智能型抗浸透湿织物的开发与研究
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摘要
抗浸服面料需要面对“干态——湿态”两种截然不同的环境,现有的抗浸服面料难以兼顾防水性和热湿舒适性(透湿性),如欲二者兼顾,面料结构势必非常复杂,技术难度大、成本高。本研究将水凝胶高分子材料引入纺织品设计与开发领域,开发智能型抗浸透湿织物,通过接枝改性的方法使纤维表面形成智能凝胶层,从而获得对“干态——湿态”环境变化做出响应的能力:在干态的环境中,凝胶分子处于收缩状态,织物中的孔隙开放,透湿透气性良好;织物一旦浸入水中,凝胶层迅速速溶胀,将织物中的各级孔隙封闭,阻止水向织物内部渗透,发挥抗浸功能。
首先对引发接枝的方法进行了研究。聚酯(PET)薄膜、聚乙烯(PE)薄膜以及涤纶(PET)织物经低温等离子体(LTP)引发接枝丙烯酸(AAc)后表面亲水性大为提高,但是由于基质表面生成的活性基团浓度太低,导致接枝率太低,无法获得水凝胶的溶胀性能,在低接枝率的情况下透水性反而有所升高。
进而利用硝酸铈铵(CAN)为引发剂,在棉织物及T/C织物上接枝AAc或AAm,接枝改性后,T/C织物的强力保留率在90%以上,透湿性明显提高:透气性最初有所下降,在接枝率较高的情况下透气性优于未改性织物。
接枝T/C织物遇水后能够迅速做出响应,接枝率越高,织物对水的响应强度越高,响应速度越快。在接枝率相近的情况下,AAm接枝织物对水的响应速度快于AAc接枝织物:接枝链分子量的在数万到数十万之间,提高接枝链分子量及接枝频率对于增强织物抗浸性能更为有利。织物只需获得适当的接枝率即可将平衡透水率降至接近于O的水平,继续提高接枝率不能阻止水的微量渗漏。另外对溶液中的NaCl浓度、工作水压、工作水温、凝胶的水解作用等因素对抗浸性能的影响进行了测试与研究。
织物在紧度相近、纱线号数相同的情况下,平纹组织抗浸效果最好,斜纹次之,缎纹最差;在微孔水力半径概念的基础上,根据Hagen-Poiseuille定律建立了改性织物溶胀过程中t时刻透水率的计算模型,对影响织物抗浸性能的因素进行了理论分析。在此基础上,对改性织物进行了单面拒水整理,平衡透水率显著下降。
最后,对双层抗浸织物进行了初步研究。未经改性的双层织物即表现出与AAm改性T/C织物相似的阻水现象,同时发现表层PET织物面向水流时的平衡透水率明显高于背对水流的情况:接枝AAm后,平衡透水率明显低于接枝率相近的T/C织物。
The fabric of immersion suit has to be faced with two sharply different circumstances, dry state and wet state. So it is very difficult for the existing fabrics of immersion suit to have good immersion-resistant ability meanwhile with good heat-moisture comfort (moisture permeability). Were it has both merits, the fabric's structure must be very complex and the producing technology be very hard and cost highly. In this research the hydrogel macromolecule has been introduced into textile developing and designing field and a novel 'Immersion-Resistant and Moisture-Permeable Smart Fabric' was made out. It is the layer of hydrogel come into being on the surface of fibers by grafting modification that make this kind of fabric got responsibility to the change of the circumstance between dry state and wet one. In dry environment the hydrogel macromolecules contract and the fabric has good permeability of gas and moisture as the space of pores between fibers and yarns kept open. As soon as the fabric was immersed into water the layer of hydrogel was swelling immediately with the result that all kinds of pores were closed and it got immersion-resistant effect.Firstly, the grafting method initiated by low temperature plasma (LTP) was studied. Although the hydrophilic property of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, polyethylene (PE) film and PET fabric was raised greatly by grafted with acrylic acid (AAc) initiated with LTP the graft ratio was too low to achieve swelling property wanted. It is the reason that the quantity of active group created on the surface of base material is very little. The fabric's water permeability rises at low graft ratio contrarily.Then the ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) was used as initiator and cotton fabric and polyester and cotton blend fabric (T/C fabric) were grafted with AAc or acrylamide (AAm). The retention ratio of tensile strength of grafted T/C fabric can kept up 90 per cent meanwhile moisture permeability was improved. Gas permeability was depressed with growth of graft ratio firstly but batter than original fabric at high graft ratio.The grafted T/C fabric can swell at once when it reached water. Higher the graft ratio is batter the responsive intensity is and faster the responsive speed is. The responsive speed of AAm grafted fabric is faster than that grafted with AAc. The molecule weight of grafted chain is from several ten thousands to several hundred thousands. Increasing the molecule weight and frequency of grafted chain can avail to strengthen the fabric's immersion resistance. By a certain graft ratio the fabric's equilibrium rate of water permeation will reach
nearly to 0 and higher graft ratio can no more prevent the minim filtration. In addition effects of concentration of NaCl, working water pressure, working water temperature and hydrolyzation of hydrogel on immersion resistant ability were also studied.In the case of fabric with closed density and yarn with same tex the plain structure is the best one for immersion resistance, twill second place and satin last. On the base of concept of hydraulic radius a model to calculate the water permeation rate at t time was built through Hagen-Poiseuille law and the factors affecting immersion resistance were analyzed theoretically. Accordingly the grafted fabric was processed with water repellent only on one surface and equational rate of water permeation was decreased further more.Finally, a double layer fabric of immersion suit was investigated primarily. The original double fabric represented a similar water-resistant phenomenon to the AAm grafted T/C fabric. And when the upper PET layer was faced to water flow the equational rate of water permeation is higher than it was backed. After the double fabric grafted with AAm the equational rate of water permeation is lower than the T/C fabric with closed graft ratio apparently.
首先对引发接枝的方法进行了研究。聚酯(PET)薄膜、聚乙烯(PE)薄膜以及涤纶(PET)织物经低温等离子体(LTP)引发接枝丙烯酸(AAc)后表面亲水性大为提高,但是由于基质表面生成的活性基团浓度太低,导致接枝率太低,无法获得水凝胶的溶胀性能,在低接枝率的情况下透水性反而有所升高。
进而利用硝酸铈铵(CAN)为引发剂,在棉织物及T/C织物上接枝AAc或AAm,接枝改性后,T/C织物的强力保留率在90%以上,透湿性明显提高:透气性最初有所下降,在接枝率较高的情况下透气性优于未改性织物。
接枝T/C织物遇水后能够迅速做出响应,接枝率越高,织物对水的响应强度越高,响应速度越快。在接枝率相近的情况下,AAm接枝织物对水的响应速度快于AAc接枝织物:接枝链分子量的在数万到数十万之间,提高接枝链分子量及接枝频率对于增强织物抗浸性能更为有利。织物只需获得适当的接枝率即可将平衡透水率降至接近于O的水平,继续提高接枝率不能阻止水的微量渗漏。另外对溶液中的NaCl浓度、工作水压、工作水温、凝胶的水解作用等因素对抗浸性能的影响进行了测试与研究。
织物在紧度相近、纱线号数相同的情况下,平纹组织抗浸效果最好,斜纹次之,缎纹最差;在微孔水力半径概念的基础上,根据Hagen-Poiseuille定律建立了改性织物溶胀过程中t时刻透水率的计算模型,对影响织物抗浸性能的因素进行了理论分析。在此基础上,对改性织物进行了单面拒水整理,平衡透水率显著下降。
最后,对双层抗浸织物进行了初步研究。未经改性的双层织物即表现出与AAm改性T/C织物相似的阻水现象,同时发现表层PET织物面向水流时的平衡透水率明显高于背对水流的情况:接枝AAm后,平衡透水率明显低于接枝率相近的T/C织物。
The fabric of immersion suit has to be faced with two sharply different circumstances, dry state and wet state. So it is very difficult for the existing fabrics of immersion suit to have good immersion-resistant ability meanwhile with good heat-moisture comfort (moisture permeability). Were it has both merits, the fabric's structure must be very complex and the producing technology be very hard and cost highly. In this research the hydrogel macromolecule has been introduced into textile developing and designing field and a novel 'Immersion-Resistant and Moisture-Permeable Smart Fabric' was made out. It is the layer of hydrogel come into being on the surface of fibers by grafting modification that make this kind of fabric got responsibility to the change of the circumstance between dry state and wet one. In dry environment the hydrogel macromolecules contract and the fabric has good permeability of gas and moisture as the space of pores between fibers and yarns kept open. As soon as the fabric was immersed into water the layer of hydrogel was swelling immediately with the result that all kinds of pores were closed and it got immersion-resistant effect.Firstly, the grafting method initiated by low temperature plasma (LTP) was studied. Although the hydrophilic property of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, polyethylene (PE) film and PET fabric was raised greatly by grafted with acrylic acid (AAc) initiated with LTP the graft ratio was too low to achieve swelling property wanted. It is the reason that the quantity of active group created on the surface of base material is very little. The fabric's water permeability rises at low graft ratio contrarily.Then the ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) was used as initiator and cotton fabric and polyester and cotton blend fabric (T/C fabric) were grafted with AAc or acrylamide (AAm). The retention ratio of tensile strength of grafted T/C fabric can kept up 90 per cent meanwhile moisture permeability was improved. Gas permeability was depressed with growth of graft ratio firstly but batter than original fabric at high graft ratio.The grafted T/C fabric can swell at once when it reached water. Higher the graft ratio is batter the responsive intensity is and faster the responsive speed is. The responsive speed of AAm grafted fabric is faster than that grafted with AAc. The molecule weight of grafted chain is from several ten thousands to several hundred thousands. Increasing the molecule weight and frequency of grafted chain can avail to strengthen the fabric's immersion resistance. By a certain graft ratio the fabric's equilibrium rate of water permeation will reach
nearly to 0 and higher graft ratio can no more prevent the minim filtration. In addition effects of concentration of NaCl, working water pressure, working water temperature and hydrolyzation of hydrogel on immersion resistant ability were also studied.In the case of fabric with closed density and yarn with same tex the plain structure is the best one for immersion resistance, twill second place and satin last. On the base of concept of hydraulic radius a model to calculate the water permeation rate at t time was built through Hagen-Poiseuille law and the factors affecting immersion resistance were analyzed theoretically. Accordingly the grafted fabric was processed with water repellent only on one surface and equational rate of water permeation was decreased further more.Finally, a double layer fabric of immersion suit was investigated primarily. The original double fabric represented a similar water-resistant phenomenon to the AAm grafted T/C fabric. And when the upper PET layer was faced to water flow the equational rate of water permeation is higher than it was backed. After the double fabric grafted with AAm the equational rate of water permeation is lower than the T/C fabric with closed graft ratio apparently.
引文
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