动力电池智能充电器及镍氢电池快速充电方法的研究
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摘要
随着能源、环保等问题的日益突出,电动汽车成为近年来发展迅速的一种新型汽车,充电设备是电动汽车可靠运行的保证,如何高效、低损、快速地充电对电动汽车的应用和发展具有重大意义。
本文介绍了一种智能充电器,它采用半桥电路作为主回路,MCS-51单片机控制用户操作面板,DSP控制充电过程,液晶屏幕显示电池参数、充电状态及故障报警等信息,可对多种动力电池进行手动或者自动充电。
在总结几种主要动力电池的充电流程的基础上,重点研究了镍氢电池的快速充电,提出了电流分级充电法,以Δv /Δt为电流切换标志,以拐点法为充电停止标志,以小电流充放电作为间歇方式,并通过实验检验了充电效果。
进行了基于MCS-51单片机的面板部分的开发,包括功能设计、操作流程设计和软硬件设计,基于DSP的充电控制器设计包括采样、通信、故障检测、控制程序等。为增强系统的可靠性,在硬件和软件设计上分别提出了抗干扰措施。
针对镍氢电池的快速充电方法,提出了采用半桥式DC/DC变换器的主回路设计方案,使用两种开关方式实现大电流放电和小电流充放电间歇去极化,对电路中的重要元件——电感和电容的取值进行了设计。
此充电器的智能性主要体现在:适用于多种动力电池,实时采集电池信息,可与电池管理系统通信以获取电池细节信息,自动保存最近设置的参数便于批量电池充电,可由经验人员输入数据表格以备使用,自动检测故障做出提示等,可以实现对电池的有效充电、修复和保护。
Electric Vehicle (EV) has become a kind of fast-developing vehicle in recent years as the problems of energy and environment are becoming increasingly serious. Charging facility is one of the most important parts of EV. It is significant to develop an efficient, low-consumption and rapid strategy for the application and development of EV.
In this paper, an intelligent charger is introduced, which adopts half-bridge DC/DC as main charging circuit, MCS-51 single chip as controller of the panel and digital signal processor (DSP) as controller of charging procedure. During the charging process, the battery parameters, charging state and faults information could be displayed on the LCD. Both manual and automatic modes could be applied to three kinds of power batteries.
After summarizing the charging strategy of mainly used power batteries, the rapid charging scheme for Nickel-Metal Hydride battery (Ni-MH) is studied. A novel charging method is proposed, which uses graded charging current, and takesΔv /Δt, voltage curve inflexion, small current charging-discharging as sign of switching current grade, terminating condition and intermission mode, respectively.
The panel design based on MCS-51 is described in detail, including function design, operating instruction, hardware and software design. The charging controller design based on DSP includes sampling, communicating, faults detecting and control programs. A few software and hardware anti-jamming measures are used to enhance the reliability of the system.
As for the rapid charging method of Ni-MH battery, a circuit topology with DC/DC converter is proposed, which uses large current discharging pulse and small current charging-discharging in order to depolarize. The value selection of inductance and capacitor is analyzed.
The intelligence of this charger can be described as follows: different batteries application, battery information sampling, battery manage system communication for details, recent parameters saving for batch charging, experienced data acceptance and automatic failure detection. It could realize the function of efficient charging, mending and protecting for battery.
本文介绍了一种智能充电器,它采用半桥电路作为主回路,MCS-51单片机控制用户操作面板,DSP控制充电过程,液晶屏幕显示电池参数、充电状态及故障报警等信息,可对多种动力电池进行手动或者自动充电。
在总结几种主要动力电池的充电流程的基础上,重点研究了镍氢电池的快速充电,提出了电流分级充电法,以Δv /Δt为电流切换标志,以拐点法为充电停止标志,以小电流充放电作为间歇方式,并通过实验检验了充电效果。
进行了基于MCS-51单片机的面板部分的开发,包括功能设计、操作流程设计和软硬件设计,基于DSP的充电控制器设计包括采样、通信、故障检测、控制程序等。为增强系统的可靠性,在硬件和软件设计上分别提出了抗干扰措施。
针对镍氢电池的快速充电方法,提出了采用半桥式DC/DC变换器的主回路设计方案,使用两种开关方式实现大电流放电和小电流充放电间歇去极化,对电路中的重要元件——电感和电容的取值进行了设计。
此充电器的智能性主要体现在:适用于多种动力电池,实时采集电池信息,可与电池管理系统通信以获取电池细节信息,自动保存最近设置的参数便于批量电池充电,可由经验人员输入数据表格以备使用,自动检测故障做出提示等,可以实现对电池的有效充电、修复和保护。
Electric Vehicle (EV) has become a kind of fast-developing vehicle in recent years as the problems of energy and environment are becoming increasingly serious. Charging facility is one of the most important parts of EV. It is significant to develop an efficient, low-consumption and rapid strategy for the application and development of EV.
In this paper, an intelligent charger is introduced, which adopts half-bridge DC/DC as main charging circuit, MCS-51 single chip as controller of the panel and digital signal processor (DSP) as controller of charging procedure. During the charging process, the battery parameters, charging state and faults information could be displayed on the LCD. Both manual and automatic modes could be applied to three kinds of power batteries.
After summarizing the charging strategy of mainly used power batteries, the rapid charging scheme for Nickel-Metal Hydride battery (Ni-MH) is studied. A novel charging method is proposed, which uses graded charging current, and takesΔv /Δt, voltage curve inflexion, small current charging-discharging as sign of switching current grade, terminating condition and intermission mode, respectively.
The panel design based on MCS-51 is described in detail, including function design, operating instruction, hardware and software design. The charging controller design based on DSP includes sampling, communicating, faults detecting and control programs. A few software and hardware anti-jamming measures are used to enhance the reliability of the system.
As for the rapid charging method of Ni-MH battery, a circuit topology with DC/DC converter is proposed, which uses large current discharging pulse and small current charging-discharging in order to depolarize. The value selection of inductance and capacitor is analyzed.
The intelligence of this charger can be described as follows: different batteries application, battery information sampling, battery manage system communication for details, recent parameters saving for batch charging, experienced data acceptance and automatic failure detection. It could realize the function of efficient charging, mending and protecting for battery.
引文
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[2] 邱纲,电动汽车用动力电池组 SOC 的神经网络估计:[硕士学位论文],辽宁;辽宁工学院,2005
[3] 陈清泉,孙逢春,祝嘉光,现代电动汽车技术,北京:北京理工大学出版社,2002, 19
[4] 董雄鹤,齐国光,冯熙康等,电动车用电池充电状态和功率强度估计,电源技术,2006, 26(3):137~141
[5] 汪根华,大功率智能型充电机的研究与应用:[硕士学位论文],江苏;河海大学,2004
[6] Chu.Y.S., Chen.R.Y., Liang.T.J., Changchien.S.K., Chen.J.F., Positive-negative pulse battery charger with energy feedback and power factor correction, Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2005.APEC 2005.Twentieth Annual IEEE, Volume 2, 6-10 March 2005 Page(s):986~990 Vol.2
[7] Bhangu.B.S., Bentley.P., Stone.D.A., Bingham.C.M., Nonlinear Observers for Predicting State-of-Charge and State-of-Health of Lead-Acid Batteries for Hybrid-Electric Vehicles, Vehicular Technology, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 54, Issue 3, May 2005 Page(s):783~794
[8] Bhangu.B.S., Bentley.P., Stone.D.A., Bingham.C.M., Observer techniques for estimating the State-of-Charge and State-of-Health of VRLABs for Hybrid Electric Vehicles, Vehicle Power and Propulsion, 2005 IEEE Conference, 7-9 Sept.2005 Page(s):10 pp.
[9] 林成涛,王军平,陈全世,电动汽车 SOC 估计方法原理与应用,电池,2004,34(5):376~378
[10] Elias.M.F.M., Nor.K.M., Arof.A.K., Design of Smart Charger for Series Lithium-Ion Batteries, Power Electronics and Drives Systems, 2005.PEDS 2005.International Conference on, Volume 2, 28-01 Nov.2005 Page(s):1485~1490
[11] 李红林,张承宁,孙逢春等,锂离子电池组均衡充电和保护系统研究,北京理工大学学报,2004, 24(3):210~213
[12] Zeyun Chao, Zhixin Xu, Heqing Zhong, A based on DSP digital controlled high switching frequency and constant charging current system, Communications, Computers and signal Processing, 2003.PACRIM.2003 IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on, Volume 2, 28-30 Aug.2003 Page(s):868~870 vol.2
[13] Hsiu-Ming Huang, Huang-Jen Chiu, Ming-Hsiang Tseng, Li-Wei Lin, Shih-Yen Chyng, Design and Implementation of A Novel Rapid Charger with Energy Recovery, Industrial Technology, 2005.ICIT 2005.IEEE International Conference on, 14-17 Dec.2005 Page(s):1300~1303
[14] Cheng.P.-H., Chen.C.-L., High efficiency and nondissipative fast charging strategy, Electric Power Applications, IEE Proceedings-Volume 150, Issue 5, 9 Sept.2003 Page(s):539~545
[15] Huang-Jen Chiu, Li-Wei Lin, Ping-Lung Pan, Ming-Hsiang Tseng, A Novel Rapid Charger for Lead-Acid Batteries With Energy Recovery, Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, Volume 21, Issue 3, May 2006 Page(s):640~647
[16] Guangqiang.L., Zhang Ke, Cheng Ming, A Novel Single-Phase Single Stage Topology for Chargers, Electrical Machines and Systems, 2005.ICEMS 2005.Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on, Volume 2, 27-29 Sept.2005 Page(s):1467~1471
[17] 秦海鸿,朱德明,严仰光,电动汽车充电器电路拓扑的设计考虑,电源技术应用,2004, 7(2):97~104
[18] Rogers.H.H., Basics of nickel hydrogen batteries, Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, 1991.Proceedings of the Sixth Annual, January 15-17, 1991 Page(s):75~111
[19] 李丽,吴锋,杨凯等,过充电对 MH-Ni 电池电化学性能的影响,材料导报,2004, 18(2):101~103
[20] 徐曼珍,新型蓄电池原理与应用,北京:人民邮电出版社,2005, 217
[21] 张胜利,余仲宝,韩周祥,锂离子电池的研究与发展,电池工业,1999, 4(1):26~28
[22] 李有兵,齐铂金,宫学庚,电动汽车动力电池均衡充电的研究,电源技术,2004, 28(10):649~651
[23] Rahimi.A.M., A Lithium-ion Battery Charger for Charging up to Eight Cells, Vehicle Power and Propulsion, 2005 IEEE Conference, 7-9 Sept.2005 Page(s):6 pp.
[24] 周志敏,周纪海,纪爱华,阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池实用技术,北京:中国电力出版社,2004, 55~57
[25] 田效伍,大容量镍镉电池快速充电理化过程与实现技术的研究:[硕士学位论文],陕西;西安交通大学,2003
[26] 蒯家薪,严智渊,蓄电池充电方法的研究以及一种新型智能化充电器的介绍,国际电子变压器,2005, 6:125~143
[27] 陶明大,叶德龙,王金国等,电动汽车用镍氢蓄电池充电发热问题的研究,汽车电器,2001, 4:7~9
[28] 谭子求,殷小贡,蒋云峰等,基于 DSP 的大容量智能充电系统的研究与设计,电源技术,2004, 28(5):328~311
[29] 胡明辉,秦大同,舒红,混合动力汽车蓄电池的快速充电方法,重庆大学学报,2004, 27(11):1~3
[30] 王喜瑜,丁军,周希德,电动汽车动力蓄电池快速充电关键技术探究,北方交通大学学报,1997, 21(4):485~490
[31] 阎勇,刘国兴,镍氢电池充电控制技术的探讨,企业技术开发,2005, 24(6):26~29
[32] 毛永志,王宝光,燕萍等,密封 MH—Ni 电池快速充电充电控制方法的研究,电源技术,2001, 25(1):21~23
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