7]韩烈保,孙吉雄,刘自学.草坪建植与管理[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1991.
[8]孙吉雄.草坪学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995.
[9] Robert,D.E(冯钟粒等译).草坪科学与管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1992.
[10]李云侠,鲍厚柱.中国草坪业现状与发展趋势[J].贵州科学,1999,16(3):73~76.
[11]周寿荣.草坪地被与人类环境[M].成都:四川科技出版社,1996.
[12]刘发民,王辉珠,孟文学.草坪科学与研究[M].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1998.
[13]文亦芾,朱熙梅,孙吉雄.我国与世界主要草坪草选育地气候带相似性分析[J].草业科学,2000,9(2):82~83.
[14]彭燕,张新全,周寿荣.草坪草利用及引种适应性研究[J].草原与草坪,2004, (4):12~16.
[15]韩烈保,杨碚,邓菊芬.草坪草种及其品种[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1999.
[16]刘建秀.关于建立我国草坪草品种区域试验的设想[J].草业科学,2003,26(1):45~48.
[17]邵敏健,吕公平,杭振家.草地早熟禾的引种及养护管理[J].北京园林,1989, (2).
[18]杨秀云,武小钢,丛日晨.冷地型草坪草种在山西的引种适应性研究[J].草原与草坪,2004, (1):33~35.
[19]寇建村,杨文权,杨云贵,陆阿飞,冯达庆,葛磊.几种冷季型草坪草在关中地区的引种试验[J].草业科学,2007, (2):96~99.
[20]王和祥,汤巧香,么秀文.马尼拉草在天津地区的引种栽培[J].园林科技通讯,1995, (26):35~38.
[21]张巨明,赵鸣.兰引3号草坪型结缕草与日本结缕草的比较研究[J].草业科学,1996,13(2):47~50.
[22]刘维章,付浩,邵伯琴.杂交结缕草在青岛地区的引种栽培试验[J].中国草地,1996, (1):52~55.
[23]钮友民,钟勇芳,吴宝莲.混合草坪草的引种和筛选的研究[J].杭州植物园通讯,1989, (1):10~15.
[24]谭子雄.长沙市园林中几种草坪草适应性观察[J].湖南园林,1990, (14):30~32.
[25]余华阳,欧阳延生,刘斌,叶华,于徐根,李翔宏.几种草坪草在南昌地区的引种试验结果初报[J].四川草原,2004, (10):33~34.
[26]刘及动,陈秋全,焦念智.草坪质量评定方法的研究[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1999,20(2):44～48.
[27]孙吉雄.草坪学(二版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社, 2003.355~369.
[28]王钦,谢源芳.草坪质量评定方法[J].草业科学,1993,10(4):69~73.
[29]刘建秀.草坪坪用价值综合评价体系的探讨——Ⅰ.评价体系的建立[J].中国草地,1998, (1):44~47.
[30]刘建秀.草坪坪用价值综合评价体系的探讨——Ⅱ.评价体系的应用[J].中国草地,2000, (3):54~57.
[31]周禾,樊奋成,杨波.草坪质量评价方法的研究[A].面向21世纪的中国草坪科学与草坪业[C].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.22~26.
[32]张珍.草坪质量综合评价体系研究.甘肃农业大学学位论文,2000.
[33] A.J.P.Van Wijk. Turfgrasses in Europe, Cultivar Evaluation and Advances in Breeding.Int. Turfgrass Soc.Res. Journal,Interec. Publishing Cvrp, 1993,26~37.
[34]任继周,赵鸣等.我国北方地区运动场草坪建植管理技术的研究与实施[J].草业科学,1991.
[35]尚以顺,杨桦,陈燕萍.灰色系统理论在草坪草引种综合评估上的初探[J].四川草原,1995, (2):21~24.
[36]王彦荣,曾彦军等.丹麦草坪草在兰州市区引种试验初报[J].草业科学,1998, (6):57~63.
[37]李德颖,张德顺.北京工人体育场草坪质量分析[J].草业学报,1998, (3):62~66.
[38]刘晓静.草坪质量评价新方法[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2004,12(6):651~655.
[39]中华人民共和国农业部(NY/T 1091-2006).草品种审定技术规程,2006,12~15.
[40]韩建国.国内外草坪草种子生产[J].北京园林,2000, (2):23~26.
[41]马进,梁立军,孟瑾.我国草坪业若干问题探讨[J].浙江林学院学报,2001,18(2):202~205.
[42]任继周,张自和.草地与人类文明[J].草原与草坪,2000, (1):5~9.
[43]张义儒.试述我国草业的现况与前景[J].中国环境管理干部学院学报,2004,14(3):88~90.
[44]张殿京,白冬梅,李悦生,孙国庆,郭继霞,孙克泰.我国草坪业生产发展中存在的问题及解决途径[J].天津农业科学,2001,7(3):52~54.
[45]任继周.草坪业是我国全民共有、全民共建、全民共享的伟大事业[J].草地学报,2008,16(6):545~546.
[46]王文涛.我国草坪发展中建植问题的探讨[J].内蒙古畜牧科学,1999, (3):32~34.
[47]姚轶文,宋桂龙,韩烈保,钟亮.北京丰台体育中心足球场草坪质量分析[J].草业科学,2008,25(5):108~111.
[48] Federation International Football Association.Standard of the Football Field[M].FIFA,2006.
[49] Adams W A,Gibbs R J.Natural Turf for Sport and Amenity:Science and Practice[M].CAB International,1994.
[50]高峻风.植物生理学实验技术[M].西安:世界图书出版社,2000.11~26.
[51]邹琦.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[52]上海植生所.现代植物生理实验指南[M].北京:中国科技出版社,1998.128~145.
[53]李如亮.生物化学实验[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,1998.8.
[54]熊庆娥.植物生理学实验教程[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,2003.
[55]杨霞,常根柱,孙吉雄.冰草的坪用性状及其抗旱性研究[J].兰州:中国草食动物,2005专刊.
[56]孙建华,王彦荣,柴琦.28个草地早熟禾品种坪用性状评价[J].草业科学,2003,20(12):18~21.
[57]韩德梁,余玲,王彦荣.2种野生早熟禾坪用性能评价[J].草业科学,2005,22(2):92~95.
[58]韩烈保.运动场草坪[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.
[59]张正斌.作物抗旱节水的生理遗传基础[M].科学出版社,2003.
[60]吴永美,吕炯章,王书建,李润植.植物抗旱生理生态特性研究进展[J].杂粮作物,2008,28(2):90~93.
[61]马宗仁,郭博.短芒披碱草和老芒麦在水分胁迫下游离脯氨酸积累的研究-植物的抗旱性与脯氨酸积累能力关系的标准[J].中国草地,1991, (4):12~16.
[62]陈发河,张维一.低温胁迫对甜椒果实游离脯氨酸的影响[J].植物生理学通讯,1999,27(5):301~320.
[63]谷文英,陈莹,余飞.红三叶愈伤组织培养与异黄酮的产生[J].草业科学,2006,23(8):45~48.
[64] Halliwell B.Chlorop Last Metabolism,the structure and function of chlorop tasts in green leaf cells[M].Oxford:Charenden Press 1981,186.
[65] Chaoui A,Mazhoudi S,Ghorbal MH,Cadmium and Zine Induction of Lipid Peroxidation and Effects on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Bean[J].Plant Sci,1997,127:139~147.
[66]文金花,马玉寿.草坪草抗寒性研究进展[J].青海畜牧兽医杂志,2005,35(6):39~40.
[67] Chloroplast w - 3 fatty acid desaturases in transgenic tobacoo.Plants Physiol,1994, (5):601~605.
[68]中国草种网.草业行情. http://www.cngrasseed.com,2009.
[69]王钦等.草坪植物对干旱胁迫效应[J].草业科学,1995,12(5):54~59.
[70]常根柱,时永杰,杨志强.沙拐枣、冰草等旱生牧草引进驯化及栽培利用技术研究[J].兰州:中国草食动物,2005专刊.
[71] Beard J B.Turfgrass Science and culture [M]:NJ Prentic-Hall,1973.