高强钢低氢脆电镀锌镍合金工艺及添加剂的研究
|
摘要
锌镍合金镀层是近20年发展起来的一种新型防护性镀层,具有高耐蚀性、低氢脆性、较好的可焊性和机械加工性,极具发展前景。本文在几种典型溶液配方的基础上,采用赫尔槽(250mL)实验,通过小槽电镀实验以及镀液性能、镀层性能测试,最后分析对比确定出最佳溶液成分及工艺条件。研究了主盐含量、添加剂、电流密度、温度及pH值对镀层镍含量及镀层形貌的影响。初步研究了锌镍合金镀层组成、结构与镀层的氢脆性、耐蚀性的关系。
开发研究了添加剂AS-903,使用添加剂AS-903后,氯化物体系得到的镀层能满足低氢脆和高耐蚀性的性能要求。添加剂AS-903能够改善镀层的氢脆性能,提高电流效率,改变镀层结晶形态,但是随着添加剂含量增加,镀层的脆性增大,因此添加剂的含量应适量。操作温度为38~42℃、电流密度为2~4A/dm2时,含有添加剂AS-903的氯化物体系得到的镀层镍含量质量分数为11%~13%,镀层外观细致均匀,与基体结合力强,并且钝化后耐蚀性能良好,氢脆性能符合航空行业工业(HB5607)标准。
用缺口持久拉伸拉伸实验和氢含量测试实验共同证实了镀层及基体的氢脆性能。考察了镀后热处理温度、基体材料、电镀前处理弱腐蚀时间对氢脆的影响。研究表明,300M、35CrMnSiA抗氢脆性能优于65Mn。氢含量测试结果表明,碱性镀锌氢含量最高,氯化钾镀锌次之,电镀锌镍合金氢含量最低。
镍含量为13%左右的锌镍合金镀层主要由的γ相的金属间化合物Ni5Zn21组成,热稳定性及耐蚀性较好。镍的存在有利于抑制Zn(OH)2向ZnO转化,同时,镀层的组织结构呈现网状微裂纹,这些都增加了镀层的耐腐蚀性能。镀层氢脆机理倾向于氢与位错交互作用。锌镍合金共沉积机理倾向于氢氧化物抑制机理,即异常共沉积。
Zinc-Nickel alloys are a kind of new and protective coatings and have been developed for recent twenty years. This alloy has a promising future because of their high corrosionresistance, low hydrogenous brittleness, facile jointing and good mechanical properties. This paper describes a fundamental study of the hydrogen uptake resulting from electroplating with zinc-nickel alloys in chloride electrolyte.The influence of various of parameters, for example, the solution temperature, PH and cathode current density on the nickel content in theelectrodeposited zinc-nickel alloys coating have been investigated.
The additive AS-903 which makes the alloys coatings to have low hydrogen embrittlement and high crrosion resistance has been investigated. This additive can improve the hydrogen embrittlement and current efficiency. If too much additive is used, the coating is brickle. And the satisfactory alloy deposit with Nichle content about 11%~13% can be obtained at 38~42℃and cathode current density 2~4A/dm2 from the chloride-acetic bath. It has good corrosion resistence after passivation and the surface is uniformity and bright, according to the Chinese standard of avigation and spaceflight (HB5607).
The results of evaluated of hydrogen uptake test and hydrogen content test show that Zinc-nickel alloys coating present a low hydrogen embrittling. The effects of heat treatment temperature and material and pre-dispose are investigated. It can be concluded that the hydrogen embrittlement of 300M and 35CrMnSiA are superior to 65Mn. The result of hydrogen content test shows that galvanization has the highest hydrogen content test and Zn-Ni alloys coating exhibit low hydrogen embrittlement.
The predominant phase found in the Zn-Ni alloy with 13%Ni deposit was gamma-Ni5Zn21 phase which has good hot stability and corrosion resistence. The presence of Nickle will restrain the change from Zn(OH)2 to ZnO. The reticulation of Zn-Ni alloy coating adds the corrosion resistence. The electrodeposition of a metallic coating on the high strength steel introduces the possibility that the steel fail by hydrogen embrittlement. In the deposition of Zn- Ni alloy, the predominant presence of Zinc is result of anomalous codeposition.
开发研究了添加剂AS-903,使用添加剂AS-903后,氯化物体系得到的镀层能满足低氢脆和高耐蚀性的性能要求。添加剂AS-903能够改善镀层的氢脆性能,提高电流效率,改变镀层结晶形态,但是随着添加剂含量增加,镀层的脆性增大,因此添加剂的含量应适量。操作温度为38~42℃、电流密度为2~4A/dm2时,含有添加剂AS-903的氯化物体系得到的镀层镍含量质量分数为11%~13%,镀层外观细致均匀,与基体结合力强,并且钝化后耐蚀性能良好,氢脆性能符合航空行业工业(HB5607)标准。
用缺口持久拉伸拉伸实验和氢含量测试实验共同证实了镀层及基体的氢脆性能。考察了镀后热处理温度、基体材料、电镀前处理弱腐蚀时间对氢脆的影响。研究表明,300M、35CrMnSiA抗氢脆性能优于65Mn。氢含量测试结果表明,碱性镀锌氢含量最高,氯化钾镀锌次之,电镀锌镍合金氢含量最低。
镍含量为13%左右的锌镍合金镀层主要由的γ相的金属间化合物Ni5Zn21组成,热稳定性及耐蚀性较好。镍的存在有利于抑制Zn(OH)2向ZnO转化,同时,镀层的组织结构呈现网状微裂纹,这些都增加了镀层的耐腐蚀性能。镀层氢脆机理倾向于氢与位错交互作用。锌镍合金共沉积机理倾向于氢氧化物抑制机理,即异常共沉积。
Zinc-Nickel alloys are a kind of new and protective coatings and have been developed for recent twenty years. This alloy has a promising future because of their high corrosionresistance, low hydrogenous brittleness, facile jointing and good mechanical properties. This paper describes a fundamental study of the hydrogen uptake resulting from electroplating with zinc-nickel alloys in chloride electrolyte.The influence of various of parameters, for example, the solution temperature, PH and cathode current density on the nickel content in theelectrodeposited zinc-nickel alloys coating have been investigated.
The additive AS-903 which makes the alloys coatings to have low hydrogen embrittlement and high crrosion resistance has been investigated. This additive can improve the hydrogen embrittlement and current efficiency. If too much additive is used, the coating is brickle. And the satisfactory alloy deposit with Nichle content about 11%~13% can be obtained at 38~42℃and cathode current density 2~4A/dm2 from the chloride-acetic bath. It has good corrosion resistence after passivation and the surface is uniformity and bright, according to the Chinese standard of avigation and spaceflight (HB5607).
The results of evaluated of hydrogen uptake test and hydrogen content test show that Zinc-nickel alloys coating present a low hydrogen embrittling. The effects of heat treatment temperature and material and pre-dispose are investigated. It can be concluded that the hydrogen embrittlement of 300M and 35CrMnSiA are superior to 65Mn. The result of hydrogen content test shows that galvanization has the highest hydrogen content test and Zn-Ni alloys coating exhibit low hydrogen embrittlement.
The predominant phase found in the Zn-Ni alloy with 13%Ni deposit was gamma-Ni5Zn21 phase which has good hot stability and corrosion resistence. The presence of Nickle will restrain the change from Zn(OH)2 to ZnO. The reticulation of Zn-Ni alloy coating adds the corrosion resistence. The electrodeposition of a metallic coating on the high strength steel introduces the possibility that the steel fail by hydrogen embrittlement. In the deposition of Zn- Ni alloy, the predominant presence of Zinc is result of anomalous codeposition.
引文
1 D. Crotty. Zinc Alloy Plating for the Automotive Industry. Met. Finish. 1996, 94(9): 54, 56~58
2 G. F. Hsu. Electrodeposition of Corrosion-resistant Ni-Zn Alloy. Plating and Surface. Finishing. 1984, 71: 52~55
3 H. Ashassi-Sorkhabi, A. Hagrah, N. Parvini-Ahmadi et al. Zinc-Nickel Alloy Coatings Electrodeposited From a Chloride Bath Using Direct and Pulse Current. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2001, 140(3): 278~283
4 Y. F. Jiang, C. Q. Zhai, L. F. Liu et al. Zn-Ni Alloy Coatings Pulse-Plated on Magnesium Alloy Surf. Coat. Technol. 2005, 191(3): 393~399
5屠振密,张景双,杨哲龙.新防护性低氢脆锌镍合金工艺研究.电镀与精饰. 1987, 9(4): 5~8
6杨防祖,许书楷,周绍民.锌镍合金镀层的组成与相结构的关系.厦门大学学报. 1994, 33(1): 63~67
7宋花平,崔虹,李贵银等.碱性锌酸盐镀液、电镀方法及电镀锌镍合金的长钢管. CN1746337, 2005
8蔡加勒,周绍民.碱性锌镍合金电沉积中Tetren的基本效应.厦门大学学报. 1994, 33(3): 345~349
9吴化,贾慧庆.连续电镀锌镍合金的研究.电镀与涂饰. 2002, 21(1): 5~8
10吴继勋,刘永勤,卢燕平等.锌-镍合金共沉积的交流阻抗行为.材料保护. 1994, 27(1): 16~19
11 H. Ashassi-Sorkhabi, A. Hagrah, N. Parvini-Ahmadi et al. Zinc-Nickel Alloy Coatings Electrodeposited From a Chloride Bath Using Direct and Pulse Current. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2001, 140(3): 278~283
12何为.锌镍合金的异常共沉积与正常共沉积的转变.表面技术. 1998, 27(2): 22~24
13关兵,电镀锌-镍合金工艺探讨.电镀与精饰. 2000, 22(3): 14~17
14熊刚, ZN-918碱性锌-镍合金镀液的工艺性能.材料保护. 1994, 27(9):22~24
15李华峰,周晓荣,柳立铭等.弱酸性电镀光亮锌镍合金的研究.电镀与涂饰. 1999, 18(1):8~12
16杨宇翔,吴介达,黄忠良等.电镀光亮锌镍合金.电镀与精饰. 1997, 19(1): 16~18
17杜焊义,李异,碱性电镀光亮锌镍合金的研究.电镀与涂饰. 1997, 16(3): 16~21
18 R.R. Sizelove. Developments in Alkaline Zinc-Nickel Alloy Plating. Plating and Surface Finishing. 2001. 78(3):26~30
19胡如南,朱立群,碱性体系电镀锌-镍合金电沉积的研究.北京电镀学会学术年会论文. 1990
20杨宇翔.电镀光亮锌镍合金添加剂研究.电镀与环保. 1999, 13(2): 27~31
21曾华梁,李春梅,梁京华等.电镀锌镍合金代镉工艺的研究.第三届全国电镀与精饰学术会论文集.南京:中国电镀协会学工作委员会, 1990:85~87
22 M. J. Carr, M. J. Robinson. The Effects of Zinc- Alloy Electroplating on the Hydrogen Embrittlement of High strength steels. Surf. Coat. Technol. 1995, 73 (2): 58-64
23安茂忠,张景双,杨哲龙等.锌-镍合金钝化膜的组成和结构对耐蚀性的影响.材料保护. 1994, 27 (1): 11~15
24刘永勤,吴继勋,卢燕平等.锌镍合金电镀阳极的选择.材料保护. 1994 , 27(7): 26-27
25安茂忠,张景双,周志军等.电沉积锌-镍合金阳极行为的研究.材料保护. 1994, 27(11): 18-21
26 F. Grace Hsu. The Boeing Company. V.S. Patent 4.765871. 1998, 8.
27曾良宇,唐保春.高耐蚀性的锌-镍合金电镀层.材料保护. 1986, 19(6):13-18
28杜焊义.碱性电镀光亮锌镍合金添加剂研究.电镀与涂饰. 1999, 10(4): 23~34
29 E. Gomez, C. Muller, M. Sarret, A Zinc-Nickel Electroplating System. Metal Finishing, 2002, 90 (6): 87~91
30方景礼.电镀添加剂理论与应用.国防工业出版社, 2006: 214~215
31印仁和,董晓明,曹为民等. Zn-Ni合金共沉积影响机理的拉曼光谱研究.电镀与涂饰. 2005, 25(4):5~7
32张永刚,韩雅芳.金属间化合物结构材料.北京:国防工业出版社. 2001: 411~413
33万小景.高强度钢氢脆的实验研究.长沙电力学院学报(自然科学版), 2003: 18~22
34李斌,张晓云,汤智慧等.飞机表面水基清洗剂对金属材料腐蚀及氢脆性能影响研究.材料工程. 2007, 6:55~59
35孙小炎.螺栓氢脆问题研究.航空标准化. 2007,2:1~9
36 C.C. Hu, C.H. Tsay, Allen Bai.Optimization of the Hydrogen Evolution Activity on Zinc–Nickel Deposits Using Experimental Strategies, Electrochimica Acta.2003, 48:907~/918
37杨梦月,消除高强钢防护性镀层氢脆与镉脆的途径.材料保护. 2006, 20(4): 37~ 41
38宣晓东.高强度钢的表面防护与氢脆问题.电镀与精饰.1998 ,20(3):29~30
39 Devanathan, Z. Stachurski. A Technique for the Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement Characteristics of Electroplating Baths. Electrochem.Soc. 1963 , 110 (8) :886~890
40 W. Paatsch, Long-delay Hydrogen Embrittlement Phenomena in Platinghigh-strength steel components. Plating and Surface Finishing,1996, 83 (9):70~72
41 S. Sankarapapavinasam, F. Pushpanaden and M.F. Ahmed, Brighteners for Zinc-Nickel Plating. Metal Finishing. 1999, 87 (10): 9~11
42 S.Venkatesan, R.Subramarian, M.A.V. Devanathan, Co-Deposition of Hydrogen in Zinc Electroplating, Metal Finishing, 2003,25(4):50~53
43 A.Petrauskas, L.Gtinvrbi?ien?, A.?e?ūnien? et al. Studies of Phase Composition of Zn-Ni Alloy Obtained in Acetate-chloride Electrolyte by Using XRD and Potentiodynamic Stripping. Electrochim. Acta. 2005, 50(10): 1189~1196
44沈慕昭,胡志彬.离子软硬度对锌合金电沉积的影响.电镀与精饰. 1994, 16(3): 4~8
45蔡加勒,周绍民.添加剂对Zn-Ni异常共沉积的作用.厦门大学学报. 1993, 31(1): 51~56
46 M.F. Mathias, C.M. Cilla. T.W. Chapman, A Model Zinc-Nickel Alloy Electrodeposition in an Industrial Scalecell. Appl. Electrochem. 1990, 20(1): 1~4
47仓知三夫,追田章人.合金めつき.金属表面技术(日). 1980, 32(10): 512~155
48何为.锌镍合金的异常共沉积与正常共沉积的转变.表面技术. 1998, 27(2): 22~24
49 L. Felloni, R. Fratesi, E. Quadrini, et al. Electrodeposition of Zinc-Nickel Alloys from Chloride Solution. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1987, 17(3): 574~582
50 H. Park, J. A. Szpunar. The Role of Texture and Morphology in Optimizing the Corrosion Resistance of Zinc-Based Electrogalvanized Coatings. Corros. Sci. 2003, 40(4~5): 525~54
51沈慕昭,胡志彬.离子软硬度对锌合金电沉积的影响.电镀与精饰. 1994, 16(3): 4~8
52张昭. Zn-Fe-P合金电镀工艺及基础理论研究.中南工业大学博士学位论文. 1999, 14~16
53符德学. Zn-Mn合金电镀工艺及基础理论研究.中南大学博士学位论文. 2002, 23~25
54 R. Ramanauskas, P. Quintana, L. Maldonado, et al. Corrosion Resistance and Microstructure of Electrodeposited Zn and Zn Alloy Coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 1997, 92(1~2): 16~21
55 J.B. Bajat, Protective Properties of Epoxy Coatings Electrodeposited on Steel Electrochemically Modified by Zn–Ni Alloys, Progress in Organic Coatings. 2004,49:183~196
56 W. Kautek, M. Sahre, W. Paatsch. Transition Metal Effects in the Corrosion Protection of Electroplated Zinc Alloy Coatings Electrochim. Acta. 2004, 39(8~9): 1151~1157
57葛华才,黄定启,谢粦祥.金属及其二元合金镀层耐蚀性能的理论研究.华南理工大学学报. 2003, 21(4): 13~18
58安茂忠,屠振密,张景双.锌-镍合金镀层耐蚀性的研究.中国腐蚀与防护学报. 1989, 9(2): 87~94
59卢锦堂,陈锦虹,许乔瑜等.锌镍合金镀层盐雾腐蚀行为的研究.材料保护. 1997, 30(5): 8~10
60韩克麦,叶向荣,方景礼.镀锌层表面硅酸盐防腐膜的研究.腐蚀科学与防护技术. 1997, 9(2): 167~170
61 C. Müller, M. Sarre, E. García et al. Cr-Free Passivation on ZnNi Alloys. J. Electrochem. Soc. India. 2004, 151(2): 149~154
62 ASTM B 117-85, Standard Method of Salt Spray (Fog) Testing
63许爱忠,胡文彬,沈斌等.锌-镍合金镀层耐蚀机理研究进展.电镀与环保. 2005, 20(3):1~6
64 A. Petrauskas, L. Grincevi?ien?, A. ?esūnien? et al. Stripping of Zn-Ni Alloys Deposited in Acetate-Chloride Electrolyte Under Potentiodynamic and Galvanostatic Conditions. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2005, 192(2~3): 299~304
65 S. Sankarapapavinasam, F. Pushpanaden and M. F. Ahmed. Brighteners forZinc-Nickel Plating, Metal Finishing. 1999, 87 (10): 9~11
66陈永定,余新昌,合金和金属中的氢.北京:冶金工业出版社, 1998, 185
67郭利华,陆峰,赵景茂.锌镍合金电镀中氢的沉积.材料保护. 2002, 35(10): 1~3
68刘白,郭克希. 30CrMnSiA高强度钢氢脆的实验研究.长沙电力学院学报, 1998, 13(3):296~298
69 P.A . Parrish. International Sympo Sium on the Reactivity of Solid. Go Thenberg Sweeden. 2006, (8) : 446~ 450
2 G. F. Hsu. Electrodeposition of Corrosion-resistant Ni-Zn Alloy. Plating and Surface. Finishing. 1984, 71: 52~55
3 H. Ashassi-Sorkhabi, A. Hagrah, N. Parvini-Ahmadi et al. Zinc-Nickel Alloy Coatings Electrodeposited From a Chloride Bath Using Direct and Pulse Current. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2001, 140(3): 278~283
4 Y. F. Jiang, C. Q. Zhai, L. F. Liu et al. Zn-Ni Alloy Coatings Pulse-Plated on Magnesium Alloy Surf. Coat. Technol. 2005, 191(3): 393~399
5屠振密,张景双,杨哲龙.新防护性低氢脆锌镍合金工艺研究.电镀与精饰. 1987, 9(4): 5~8
6杨防祖,许书楷,周绍民.锌镍合金镀层的组成与相结构的关系.厦门大学学报. 1994, 33(1): 63~67
7宋花平,崔虹,李贵银等.碱性锌酸盐镀液、电镀方法及电镀锌镍合金的长钢管. CN1746337, 2005
8蔡加勒,周绍民.碱性锌镍合金电沉积中Tetren的基本效应.厦门大学学报. 1994, 33(3): 345~349
9吴化,贾慧庆.连续电镀锌镍合金的研究.电镀与涂饰. 2002, 21(1): 5~8
10吴继勋,刘永勤,卢燕平等.锌-镍合金共沉积的交流阻抗行为.材料保护. 1994, 27(1): 16~19
11 H. Ashassi-Sorkhabi, A. Hagrah, N. Parvini-Ahmadi et al. Zinc-Nickel Alloy Coatings Electrodeposited From a Chloride Bath Using Direct and Pulse Current. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2001, 140(3): 278~283
12何为.锌镍合金的异常共沉积与正常共沉积的转变.表面技术. 1998, 27(2): 22~24
13关兵,电镀锌-镍合金工艺探讨.电镀与精饰. 2000, 22(3): 14~17
14熊刚, ZN-918碱性锌-镍合金镀液的工艺性能.材料保护. 1994, 27(9):22~24
15李华峰,周晓荣,柳立铭等.弱酸性电镀光亮锌镍合金的研究.电镀与涂饰. 1999, 18(1):8~12
16杨宇翔,吴介达,黄忠良等.电镀光亮锌镍合金.电镀与精饰. 1997, 19(1): 16~18
17杜焊义,李异,碱性电镀光亮锌镍合金的研究.电镀与涂饰. 1997, 16(3): 16~21
18 R.R. Sizelove. Developments in Alkaline Zinc-Nickel Alloy Plating. Plating and Surface Finishing. 2001. 78(3):26~30
19胡如南,朱立群,碱性体系电镀锌-镍合金电沉积的研究.北京电镀学会学术年会论文. 1990
20杨宇翔.电镀光亮锌镍合金添加剂研究.电镀与环保. 1999, 13(2): 27~31
21曾华梁,李春梅,梁京华等.电镀锌镍合金代镉工艺的研究.第三届全国电镀与精饰学术会论文集.南京:中国电镀协会学工作委员会, 1990:85~87
22 M. J. Carr, M. J. Robinson. The Effects of Zinc- Alloy Electroplating on the Hydrogen Embrittlement of High strength steels. Surf. Coat. Technol. 1995, 73 (2): 58-64
23安茂忠,张景双,杨哲龙等.锌-镍合金钝化膜的组成和结构对耐蚀性的影响.材料保护. 1994, 27 (1): 11~15
24刘永勤,吴继勋,卢燕平等.锌镍合金电镀阳极的选择.材料保护. 1994 , 27(7): 26-27
25安茂忠,张景双,周志军等.电沉积锌-镍合金阳极行为的研究.材料保护. 1994, 27(11): 18-21
26 F. Grace Hsu. The Boeing Company. V.S. Patent 4.765871. 1998, 8.
27曾良宇,唐保春.高耐蚀性的锌-镍合金电镀层.材料保护. 1986, 19(6):13-18
28杜焊义.碱性电镀光亮锌镍合金添加剂研究.电镀与涂饰. 1999, 10(4): 23~34
29 E. Gomez, C. Muller, M. Sarret, A Zinc-Nickel Electroplating System. Metal Finishing, 2002, 90 (6): 87~91
30方景礼.电镀添加剂理论与应用.国防工业出版社, 2006: 214~215
31印仁和,董晓明,曹为民等. Zn-Ni合金共沉积影响机理的拉曼光谱研究.电镀与涂饰. 2005, 25(4):5~7
32张永刚,韩雅芳.金属间化合物结构材料.北京:国防工业出版社. 2001: 411~413
33万小景.高强度钢氢脆的实验研究.长沙电力学院学报(自然科学版), 2003: 18~22
34李斌,张晓云,汤智慧等.飞机表面水基清洗剂对金属材料腐蚀及氢脆性能影响研究.材料工程. 2007, 6:55~59
35孙小炎.螺栓氢脆问题研究.航空标准化. 2007,2:1~9
36 C.C. Hu, C.H. Tsay, Allen Bai.Optimization of the Hydrogen Evolution Activity on Zinc–Nickel Deposits Using Experimental Strategies, Electrochimica Acta.2003, 48:907~/918
37杨梦月,消除高强钢防护性镀层氢脆与镉脆的途径.材料保护. 2006, 20(4): 37~ 41
38宣晓东.高强度钢的表面防护与氢脆问题.电镀与精饰.1998 ,20(3):29~30
39 Devanathan, Z. Stachurski. A Technique for the Evaluation of Hydrogen Embrittlement Characteristics of Electroplating Baths. Electrochem.Soc. 1963 , 110 (8) :886~890
40 W. Paatsch, Long-delay Hydrogen Embrittlement Phenomena in Platinghigh-strength steel components. Plating and Surface Finishing,1996, 83 (9):70~72
41 S. Sankarapapavinasam, F. Pushpanaden and M.F. Ahmed, Brighteners for Zinc-Nickel Plating. Metal Finishing. 1999, 87 (10): 9~11
42 S.Venkatesan, R.Subramarian, M.A.V. Devanathan, Co-Deposition of Hydrogen in Zinc Electroplating, Metal Finishing, 2003,25(4):50~53
43 A.Petrauskas, L.Gtinvrbi?ien?, A.?e?ūnien? et al. Studies of Phase Composition of Zn-Ni Alloy Obtained in Acetate-chloride Electrolyte by Using XRD and Potentiodynamic Stripping. Electrochim. Acta. 2005, 50(10): 1189~1196
44沈慕昭,胡志彬.离子软硬度对锌合金电沉积的影响.电镀与精饰. 1994, 16(3): 4~8
45蔡加勒,周绍民.添加剂对Zn-Ni异常共沉积的作用.厦门大学学报. 1993, 31(1): 51~56
46 M.F. Mathias, C.M. Cilla. T.W. Chapman, A Model Zinc-Nickel Alloy Electrodeposition in an Industrial Scalecell. Appl. Electrochem. 1990, 20(1): 1~4
47仓知三夫,追田章人.合金めつき.金属表面技术(日). 1980, 32(10): 512~155
48何为.锌镍合金的异常共沉积与正常共沉积的转变.表面技术. 1998, 27(2): 22~24
49 L. Felloni, R. Fratesi, E. Quadrini, et al. Electrodeposition of Zinc-Nickel Alloys from Chloride Solution. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1987, 17(3): 574~582
50 H. Park, J. A. Szpunar. The Role of Texture and Morphology in Optimizing the Corrosion Resistance of Zinc-Based Electrogalvanized Coatings. Corros. Sci. 2003, 40(4~5): 525~54
51沈慕昭,胡志彬.离子软硬度对锌合金电沉积的影响.电镀与精饰. 1994, 16(3): 4~8
52张昭. Zn-Fe-P合金电镀工艺及基础理论研究.中南工业大学博士学位论文. 1999, 14~16
53符德学. Zn-Mn合金电镀工艺及基础理论研究.中南大学博士学位论文. 2002, 23~25
54 R. Ramanauskas, P. Quintana, L. Maldonado, et al. Corrosion Resistance and Microstructure of Electrodeposited Zn and Zn Alloy Coatings. Surf. Coat. Technol. 1997, 92(1~2): 16~21
55 J.B. Bajat, Protective Properties of Epoxy Coatings Electrodeposited on Steel Electrochemically Modified by Zn–Ni Alloys, Progress in Organic Coatings. 2004,49:183~196
56 W. Kautek, M. Sahre, W. Paatsch. Transition Metal Effects in the Corrosion Protection of Electroplated Zinc Alloy Coatings Electrochim. Acta. 2004, 39(8~9): 1151~1157
57葛华才,黄定启,谢粦祥.金属及其二元合金镀层耐蚀性能的理论研究.华南理工大学学报. 2003, 21(4): 13~18
58安茂忠,屠振密,张景双.锌-镍合金镀层耐蚀性的研究.中国腐蚀与防护学报. 1989, 9(2): 87~94
59卢锦堂,陈锦虹,许乔瑜等.锌镍合金镀层盐雾腐蚀行为的研究.材料保护. 1997, 30(5): 8~10
60韩克麦,叶向荣,方景礼.镀锌层表面硅酸盐防腐膜的研究.腐蚀科学与防护技术. 1997, 9(2): 167~170
61 C. Müller, M. Sarre, E. García et al. Cr-Free Passivation on ZnNi Alloys. J. Electrochem. Soc. India. 2004, 151(2): 149~154
62 ASTM B 117-85, Standard Method of Salt Spray (Fog) Testing
63许爱忠,胡文彬,沈斌等.锌-镍合金镀层耐蚀机理研究进展.电镀与环保. 2005, 20(3):1~6
64 A. Petrauskas, L. Grincevi?ien?, A. ?esūnien? et al. Stripping of Zn-Ni Alloys Deposited in Acetate-Chloride Electrolyte Under Potentiodynamic and Galvanostatic Conditions. Surf. Coat. Technol. 2005, 192(2~3): 299~304
65 S. Sankarapapavinasam, F. Pushpanaden and M. F. Ahmed. Brighteners forZinc-Nickel Plating, Metal Finishing. 1999, 87 (10): 9~11
66陈永定,余新昌,合金和金属中的氢.北京:冶金工业出版社, 1998, 185
67郭利华,陆峰,赵景茂.锌镍合金电镀中氢的沉积.材料保护. 2002, 35(10): 1~3
68刘白,郭克希. 30CrMnSiA高强度钢氢脆的实验研究.长沙电力学院学报, 1998, 13(3):296~298
69 P.A . Parrish. International Sympo Sium on the Reactivity of Solid. Go Thenberg Sweeden. 2006, (8) : 446~ 450