酶预处理对马尾松TMP性能和磨浆能耗的影响及机理研究
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摘要
TMP具有制浆得率高、制浆废水污染负荷低，长纤维组分含量较高，成纸松厚度大，不透明度高和光散射系数大等优点。但其缺点为磨浆能耗高，制浆成本大，磨浆前纤维软化不充分，纸浆纤维挺硬，表面细纤维化程度低，纤维间结合力差。而通过生物酶预处理，可以实现降低磨浆能耗，增加纤维细纤维化程度，改善纸浆质量，为扩大TMP的应用范围打下基础。
本论文以马尾松为原料，研究了纤维素酶和木聚糖酶预处理对马尾松TMP性能和磨浆能耗的影响，对比分析了生物酶预处理在不同磨浆过程对马尾松TMP性能和纤维质量的影响，并对生物酶处理后纸浆湿部化学特性进行研究，通过酶处理前后纤维的零距抗张强度和内结合强度测定、纤维素结晶度测定、接触角测定、原子力显微镜和扫描电镜观察、红外光谱分析、热失重分析等手段来研究生物酶作用于马尾松TMP的机理。研究结果表明：
纤维素酶预处理马尾松TMP的适宜条件为：酶用量75IU/g，温度50℃，pH5.5，时间150min。纤维素酶预处理后，纸张强度性能、松厚度和中长纤维得率都有所增加。但用量不宜超过75IU/g，否则会导致成纸的撕裂指数降低。
纤维素酶预处理后，马尾松TMP磨浆能耗降低。磨浆能耗下降率随着纤维素酶用量及预处理时间的增加而增大。并用曲线拟合分析的方法建立了磨浆能耗与纤维素酶用量及预处理时间的回归方程。
木聚糖酶预处理适宜条件为：酶用量90IU/g，pH5.0，预处理时间150min，预处理温度50℃。木聚糖酶预处理后，纸张强度性能、松厚度和中长纤维得率都随着酶用量的增加而增加。但用量不宜超过90IU/g，否则将引起撕裂指数的下降。
木聚糖酶预处理后，马尾松TMP磨浆能耗降低。磨浆能耗下降率随着木聚糖酶用量及预处理时间的增加而增大。并用曲线拟合分析的方法建立磨浆能耗与木聚糖酶用量及预处理时间的回归方程。
纤维素酶和木聚糖酶预处理均可降低马尾松TMP纤维束含量，且木聚糖酶对降低纸浆中纤维束含量的效果更好。木聚糖酶用量120IU/g时，酶预处理在一段磨浆前纸浆中纤维束含量较之空白样降低了1.76%；酶预处理在一段磨浆与二段磨浆之间，纸浆纤维束含量较之空白样降低2.39%。
筛分结果显示，100目筛网所截留的纤维总得率都随着纤维素酶和木聚糖酶用量的增加而增加。通过200目的细小纤维量明显降低。采用一段磨浆前酶预处理的制浆工艺，50目筛网截留长纤维及200目筛网截留短小纤维含量明显较高，而100目筛网截留中间长度纤维及通过200目筛网的细小纤维含量含量较低。采用一段磨与二段磨之间进行酶预处理时中间长度组分及短小长度纤维较多。
纤维质量分析结果显示，采用一段磨浆前酶预处理的制浆工艺能获得较长的纤维平均长度。适度的纤维素酶预处理能够增加纤维长度，减少细小纤维含量，卷曲及扭结指数增加。纤维素酶酶用量为75IU/g时重均纤维长度增加了0.22mm，细小纤维含量减少了1.01%。二段磨浆前预处理，在纤维素酶用量为50IU/g时，纤维数均长度、重均及双重均长度三者都较高，此时纤维受破坏程度较小。预处理木聚糖酶用量控制非常关键，酶用量过高对纤维长度破坏严重。
一段磨浆前预处理适宜酶用量高于二段磨浆前预处理，酶预处理在一段磨浆前，适宜纤维素酶用量为75IU/g，适宜木聚糖酶用量为90IU/g；二段磨浆前预处理，适宜纤维素酶用量为50IU/g，适宜木聚糖酶用量为60IU/g
纤维素酶和木聚糖酶预处理后进行磨浆，纸浆游离度略有上升，白水阳离子需求量明显下降，且随纤维素酶用量增加，白水阳离子需求量降低更加显著，纸浆Zeta电位随着酶用量的增加有所降低。
木聚糖酶预处理后纸浆的零距抗张强度增幅较大。木聚糖酶用量60IU/g时零距抗张强度为51.8N/cm，较之未处理的纸浆增加了15.0N/cm；纤维素酶用量75IU/g时零距抗张强度为45.1N/cm，较之未处理的纸浆增加了8.3N/cm。纤维素酶用量75IU/g时，内结合强度为0.031N/cm，较之未处理的纸浆增加了0.016N/cm。木聚糖酶用量90IU/g时，内结合强度为0.028N/cm，较之未处理的纸浆增加了0.012N/cm。
通过X衍射分析和热重分析可知，纤维素酶预处理使得马尾松TMP纤维素的结晶度降低，说明纤维素的结晶区受到了明显的降解。木聚糖酶预处理使得马尾松TMP纤维素的结晶度增加，木聚糖酶预处理和纤维素酶预处理可提高纤维的热稳定性。
纤维素酶预处理后纤维表面接触角减小，纤维润湿性能改善。在0.2s时，50IU/g的纤维素酶预处理后纤维表面接触角为33o，未经酶预处理纤维表面接触角为42o，降低了9o。木聚糖酶用量为30IU/g和60IU/g时的接触角比未经酶处理的接触角大，当酶用量为90IU/g时，纤维润湿性能改善，在0.2s时，接触角为38o，较之未经酶预处理纤维表面接触角降低了4o。
扫描电镜观察显示：纤维素酶预处理后，纤维压溃及纵向撕裂现象明显，内部细纤维化增大，产生丝状细小纤维，同时也有较少的纤维碎片。木聚糖酶预处理后，纤维表面有明显的碎片状剥裂，呈现为纤维表面有较多的碎片状纤维，纤维细胞壁局部变薄。
原子力显微镜观察显示，纤维素酶预处理后TMP纤维表面粗糙度下降，木聚糖酶预处理后纤维表面粗糙度增大。
Thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) of Masson Pine is a kind of high yieldpulping that comes with the comprehensive utilization of wood. TMP has lots ofbenefits, such as simple process, low pollution, good bulkiness, fine printability,higher opaqueness and light-scattering coefficient and so on. However, thedisadvantages of TMP including higher refining energy and pulping cost, lowerdegree of external fibrillation and fiber bonding strength, and the fiber is stiffbecause of the insufficiency soften action. It can increase the degree offibrillation and improve the quality of TMP using enzymes to pretreat the rawmaterials before refining, and also can reduce the energy consumption.
In this paper, cellulase and acid xylanase were used to pretreat the TMP ofMasson Pine before refining. The effects of enzymes pretreatment on the TMPproperties and pulping energy consumption were studied. The change of pulpproperties and fiber characteristics during the refining in the TMP process wascontrastively analyzed. And the wet-end chemistry characteristics of enzymespretreated TMP were studied. Through the test and analysis of zero span tensilestrength, internal bond strength, cellulose crystallity, contact angle, AFM(atomicforce microscope), SEM(scanning electron microscope), infrared spectroscopyand TGA(thermal gravimetric analysis), the acting mechanism of cellulase andxylanase pretreatment on the TMP of Masson Pine was studied.
The optimum applications of cellulase were: dosage75IU/g，temprature50℃, pH5.5, time150min. After the pretreatment of cellulase, the paperstrength, bulk and longer fiber yield increased. It is not suitable for the dosage ofcellulase exceed75IU/g，otherwise the tensile strength of paper would decreased.
The pretreatment of cellulase on Masson Pine TMP decreased the refining energy. And the descent rate of refining energy increased with the increase ofcellulase dosage and pretreatment time. The quantities relationship betweencellulase dosage, pretreatment time and the refining energy were established byCurve fitting analysis and Logistic monadic regressive analysis.
The optimum applications of xylanase were as follows: dosage90IU/g，temperature50℃, pH5.0, time150min. After the pretreatment of cellulase, thepaper strength, bulk and longer fiber yield increased. It is not suitable for thedosage of cellulase exceed90IU/g，otherwise the tensile strength of paper woulddecreased.
The pretreatment of xylanase on Masson Pine TMP decreased the refiningenergy. And the descent rate of refining energy increased with the increase ofxylanase dosage and pretreatment time. The quantities relationship betweenxylanase dosage, pretreatment time and the refining energy were established byCurve fitting analysis and Logistic monadic regressive analysis.
The shives of TMP decreased after the pretreatment of cellulase andxylanase. And xylanase had better effect on the decrease of shives. When thedosage of xylanase was120IU/g，the shives decreased1.76%when pretreatbefore the first refining, and2.39%when pretreat before the second refining.
The screening results showed that the total yield of R100increased with theincrease of cellulase and xylanase dosage. And the fine fiber of P200decreasedobviously. Pulping process of enzyme pretreatment before first refining, fiberquantity of R50and R200were significantly higher, while R100and P200werelower. Pulping process of enzyme pretreatment before second refining, thequantity of middle and shorter length components were higher.
The fiber quality analysis showed that the fiber was longer when pretreatedbefore first refining. Modest cellulase pretreatment could increase the fiberlength, decrease fines and increase curl and kink index. Cellulase pretreatmentbefore first refining, the length weighted length of fiber increased0.22mm, thedosage of xylanase was very key for the fiber length.
The optimum dosage of enzyme was higher when pretreatment before thefirst refining. Enzyme pretreatment before the first refining, the optimumdosages were: cellulase75IU/g, xylanase90IU/g; pretreatment before the secondrefining, the optimum dosages were: cellulase50IU/g, xylanase60IU/g.
Refining proceeded after cellulase or xylanase pretreatment, the freeness ofmasson pine TMP increased slightly, cationic demand decreased obviously, andthe Zeta potential decreased.
Zero span tensile strength had a higher growing rate after pretreated byxylanase. When the dosage of xylanase was60IU/g, zero span tensile strengthwas51.8N/cm, increased by15.0N/cm than the untreated pulp. When thedosage of cellulase was75IU/g, zero span tensile strength was45.1N/cm,increased by8.3N/cm, and the internal bond strength was0.031N/cm, increasedby0.016N/cm than the untreated pulp. When the dosage of xylanase was90IU/g, the internal bond strength was0.028N/cm, increased by0.012N/cm thanthe untreated pulp.
The XRD and TGA analysis showed that the crystallinity of Masson PineTMP cellulose decreased after cellulase pretreatment, while increased afterxylanase pretreatment. And the pretreatment of xylanase and cellulase improvedthe thermo stability of Masson TMP fiber.
The contact angle of the paper surface decreased after cellulase pretreatment,demonstrated that the wettability of fiber improved. When the dosage ofcellulase was50IU/g, at the time of0.2s, contact angle was33o, decreased by9o.When the dosage of xylanase was90IU/g, the wettability of fiber improved, andat the time of0.2s, contact angle was38o, decreased by4o.
SEM showed that after cellulase pretreatment, fiber crushing collapse andlongitudinal rip obviously, internal fine fibrosis increased, produced filamentousfines and fragments of fiber. While after xylanase pretreatment, fragmentsbreakaway obviously, assumed that fragments fiber adhere to fiber surface, partof the cell wall thinking.
AFM showed that after cellulase pretreatment, the surface roughness ofTMP fiber decreased, while after xylanase pretreatment, the surface roughness ofTMP fiber increased
本论文以马尾松为原料，研究了纤维素酶和木聚糖酶预处理对马尾松TMP性能和磨浆能耗的影响，对比分析了生物酶预处理在不同磨浆过程对马尾松TMP性能和纤维质量的影响，并对生物酶处理后纸浆湿部化学特性进行研究，通过酶处理前后纤维的零距抗张强度和内结合强度测定、纤维素结晶度测定、接触角测定、原子力显微镜和扫描电镜观察、红外光谱分析、热失重分析等手段来研究生物酶作用于马尾松TMP的机理。研究结果表明：
纤维素酶预处理马尾松TMP的适宜条件为：酶用量75IU/g，温度50℃，pH5.5，时间150min。纤维素酶预处理后，纸张强度性能、松厚度和中长纤维得率都有所增加。但用量不宜超过75IU/g，否则会导致成纸的撕裂指数降低。
纤维素酶预处理后，马尾松TMP磨浆能耗降低。磨浆能耗下降率随着纤维素酶用量及预处理时间的增加而增大。并用曲线拟合分析的方法建立了磨浆能耗与纤维素酶用量及预处理时间的回归方程。
木聚糖酶预处理适宜条件为：酶用量90IU/g，pH5.0，预处理时间150min，预处理温度50℃。木聚糖酶预处理后，纸张强度性能、松厚度和中长纤维得率都随着酶用量的增加而增加。但用量不宜超过90IU/g，否则将引起撕裂指数的下降。
木聚糖酶预处理后，马尾松TMP磨浆能耗降低。磨浆能耗下降率随着木聚糖酶用量及预处理时间的增加而增大。并用曲线拟合分析的方法建立磨浆能耗与木聚糖酶用量及预处理时间的回归方程。
纤维素酶和木聚糖酶预处理均可降低马尾松TMP纤维束含量，且木聚糖酶对降低纸浆中纤维束含量的效果更好。木聚糖酶用量120IU/g时，酶预处理在一段磨浆前纸浆中纤维束含量较之空白样降低了1.76%；酶预处理在一段磨浆与二段磨浆之间，纸浆纤维束含量较之空白样降低2.39%。
筛分结果显示，100目筛网所截留的纤维总得率都随着纤维素酶和木聚糖酶用量的增加而增加。通过200目的细小纤维量明显降低。采用一段磨浆前酶预处理的制浆工艺，50目筛网截留长纤维及200目筛网截留短小纤维含量明显较高，而100目筛网截留中间长度纤维及通过200目筛网的细小纤维含量含量较低。采用一段磨与二段磨之间进行酶预处理时中间长度组分及短小长度纤维较多。
纤维质量分析结果显示，采用一段磨浆前酶预处理的制浆工艺能获得较长的纤维平均长度。适度的纤维素酶预处理能够增加纤维长度，减少细小纤维含量，卷曲及扭结指数增加。纤维素酶酶用量为75IU/g时重均纤维长度增加了0.22mm，细小纤维含量减少了1.01%。二段磨浆前预处理，在纤维素酶用量为50IU/g时，纤维数均长度、重均及双重均长度三者都较高，此时纤维受破坏程度较小。预处理木聚糖酶用量控制非常关键，酶用量过高对纤维长度破坏严重。
一段磨浆前预处理适宜酶用量高于二段磨浆前预处理，酶预处理在一段磨浆前，适宜纤维素酶用量为75IU/g，适宜木聚糖酶用量为90IU/g；二段磨浆前预处理，适宜纤维素酶用量为50IU/g，适宜木聚糖酶用量为60IU/g
纤维素酶和木聚糖酶预处理后进行磨浆，纸浆游离度略有上升，白水阳离子需求量明显下降，且随纤维素酶用量增加，白水阳离子需求量降低更加显著，纸浆Zeta电位随着酶用量的增加有所降低。
木聚糖酶预处理后纸浆的零距抗张强度增幅较大。木聚糖酶用量60IU/g时零距抗张强度为51.8N/cm，较之未处理的纸浆增加了15.0N/cm；纤维素酶用量75IU/g时零距抗张强度为45.1N/cm，较之未处理的纸浆增加了8.3N/cm。纤维素酶用量75IU/g时，内结合强度为0.031N/cm，较之未处理的纸浆增加了0.016N/cm。木聚糖酶用量90IU/g时，内结合强度为0.028N/cm，较之未处理的纸浆增加了0.012N/cm。
通过X衍射分析和热重分析可知，纤维素酶预处理使得马尾松TMP纤维素的结晶度降低，说明纤维素的结晶区受到了明显的降解。木聚糖酶预处理使得马尾松TMP纤维素的结晶度增加，木聚糖酶预处理和纤维素酶预处理可提高纤维的热稳定性。
纤维素酶预处理后纤维表面接触角减小，纤维润湿性能改善。在0.2s时，50IU/g的纤维素酶预处理后纤维表面接触角为33o，未经酶预处理纤维表面接触角为42o，降低了9o。木聚糖酶用量为30IU/g和60IU/g时的接触角比未经酶处理的接触角大，当酶用量为90IU/g时，纤维润湿性能改善，在0.2s时，接触角为38o，较之未经酶预处理纤维表面接触角降低了4o。
扫描电镜观察显示：纤维素酶预处理后，纤维压溃及纵向撕裂现象明显，内部细纤维化增大，产生丝状细小纤维，同时也有较少的纤维碎片。木聚糖酶预处理后，纤维表面有明显的碎片状剥裂，呈现为纤维表面有较多的碎片状纤维，纤维细胞壁局部变薄。
原子力显微镜观察显示，纤维素酶预处理后TMP纤维表面粗糙度下降，木聚糖酶预处理后纤维表面粗糙度增大。
Thermo-mechanical pulp (TMP) of Masson Pine is a kind of high yieldpulping that comes with the comprehensive utilization of wood. TMP has lots ofbenefits, such as simple process, low pollution, good bulkiness, fine printability,higher opaqueness and light-scattering coefficient and so on. However, thedisadvantages of TMP including higher refining energy and pulping cost, lowerdegree of external fibrillation and fiber bonding strength, and the fiber is stiffbecause of the insufficiency soften action. It can increase the degree offibrillation and improve the quality of TMP using enzymes to pretreat the rawmaterials before refining, and also can reduce the energy consumption.
In this paper, cellulase and acid xylanase were used to pretreat the TMP ofMasson Pine before refining. The effects of enzymes pretreatment on the TMPproperties and pulping energy consumption were studied. The change of pulpproperties and fiber characteristics during the refining in the TMP process wascontrastively analyzed. And the wet-end chemistry characteristics of enzymespretreated TMP were studied. Through the test and analysis of zero span tensilestrength, internal bond strength, cellulose crystallity, contact angle, AFM(atomicforce microscope), SEM(scanning electron microscope), infrared spectroscopyand TGA(thermal gravimetric analysis), the acting mechanism of cellulase andxylanase pretreatment on the TMP of Masson Pine was studied.
The optimum applications of cellulase were: dosage75IU/g，temprature50℃, pH5.5, time150min. After the pretreatment of cellulase, the paperstrength, bulk and longer fiber yield increased. It is not suitable for the dosage ofcellulase exceed75IU/g，otherwise the tensile strength of paper would decreased.
The pretreatment of cellulase on Masson Pine TMP decreased the refining energy. And the descent rate of refining energy increased with the increase ofcellulase dosage and pretreatment time. The quantities relationship betweencellulase dosage, pretreatment time and the refining energy were established byCurve fitting analysis and Logistic monadic regressive analysis.
The optimum applications of xylanase were as follows: dosage90IU/g，temperature50℃, pH5.0, time150min. After the pretreatment of cellulase, thepaper strength, bulk and longer fiber yield increased. It is not suitable for thedosage of cellulase exceed90IU/g，otherwise the tensile strength of paper woulddecreased.
The pretreatment of xylanase on Masson Pine TMP decreased the refiningenergy. And the descent rate of refining energy increased with the increase ofxylanase dosage and pretreatment time. The quantities relationship betweenxylanase dosage, pretreatment time and the refining energy were established byCurve fitting analysis and Logistic monadic regressive analysis.
The shives of TMP decreased after the pretreatment of cellulase andxylanase. And xylanase had better effect on the decrease of shives. When thedosage of xylanase was120IU/g，the shives decreased1.76%when pretreatbefore the first refining, and2.39%when pretreat before the second refining.
The screening results showed that the total yield of R100increased with theincrease of cellulase and xylanase dosage. And the fine fiber of P200decreasedobviously. Pulping process of enzyme pretreatment before first refining, fiberquantity of R50and R200were significantly higher, while R100and P200werelower. Pulping process of enzyme pretreatment before second refining, thequantity of middle and shorter length components were higher.
The fiber quality analysis showed that the fiber was longer when pretreatedbefore first refining. Modest cellulase pretreatment could increase the fiberlength, decrease fines and increase curl and kink index. Cellulase pretreatmentbefore first refining, the length weighted length of fiber increased0.22mm, thedosage of xylanase was very key for the fiber length.
The optimum dosage of enzyme was higher when pretreatment before thefirst refining. Enzyme pretreatment before the first refining, the optimumdosages were: cellulase75IU/g, xylanase90IU/g; pretreatment before the secondrefining, the optimum dosages were: cellulase50IU/g, xylanase60IU/g.
Refining proceeded after cellulase or xylanase pretreatment, the freeness ofmasson pine TMP increased slightly, cationic demand decreased obviously, andthe Zeta potential decreased.
Zero span tensile strength had a higher growing rate after pretreated byxylanase. When the dosage of xylanase was60IU/g, zero span tensile strengthwas51.8N/cm, increased by15.0N/cm than the untreated pulp. When thedosage of cellulase was75IU/g, zero span tensile strength was45.1N/cm,increased by8.3N/cm, and the internal bond strength was0.031N/cm, increasedby0.016N/cm than the untreated pulp. When the dosage of xylanase was90IU/g, the internal bond strength was0.028N/cm, increased by0.012N/cm thanthe untreated pulp.
The XRD and TGA analysis showed that the crystallinity of Masson PineTMP cellulose decreased after cellulase pretreatment, while increased afterxylanase pretreatment. And the pretreatment of xylanase and cellulase improvedthe thermo stability of Masson TMP fiber.
The contact angle of the paper surface decreased after cellulase pretreatment,demonstrated that the wettability of fiber improved. When the dosage ofcellulase was50IU/g, at the time of0.2s, contact angle was33o, decreased by9o.When the dosage of xylanase was90IU/g, the wettability of fiber improved, andat the time of0.2s, contact angle was38o, decreased by4o.
SEM showed that after cellulase pretreatment, fiber crushing collapse andlongitudinal rip obviously, internal fine fibrosis increased, produced filamentousfines and fragments of fiber. While after xylanase pretreatment, fragmentsbreakaway obviously, assumed that fragments fiber adhere to fiber surface, partof the cell wall thinking.
AFM showed that after cellulase pretreatment, the surface roughness ofTMP fiber decreased, while after xylanase pretreatment, the surface roughness ofTMP fiber increased
引文
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