纳米纤维素/聚乳酸复合材料及界面相容性研究
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摘要
本论文研究将天然可再生的木质纳米纤维素作为增强相与绿色塑料聚乳酸进行复合,为了改善亲水性纳米纤维素和疏水性聚乳酸之间的弱的界面相容性,采用了添加增容剂、硅烷偶联剂改性纳米纤维素、矿化纳米纤维素以及偶联剂改性矿化纳米纤维素的方法；并且利用纳米纤维素的诱导性,通过仿生矿化的方法在纳米纤维素/聚乳酸多孔复合材料中生成了羟基磷灰石。研究了不同的方法对复合材料性能的影响,揭示了各种复合材料中的界面黏结机理。
有机相中的纳米纤维素直径在20nm左右。和浆板相比,其结晶度提高,热稳定性下降；纳米纤维素与聚乳酸复合后,由于界面黏结较差,复合材料的抗张强度和断裂伸长率下降；纳米纤维素的存在提高了聚乳酸的亲水性、降解性和阻光性,降低了热稳定性；纤维素的羟基与聚乳酸的羰基存在氢键作用。
聚乙二醇1000能够最大程度的降低聚乳酸的玻璃化转变温度,提高纳米纤维素/聚乙二醇/聚乳酸三元复合材料的机械性能,和聚乳酸相比,抗张强度和断裂伸长率最高提高了28.2%和25.0%；聚乙二醇分子量越小,复合材料降解速率越快；纳米纤维素的羟基,聚乙二醇的羟基和聚乳酸的羰基之间存在氢键作用。通过增加吸附层厚度和机械作用提高两相的界面黏结。
烷基化纳米纤维素仍保持纳米纤维素的形貌；其热稳定性和结晶度有所下降；表面的羟基量明显减少；碳氧比从1.81降到了1.69；Si均匀的分布在纳米纤维素中；1.0v/v%偶联剂改性的纳米纤维素为1.Owt%时,与纯聚乳酸相比,断裂伸长率和抗张强度分别增长了42.3%和28.2%；与聚乳酸复合后,烷基化纳米纤维素在基体中分散均匀,能阻挡部分紫外光；纳米纤维素的烷基化程度和添加量均影响复合材料的热稳定性。
为了赋予纳米纤维素更多的功能性,采用仿生矿化的方法在其表面合成了直径约为30nm纳米羟基磷灰石,仿生矿化后纤维素的碳氧比下降为1.54,钙磷比为1.70。纳米纤维素的羟基与羟基磷灰石中的钙离子和羟基之间存在配位作用和氢键作用：仿生矿化后纳米纤维素的热稳定性在380-600℃之间明显提高。
矿化纳米纤维素烷基化后,碳氧比下降,Ca2p谱峰向高结合能方向移动；通过机械锁合和较强界面黏结作用,大大提高了聚乳酸的机械性能,和聚乳酸相比,抗张强度和断裂仲长率分别提高了51.3%和29.3%。和烷丛化纳米纤维素相比,矿化纳米纤维素烷基化后热稳定性提高,同样提高了聚乳酸的热稳定性；复合材料的透过率降低；聚乳酸基体中Ca、P和Si元素分布均匀；复合材料中存在强烈的氢键作用。
采用相转化/粒子沥滤的方法制备出纳米纤维素/聚乳酸多孔复合材料,纳米纤维素能提高复合材料的机械性能、粗糙度、亲水性、对羟基磷灰石的诱导性。羟基磷灰石颗粒的尺寸大的为2μm,而小的尺寸为200nm；羟基磷灰石的Ca/P为1.42,Ca、P元素和C、O元素一样均匀分布；XRD、FTIR和质量增长率的测定进一步证明了聚乳酸基体中纳米纤维素表面的羟基能够促进羟基磷灰石的成核和长大。
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) was used as strengthening phase to improve the properties of poly(lactic acid)(PLA). In order to improve the interfacial compatibility between hydrophilic cellulose nanofibrils and hydrophobic PLA, compatibilizer, silane coupling agent (MEMO) modified cellulose nanofibrils (M-CNF), biomineralized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF/HA) and silane coupling agent modified CNF/HA (M-CNF/HA) were blended with PLA. CNF were blended with PLA to produce CNF/PLA composite foams. The CNF induced the formation of HA on the walls of its inner pores. The properties of different composites were studied and the mechanism of interfacial cohesion was revealed.
Rod-like CNF with a diameter of20nm in width dispersed in organic phase. The crystallinity of CNF improved, but the thermal stability decreased. The mechanical properties of CNF/PLA composites decreased because of poor interfacial cohesion. The hydrophilicity, degradability and light-shielding property of CNF/PLA composites improved because of CNF. The thermal stability of CNF/PLA composites decreased. FTIR indicated that hydrogen bond existed between-OH of CNF and C=O of PLA.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)1000was the best compatibilizer and improved the mechanical properties of CNF/PLA composites because of the decrease of Tg. Compared with PLA, the tensile strength and elongation of CNF/PEG/PLA composites improved28.2%and25.0%, respectively. The lower molecular weight of PEG was added, the faster the CNF/PEG/PLA composites degraded. The stronger hydrogen bond formed among-OH of CNF,-OH of PEG and C=O of PLA. The interfacial cohesion was improved by increase the adsorption layer and mechanical action.
M-CNF keeps their integrity and rod-like morphology. The thermal stability and crystallinity of M-CNF was decreased. There are less hydroxyl groups in M-CNF than in CNF. The carbon-oxygen ratio of CNF and M-CNF was1.81and1.69, respectively. Si dispersed evenly in CNF matrix. The highest tensile strength of composites was obtained for PLA with1.0v/v%MEMO and1.0wt%CNF, the tensile strength and elongation improved42.3%and28.2%comparing with PLA. M-CNF can block some of the light through. M-CNF can disperse evenly in PLA matrix. The thermal stability of M-CNF/PLA composites was affected by M-CNF and modification degree of CNF.
In order to give CNF more functionality, spherical Nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) particles of approximately30nm were synthesized on the surface of CNF after biomimetic mineralization. The carbon-oxygen ratio of CNF/HA composite was1.54; the calcium-phosphorus ratio of the composite was1.70. It is suggested that there are coordination and hydrogen bonding between CNF and HA. The thermal stability of CNF/HA composites was improved significantly in the temperature of380-600℃
Coupling reaction occurred between CNF/HA and MEMO. And the peak of Ca2p shifted to higher binding energy. Through mechanical lock and interface adhesive, the tensile strength and elongation improved51.3%and29.3%comparing with PLA. The thermal stability of M-CNF/HA improved comparing with M-CNF. Also, the thermal stability of PLA can be improved by M-CNF/HA. M-CNF/HA and MEMO can block some of the light through. Ca, P, and Si dispersed evenly in PLA matrix. Hydrogen bond existed between-OH of M-CNF/HA and C=O of PLA.
The Loeb and Sorirajan phase inversion/particle leaching method was used to prepare CNF/PLA composite foams. CNF in PLA can improve the mechanical properties, the surface roughness, and hydrophilicity. CNF also can induce the formation of HA, which have diameters ranging from200nm to2μm and a Ca/P ration of1.42. The spatial distribution of calcium and phosphorus elements was uniform. XRD, FTIR and mass increase analysis showed that the-OH of CNF can induce the formation and growth of HA.
有机相中的纳米纤维素直径在20nm左右。和浆板相比,其结晶度提高,热稳定性下降；纳米纤维素与聚乳酸复合后,由于界面黏结较差,复合材料的抗张强度和断裂伸长率下降；纳米纤维素的存在提高了聚乳酸的亲水性、降解性和阻光性,降低了热稳定性；纤维素的羟基与聚乳酸的羰基存在氢键作用。
聚乙二醇1000能够最大程度的降低聚乳酸的玻璃化转变温度,提高纳米纤维素/聚乙二醇/聚乳酸三元复合材料的机械性能,和聚乳酸相比,抗张强度和断裂伸长率最高提高了28.2%和25.0%；聚乙二醇分子量越小,复合材料降解速率越快；纳米纤维素的羟基,聚乙二醇的羟基和聚乳酸的羰基之间存在氢键作用。通过增加吸附层厚度和机械作用提高两相的界面黏结。
烷基化纳米纤维素仍保持纳米纤维素的形貌；其热稳定性和结晶度有所下降；表面的羟基量明显减少；碳氧比从1.81降到了1.69；Si均匀的分布在纳米纤维素中；1.0v/v%偶联剂改性的纳米纤维素为1.Owt%时,与纯聚乳酸相比,断裂伸长率和抗张强度分别增长了42.3%和28.2%；与聚乳酸复合后,烷基化纳米纤维素在基体中分散均匀,能阻挡部分紫外光；纳米纤维素的烷基化程度和添加量均影响复合材料的热稳定性。
为了赋予纳米纤维素更多的功能性,采用仿生矿化的方法在其表面合成了直径约为30nm纳米羟基磷灰石,仿生矿化后纤维素的碳氧比下降为1.54,钙磷比为1.70。纳米纤维素的羟基与羟基磷灰石中的钙离子和羟基之间存在配位作用和氢键作用：仿生矿化后纳米纤维素的热稳定性在380-600℃之间明显提高。
矿化纳米纤维素烷基化后,碳氧比下降,Ca2p谱峰向高结合能方向移动；通过机械锁合和较强界面黏结作用,大大提高了聚乳酸的机械性能,和聚乳酸相比,抗张强度和断裂仲长率分别提高了51.3%和29.3%。和烷丛化纳米纤维素相比,矿化纳米纤维素烷基化后热稳定性提高,同样提高了聚乳酸的热稳定性；复合材料的透过率降低；聚乳酸基体中Ca、P和Si元素分布均匀；复合材料中存在强烈的氢键作用。
采用相转化/粒子沥滤的方法制备出纳米纤维素/聚乳酸多孔复合材料,纳米纤维素能提高复合材料的机械性能、粗糙度、亲水性、对羟基磷灰石的诱导性。羟基磷灰石颗粒的尺寸大的为2μm,而小的尺寸为200nm；羟基磷灰石的Ca/P为1.42,Ca、P元素和C、O元素一样均匀分布；XRD、FTIR和质量增长率的测定进一步证明了聚乳酸基体中纳米纤维素表面的羟基能够促进羟基磷灰石的成核和长大。
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) was used as strengthening phase to improve the properties of poly(lactic acid)(PLA). In order to improve the interfacial compatibility between hydrophilic cellulose nanofibrils and hydrophobic PLA, compatibilizer, silane coupling agent (MEMO) modified cellulose nanofibrils (M-CNF), biomineralized cellulose nanofibrils (CNF/HA) and silane coupling agent modified CNF/HA (M-CNF/HA) were blended with PLA. CNF were blended with PLA to produce CNF/PLA composite foams. The CNF induced the formation of HA on the walls of its inner pores. The properties of different composites were studied and the mechanism of interfacial cohesion was revealed.
Rod-like CNF with a diameter of20nm in width dispersed in organic phase. The crystallinity of CNF improved, but the thermal stability decreased. The mechanical properties of CNF/PLA composites decreased because of poor interfacial cohesion. The hydrophilicity, degradability and light-shielding property of CNF/PLA composites improved because of CNF. The thermal stability of CNF/PLA composites decreased. FTIR indicated that hydrogen bond existed between-OH of CNF and C=O of PLA.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)1000was the best compatibilizer and improved the mechanical properties of CNF/PLA composites because of the decrease of Tg. Compared with PLA, the tensile strength and elongation of CNF/PEG/PLA composites improved28.2%and25.0%, respectively. The lower molecular weight of PEG was added, the faster the CNF/PEG/PLA composites degraded. The stronger hydrogen bond formed among-OH of CNF,-OH of PEG and C=O of PLA. The interfacial cohesion was improved by increase the adsorption layer and mechanical action.
M-CNF keeps their integrity and rod-like morphology. The thermal stability and crystallinity of M-CNF was decreased. There are less hydroxyl groups in M-CNF than in CNF. The carbon-oxygen ratio of CNF and M-CNF was1.81and1.69, respectively. Si dispersed evenly in CNF matrix. The highest tensile strength of composites was obtained for PLA with1.0v/v%MEMO and1.0wt%CNF, the tensile strength and elongation improved42.3%and28.2%comparing with PLA. M-CNF can block some of the light through. M-CNF can disperse evenly in PLA matrix. The thermal stability of M-CNF/PLA composites was affected by M-CNF and modification degree of CNF.
In order to give CNF more functionality, spherical Nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) particles of approximately30nm were synthesized on the surface of CNF after biomimetic mineralization. The carbon-oxygen ratio of CNF/HA composite was1.54; the calcium-phosphorus ratio of the composite was1.70. It is suggested that there are coordination and hydrogen bonding between CNF and HA. The thermal stability of CNF/HA composites was improved significantly in the temperature of380-600℃
Coupling reaction occurred between CNF/HA and MEMO. And the peak of Ca2p shifted to higher binding energy. Through mechanical lock and interface adhesive, the tensile strength and elongation improved51.3%and29.3%comparing with PLA. The thermal stability of M-CNF/HA improved comparing with M-CNF. Also, the thermal stability of PLA can be improved by M-CNF/HA. M-CNF/HA and MEMO can block some of the light through. Ca, P, and Si dispersed evenly in PLA matrix. Hydrogen bond existed between-OH of M-CNF/HA and C=O of PLA.
The Loeb and Sorirajan phase inversion/particle leaching method was used to prepare CNF/PLA composite foams. CNF in PLA can improve the mechanical properties, the surface roughness, and hydrophilicity. CNF also can induce the formation of HA, which have diameters ranging from200nm to2μm and a Ca/P ration of1.42. The spatial distribution of calcium and phosphorus elements was uniform. XRD, FTIR and mass increase analysis showed that the-OH of CNF can induce the formation and growth of HA.
引文
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