吸水链霉菌应城变种10-22染色体物理图谱的构建及抗生素5012-Ⅳ生物合成基因簇的定位和克隆
|
摘要
链霉菌的染色体一般为线性结构，大小约为8Mb，相当于大肠杆菌染色体的1.5倍，并且在染色体的末端结合有末端蛋白。本实验以吸水链霉菌应城变种10-22为材料，首先对它的基因组的性质进行了探索性研究。脉冲电泳实验揭示10-22的染色体为一线性结构，可被限制性内切酶AseⅠ切割成11条片段，分子量总和约为7.35Mb。这与已报道的链霉菌基因组的大小接近。但经蛋白酶K和SDS处理的10-22染色体DNA的电泳行为并没有象天蓝色链霉菌A3(2)或变铅青链霉菌1326经同样处理的样品一样表现出差异。该结果暗示10-22染色体的末端可能与迄今已报道的染色体末端结构有所差别，但其分子细节尚不清楚。
链霉菌的共性之一是基因组的不稳定性，主要表现为染色体的缺失。诱变剂处理，原生质体再生及其它一些未知因素的刺激可以加剧链霉菌基因组固有的不稳定性。对10-22来说，染色体的不稳定区包括了170-，210-A，210-B，280-，300-，500-，680-，900-和1300-A共九条AseⅠ片段所在的区域。通过对出发菌株10-22及N-103，T157，Q303，N-1011，T106，T155，Q1513，WH-27和WH-14等衍生菌株酶切带谱的分析将上述各片段在染色体的相对位置确定下来，并进而给出了一个近乎完整的染色体的环形物理图谱。在检测染色体末端片段的尝试中，由于经SDS和蛋白酶K处理的基因组DNA样品的泳动行为未表现出差异，相应地经限制性内切酶切割后，基因组酶切片段的泳动行为也没有观察到明显的差异，目前，尚无法确定染色体的两个末端片段。
一般地，链霉菌遗传表型的变化与基因组的不稳定密切相关，在10-22中也是如此。与野生型菌株相比，10-22的缺失突变菌株均表现了不同程度的形态及生理生化特征的变化，具体表现为孢子颜色及色素颜色的丧失或变浅，抗生素生物合成能力的丧(?)。通过对5102-Ⅳ号抗生素生物合成阻断突变株的研究，揭示了5102-Ⅳ号抗生素(?)成能力的丧失与染色体的300kb片段的缺失有关，暗示了在300kb的片段上可能(?)负责该抗生素合成的基因簇。以此片段为探针钓出了位于该区域的文库克隆，(?)用指纹印迹和杂交技术将这些文库克隆排列起来，进而以位于该区域的不同位(?)片段做臂构建了用于转化和接合转移用的基因置换质粒，并试图通过基因置换(?)域置换下来，但尚未得到最终结果。
Streptomyces species has a linear chromosome with a size of c.8Mb, which is almost one and half times that of E. coli, and terminal proteins at its ends. Genome mapping and structure of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 10-22 is the prime interest of the present study. PFG1E (Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis) revealed a linear chromosome with a size of 7.35Mb. and 11 fragments could be generated with Asel digestion. No obvious difference couM be observed with SDS-treated and PK-treated 10-22 samples, which seems to be opposite of 5. coelicolor A3(2) and S. lividans 1326 (which were known to possess terminal proteins and thus will retard in the slot during PFGE), indicating that the terminal structure of 10-22 might be different from the ones described so far in Streptomyces, whose exact property still remains unknown.
Oae of the common features of Streptomyces is its instability, which was manifested by frequently occurring chromosomal deletions, as is the same case with 10-22. In 10-22, the unstable region encompasses the 170-, 210-A, 210-B, 280-, 300-, 500-, 680-, 900- and 1300-A Asel fragments. By the analysis of the restriction banding patterns of 10-22 and its variant mutants N-103, T157, Q303, N-1011, T106, Q1513, T155, WH-14, WH-27, etc, the above mentioned fragments could be located on chromosome and thus make it possible to draw an almost complete chromosomal physical map of 10-22, though stil! circuilar. The attempt of detecting the terminal fragments was failed as there is no difference observed with SDS and PK treated samples digested with Asel.
Normally, the changes of phenotype are closely related to the genome instabilities. The sarnss phenomenon could also be observed in S. hygroscopicus 10-22. Notable changes in spotre color, pigments production and antibiotics biosynthesis have been observed in 10-22 derivatives in which large chromosomal deletions had occurred. 30 blocked strains for 5102-IV antibiotic production were obtained in a screening project. PFGE analysis of these 30 blocked strains revealed a common chromosomal deletion in the 300-kb Asel fragment which might be responsible for 5102-IV antibiotic biosynthesis. So this 300kb fragment was recovered and used as probe to hybridize with 10-22 genomic library. Cosmids within this region were aligned and suitable fragments in this region were selected and used further for the construction of plasmids for gene replacement. At last, 16 mespmcement plasmids for two different parts were obtained and have been introduced intou 1022. but final results had not obtained yet.
链霉菌的共性之一是基因组的不稳定性，主要表现为染色体的缺失。诱变剂处理，原生质体再生及其它一些未知因素的刺激可以加剧链霉菌基因组固有的不稳定性。对10-22来说，染色体的不稳定区包括了170-，210-A，210-B，280-，300-，500-，680-，900-和1300-A共九条AseⅠ片段所在的区域。通过对出发菌株10-22及N-103，T157，Q303，N-1011，T106，T155，Q1513，WH-27和WH-14等衍生菌株酶切带谱的分析将上述各片段在染色体的相对位置确定下来，并进而给出了一个近乎完整的染色体的环形物理图谱。在检测染色体末端片段的尝试中，由于经SDS和蛋白酶K处理的基因组DNA样品的泳动行为未表现出差异，相应地经限制性内切酶切割后，基因组酶切片段的泳动行为也没有观察到明显的差异，目前，尚无法确定染色体的两个末端片段。
一般地，链霉菌遗传表型的变化与基因组的不稳定密切相关，在10-22中也是如此。与野生型菌株相比，10-22的缺失突变菌株均表现了不同程度的形态及生理生化特征的变化，具体表现为孢子颜色及色素颜色的丧失或变浅，抗生素生物合成能力的丧(?)。通过对5102-Ⅳ号抗生素生物合成阻断突变株的研究，揭示了5102-Ⅳ号抗生素(?)成能力的丧失与染色体的300kb片段的缺失有关，暗示了在300kb的片段上可能(?)负责该抗生素合成的基因簇。以此片段为探针钓出了位于该区域的文库克隆，(?)用指纹印迹和杂交技术将这些文库克隆排列起来，进而以位于该区域的不同位(?)片段做臂构建了用于转化和接合转移用的基因置换质粒，并试图通过基因置换(?)域置换下来，但尚未得到最终结果。
Streptomyces species has a linear chromosome with a size of c.8Mb, which is almost one and half times that of E. coli, and terminal proteins at its ends. Genome mapping and structure of Streptomyces hygroscopicus 10-22 is the prime interest of the present study. PFG1E (Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis) revealed a linear chromosome with a size of 7.35Mb. and 11 fragments could be generated with Asel digestion. No obvious difference couM be observed with SDS-treated and PK-treated 10-22 samples, which seems to be opposite of 5. coelicolor A3(2) and S. lividans 1326 (which were known to possess terminal proteins and thus will retard in the slot during PFGE), indicating that the terminal structure of 10-22 might be different from the ones described so far in Streptomyces, whose exact property still remains unknown.
Oae of the common features of Streptomyces is its instability, which was manifested by frequently occurring chromosomal deletions, as is the same case with 10-22. In 10-22, the unstable region encompasses the 170-, 210-A, 210-B, 280-, 300-, 500-, 680-, 900- and 1300-A Asel fragments. By the analysis of the restriction banding patterns of 10-22 and its variant mutants N-103, T157, Q303, N-1011, T106, Q1513, T155, WH-14, WH-27, etc, the above mentioned fragments could be located on chromosome and thus make it possible to draw an almost complete chromosomal physical map of 10-22, though stil! circuilar. The attempt of detecting the terminal fragments was failed as there is no difference observed with SDS and PK treated samples digested with Asel.
Normally, the changes of phenotype are closely related to the genome instabilities. The sarnss phenomenon could also be observed in S. hygroscopicus 10-22. Notable changes in spotre color, pigments production and antibiotics biosynthesis have been observed in 10-22 derivatives in which large chromosomal deletions had occurred. 30 blocked strains for 5102-IV antibiotic production were obtained in a screening project. PFGE analysis of these 30 blocked strains revealed a common chromosomal deletion in the 300-kb Asel fragment which might be responsible for 5102-IV antibiotic biosynthesis. So this 300kb fragment was recovered and used as probe to hybridize with 10-22 genomic library. Cosmids within this region were aligned and suitable fragments in this region were selected and used further for the construction of plasmids for gene replacement. At last, 16 mespmcement plasmids for two different parts were obtained and have been introduced intou 1022. but final results had not obtained yet.
引文
邓子新，覃重军，周秀芬。通过缺失分析绘制吸水链霉菌应城变种10-22染色体的限制酶谱。中国生物工程学会第二次代表大会论文摘要，1997，43。
鲍锴，周秀芬，邓子新。与吸水链霉菌应城变种肽类抗生素生物合成有关的基因的克隆和定位。中国生物工程学会第二次代表大会论文摘要，1997，44。
鲍锴，周秀芬，邓子新。一个广寄主范围并能有效应用于吸水链霉菌基因克隆和基因置换的质粒载体。中国生物工程学会第二次代表大会论文摘要，1997，43-44。
鲍锴，链霉菌新载体系统的发展及其在抗生素生物合成和调节基因的克隆和分析中的应用。[博士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1997
操二虎，吸水链霉菌井冈5008静丝霉素生物合成基因的克隆。[硕士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1999
胡志浩，多烯抗生素FR-008生物合成的分子生物学。[博士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1995
彭开曼，吸水链霉菌应城变种10-22限制一修饰系统的研究。[硕士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1992
覃重军，吸水链霉菌应城变种载体宿主系统的发展及其抗生素生物合成的遗传操作。[博士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1992
陶美凤，两个Ⅰ型聚酮合酶功能结构域在异源宿主的表达。[博士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1999
Aigle B, Schneider D and Decaris B. An amplifiable and deletable locus of Streptomyces ambofaciens RP181110 contains a very large gene homologous to polyketide synthase genes. Microbiology, 1996, 142:2815-2824
Altenbuchner J and Cullum J. DNA amplification and an unstable arginin gene in Streptomyces lividans 66. Mol Gen Genet 1984, 195:134-138
Altenbuchner J and Cullum J. Structure of an amplificable DNA sequence in Streptomyces lividans 66. Mol Gen Genet, 1985, 201:192-197
Asano N, Yamaguchi T and Matsui K. Effect of validamycin on glycohydrolases of Rhizoctonia Solani. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1987, 60:526-532
Asano N,Takeuchi M and Kono Y. Trehalase inhibitors, validoxylamineA and relatded compounds as insecticides. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1990, 63:722-725.
August P R, Tang L, Floss H. G. Biosynthesis of the ansamycin antibiotic rifamycin :deductions from the molecular analysis of the rifbiosynthetic gene cluster of Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699. Chemistry and Biology, 1998, 5:69-79,
Azevedo V, Alvarez E, Zumstein E, Damiani G, Sgaramella V, Ehrlich S D, andSerror P.
An ordered collection of Bacillus subtilis DNA. J. Gen. Microbiol, 1993, 90: 6047-6051.
Bailey C R, Bruton C J and Butler M J. Properties of in vitro recombinant derivatives of pJV1, a Multi-copy plasmid from Streptomyces phaeochromogenes. J. Gen. Microbiol, 1986, 132:2071-2078.
Bao K, Zhou X F, Kieser T and Deng Z X. pHZ1351, a broad host range plasmid vector useful for gene cloning and for gene replacement in S. hygroscopicus KMP3. Ⅹth International Symposium on Biology of Actinomyces, Beijing
Bautsch.. Rapid physical mapping of the Mycoplasma mobile genome by twodimensional field inversion gel electrophoresis techniques. Nucleic Acids Research, 1988, 16:11461-11467.
Beckman R J, Cox K and Seno E T. A cluster of tylosin biosynthesis genes is interrupted by a structurally unstable segment containing four repeated sequences. In: Genetics and molecular Biology of industrial microorganism (eds) Hershberger, C. L., Queener, S. W. and Hegeman, G, 1989, Pp 176-186. American Society for Microbiology.
Bibb M J, Findlay P R and Johnson M W. The relationship between composition and condon usage in bacterial genes and the use for the simple and reliable identification of protein-coding sequence. Gene, 1984, 30:157-166.
Binnie C, Warren M and Butler M J. Cloning and heterologous expression in Streptomyces lividans of Streptomyces rimosus genes involoved in oxytetracycline biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol, 1989, 171:881-895.
Birch A, Hausler A and Hutter R. Genome rearrangement and genetic instability in Strepdtomyces spp. Journal of Bacterioloty, 1990, 172:4138-4142
Birch A, Hausler A and Hutter R. Chromosomal deletion and rearrangement in Streptomyces glaucescens. Journal of Bacteriology, 1991,. 173:3531-3538,
Bloch.A.C, Rode K C and Obrepue.V. Comparative Genome Mapping with Mobile Physical Map Landmarks. J. bacteriol, 1994, 176:7121-7125
Borges K M, and Bergquist P L. Genomic restriction map of the extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB8. J. Bacteriol, 1993, 175:103-110.
Bormann C, Ross U, and Engelke R. Genetic and biochemical aspects of nikomycin biosynthesis. 1991 ISBA-Madison-1991.
Branscomb E T, Slezak R P, Galas D, Carrano D V, and Waterman M. Optimizing restriction fragment fingerprinting methods for ordering large genomic libraries. Genomics, 1990, 8:351-336.
Brawner M, Poster G and Westpheling J. Streptomyces: a host for heterologous gene expression. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 1991, 2:674-681.
Bukanov N O, and Berg D E. Ordered cosmid library and high-resolution physicalgenetic map of Helicobacter pylori strain NCTC11638. Mol. Microbiol, 1994, 11:509-
523.
Butler M J, Friend E J and Hunter I S. Molecular cloning of resistance genes and architecture of a linked gene cluster involved in biosyntheses of oxytetracycline by S. rimosus. Mol Gen Genet, 1989, 215:231-238,
Champness W C and Chater K F. Regulation and integration of antibiotic production and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces spp., in: Regulation of bacterial Differentiation (Piggot, P., Moran, C. P., Youngman, P., eds.), 1994, pp. 61-93. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
Chater K F. Genetics of differentiation in Streptomyces. Annu Rev Microbiol, 1993, 47:685-713.
Chater K F and Bruton C J. Mutational cloning in Streptomyces and the isolation of antibiotic production genes. Gene, 1983, 26:27-28.
Cho H, Horisaka T, Ohkishi H, Nakano M M and Ogawara H. Cloning of biosynthesis and resistance gene of nosiheptide, 1988, P129. Abstract Book. ISBA 88. Tokyo.
Chen H W, Kuspa A, Keseler I M, and Shimkets L J. Physical map of the Myxococcus xanthus chromosome. J. Bacterial, 1991, 173: 2109-2115.
Cole S T, and Saint G I. Bacterial genomics. FEMS Microbiol. Rev, 1994, 14:139-160.
Colman S D, Hu P C, Litaker W, and Bott K F. A physical map of the Mycoplasmageitalium genome. Mol. Microbiol, 1990, 4:683-687.
Coulson A, Sulston J and Karn J. Toward a physical map of the genome of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA, 1986, 83:7821-7825.
Craig A G, Nizetic D, Hoheisel J D, Zehetner G and Lehrach H. Ordering of cosmid clones covering the herps simplex virus type Ⅰ (HSV-1) genome: a case for fingerprinting by hybridization. Nucleic Acids Res, 1990, 18:2653-2660.
Crecy-Lagard V, Blanc V, and Thiballt D. Pristinamycin Ⅰ biosynthesis in S. pristinaespiralis :Molecular characterization of the first two structural peptide synthases genes. J. Bacteriol, 1997, 179:705-713.
Daniels D L. Constructing encyclopedias of genomes. 1990, p. 43-52. In K. Drlica and M. Riley (ed.), The bacterial chromosome. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C.
Davis R and Rafael P. Gene amplification and genomic plasticity in prokaryotes. Annu.Rwev.Genet, 31:91-111.
Deckers H M, and Voordouw G. Identification of a large family of genes for putative chemoreceptor proteins in an ordered library of the Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hidenborough genome. J. Bacteriol, 1994, 176:351-358.
Dempsey J A, Litaker W, Madhure A, Snodgrass T L, and Cannon J G. Physical map of the chromosome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090 with locations of genetic markers, including opa and pil genes. J. Bacteriol, 1991, 173:5476-5486.
Dhillon W, Hale R S, Cortes J and Leedlay P. Cloning nucleotide sequence and the effects of disruption of a structural gene from Saccharoplyspora erythraea (Streptomyces erythreus) which is involved in erythromycin biosynthesis. Mol. Microbiol, 1989, 3: 1405-1414.
Distler J, Mansouri K and Piepersberg W. Streptomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus. Ⅱ. Adjacent genomic location of biosynthetic genes and one of two Streptomycin resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1985, 30:151-154.
Distler J, Mansouri K, Mayer G, Stockmann M and Piepersberg W. Streptomycin biosynthesis and its regulation in Streptomyces, Gene, 1992, 115:105-111.
Dyson P and Shrempf H, Genetic instability and DNA amplification in Streptomyces lividans 66. Journal of Bacteriology, 1987, 169:4796-4803
Eiglmeier K N, Honore S A, Woods B C, and Cole S T. Use of an ordered cosmid library to deduce the genomic organization of Mycobacterium leprae. Mol. Microbiol, 1993, 7: 197-206.
Ely B, Ely T W, Gerardot C J, and Dingwall A. Circularity of the Caulobacter crescentus chromosome determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J. Bacteriol, 1990, 172:1262-1266.
Ferdows M S and Barbour A G. Megabase-sized linear DNA in the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease agent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86:5969-5973.
Fishman E S, Rosteck R P and Hershberger L C. A 2.2-kilobase repeated DNA segment is associated with amplification in Streptomyces fradiae. Journal of Bacteriology, 1985, 161:199-206
Fonstein M, Zheng S and Haselkorn R. Physical map of the genome of Rhodobacter Capsulatus SB 1003. Journal of Bacteriology, 1992, 174:4070-4077
Fonstein M and Haselkorn R. Chromosomal structure of Rhodobacter capsulatus strain SB1003: cosmid encyclopedia and high-resolution physical and genetic map. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, 90:2522-2526.
Fonstein M and Haselkom R. Physical mapping of Bacterial Genome. J. Bacteriol, 1995, 177:3361-3369.
Epp J K, Huber M B, Turner J R and Schoner B E. Molecular cloning and expressing of carbomycin biosynthetic and resistance genes from Streptomyces thermotolerans. In: Biology of Actinomycetes, 1988, 88. p82-85. Y. Okami. T. Beppu. and H.Ogawara (eds) Japan Scientific, Societies press. Tokyo.
Farkasovsky M, Kormanec J and Kollarova M. RNA polymerase heterogenicity in Streptomyces aureofaciens; Characterization by antibody-linked polymerase assay. FEMS Microbiol. Lett, 1991, 90: 57-62.
Feitelson J S and Hopwood D A. Cloning of a Streptomyces genes for an omethyltransferase involved in antibiotic biosynthesis. Mol. Gen. Genet, 1990: 394-
397.
Fernandez-Moreno M A, Caballero J L, Hopwood D A and Malpartida F. The actinorhodin gene cluster contains regulatory and antibiotic export gene that are direct target for translational control by the bldA tRNA gene of Streptomyces coelicolor. Cell, 1991, 66: 769-780.
Fisher G, Decaris B and Leblond P. Occurrence of deletions, associated with genetic instability in Streptomyces ambofaciens, is independent of the linearity of the chromosomal DNA. Journal of Bacteriology, 1997, 179:4553-4558
Fishman S E, Cox K and Larson J L. Cloning genes for the biosynthesis of a macrolide antibiotic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1987, 84: 8248.
Gibson T J, Rosenthal A, and Waterston R H. Lorist 6, a cosmid vector with BamHⅠ, NotⅠ, ScaⅠ and HindⅢ cloning sites and altered neomycin phosphotransferase gene expression. Gene, 1987, 53: 283-286.
Gil J A and Hopwood D A. Cloning and expression of a paminobenzoic acid synthetase gene of the candicidin producing Streptomyces griseus. Gene, 1983, 25:119.
Goldber S and Romero J. Molecular cloning of the sisomicin resistance gene and biosynthetic complex of Micromonspora lnyoensis. Poster presentation UCLS, 1987, Symposium on Streptomyces Genetics.
Goodfellow M. and Cross T. Classification, P. 7-164. In M. Goodfellow, M. Nordarshi and Williams, S. T. (ed.) The Biology of the Actinomyces. Academic Press, 1984, London.
Gravius B and Cullum J. Genetic instability and strain degeneration in Streptomyces rimosus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1993, 59:2220-2228,.
Griffin C L and Dervan B P. Recognition of thymidine. adenine base pairs by guanine in a pyrimidine triple helix motive. Science, 1989, 245:967-970.
Hanvey C J, Shimizu M, and Robert D W. Site-specific inhibition of EcoRI restriction/modification enzymes by a DNA triple helix. Nucleic Acids Reserch, 1990, 18:1603-1607.
Hoheisel J D, Maier R, Mott L, McCarthy A V, Grigoriev L C, Schalkwyk D, Nizetic F, and Lehrach H. High-resolution cosmid and P1 maps spanning the 14-Mb genome of the fission yeast. S. pombe. Cell, 1993, 73:109-120.
Hopwood D A. Streptomyces genetics in pure and applied research. PP12-20. In: Hershberger, C., Queener, S. W. and Hegeman, C. (ed.) Genetics and Molecular Biology of industrial microorganism, 1989, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C.
Hopwood D A. Genetic engineering of Streptomyces to creat hybrid antibiotics. Current opinion in biotechnology, 1993, 4:531-537.
Hopwood D A., Bibb M J, Chater K F, Kieser T, Bruton C J, Kieser H M, Lydiate D J,
Smith C P, Ward J M. and Schrempf H. Genetic manipulation of Streptomyces. A laboratory manual, 1985, John Innes Foundation. Norwich. England.
Hopwood D A, Chater K F, and Bibb M J. Genetics of antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), in: Genetics and Biochemistry of Antibiotic Production (Vining, L., Stuttard, D., Eds.), 1995, pp65-102. Newton, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Hu Z, Bao K. and Zhou X. Repetitive polyketide synthase modules involved in the biosynthesis of a heptaene macrolide of Streptomyces hygroscopicus FR-008. Molecular Microbiology, 1994, 14:163-172.
Hutchinson C R, Decker H, Madduri K, Otten S L, and Tang L. Genetic control of polyketide biosynthesis in the genus Streptomyces, Anton. Leeuwenhek Int. J. Gen. Microbiol, 1994, 64: 165-176.
Itaya M and Tanaka T. Complete physical map of the Bacillus subtilis 168 chromosome constructed by a gene-directed mutagenesis method. J. Mol. Biol, 1991, 220:631-648.
Jones G H and Hopwood D A. Molecular cloning and expression of the phenoxazinon synthase gene from Streptomyces antibioticus. J. Biol Chem, 1984, 259:14151.
Kameda Y, Asaano N and Matsui K. Validoxylamines as trehalase inhibitors. Journal of Antibiotics, 1987, 60:563-565.
Katz L and Donadia S. Polyketide synthesis: Prospects for hybrid antibiotics. Annu. Rev. Microbiol, 1993, 47: 875-912.
Kieser H M, Kieser T, Hoopwood D A. A combined genetic and physical map of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) chromosome. J. Bacteriol, 1993, 174: 5496-5507.
Knott V D, Blake J, Brownlee G G. Completion of the detailed restriction map of the E.coli genome by the isolation of overlapping cosmid clones. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989, 17:5901-5912.
Koob M and Szydalski W. Conferring operator specificity on Restriction Endonucleases. Science, 1988, 241:1084-1086.
Koob M and Szydalski W. Cleaving Yeast and Escherichia coli Genomes at a single site. Science, 1990, 250:271-273
Krugel H, Schumann G, Hanel F and Fiedler G. Cloning and sequence analysis of genes complementing in early step in daunorubicin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus. ISBA-Madison-1991.
KnotT V, Blake D J, and Brownlee G G. Completion of the detailed restriction map of the E. coli genome by the isolation of overlapping midclones. Nucleic Acids Res, 1989, 17:5901-5912.
Kuhstoss S, Huber M, Rao R N. Production of a novel polyketide through the construction of a hybrid polyketide synthase, Gene, 1996, 183:231-236,
Kundig C, Hennecke N and Gottfert M. Correlated physical and genetic map of the
Bradyrhizobium. J. bacteriol, 1993, 175:613-622
Kuspa A D, Vollrath Y, Cheng F and Kaiser D. Physical mapping of the Myxococcus xanthus genome by random cloning in yeast artificial chromosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86:8917-8921.
Leblond P, Demuyter p and simonet J. Hypervariability, a new phenomenon of genetic instability, related to DNA amplification in Streptomyces ambofaciens. Journal of Bacteriology, 1989, 171:419-423.
Leblond P and Decaries B. Genetic instability and associated genome plasticity in Streptomyces ambofaciens: pulsed field gel electrophoresis evidence for large DNA altercation in a limited genomic region. Journal of Bacteriology, 1991, 173:4229-4233
Leblond P and Decaries B. New insights into genetic instability of Streptomyces. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1994, 123: 225-232.
Leblond P, Fischer G and Francou F X. The unstable region of Streptomyces ambofaciens includes 210kb-terminal inverted repeats flanking the extremities of the linear chromosomal DNA. Mol Microbiol, 1996, 19:261-271.
Leskiw B K, Mah R, Lawlor E J and Chater K F. Accumulation of bldA-specified transfer RNA is temporally regulated in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J. Bacteriol, 1993, 175: 1995-2005.
Lezhava A and Nimi O. Physical map of the linear chromosome of Streptomyces griseus. Journal of Bacteriology, 1995, 177:6492-6498
Lin Y S, Kieser H M and Hopwood D A. The chromosomal DNA of Streptomyces lividans 66 is linear. Mol. Microbiol, 1993, 10: 923-933.
Lina V and Anthony S W. Transposon-mediated restriction mapping of the Bacillus Subtilis chromosome. Gene, 1989, 78:29-36
Liu S L, Hessel A and Sanderson K. Genomic mapping with I-ceuI, an intron-encoded endonuclease specific for genes for ribosomal RNA in Salmonella spp,. Escherichia coli. and other bacteria. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA, 1993, 90; 6874-6878
Maher J L, Wold B and Dervan B P. Inhibition of DNA binding proteins by oligonucleotide directed triple helix formation. Science, 1989, 241:725-730
MacNeil T, Gewain K M and Ruby C L. Deletion analysis of the genes avermectin biosynthetic genes of S. avermitilis by gene cluster displacement. J.Bact, 1993, 175:2552-2563.
Malpartida F. and Hopwood D A. Molecular cloning of the whole biosynthetic pathway of a Streptomyces antibioticus and its expression in a heterologous host. Nature, 1984, 309: 482-484.
Malpartida F, Hallam S, and Hopwood D A. Homology between Streptomyces genes coding for synthesis of different polyketides used to clone antibiotic biosynthetic
genes. Nature, 1987, 325:818-821.
Malpartida F, Niemi J, Navarrete R and Hopwood D A. Cloning and expression in a heterologous host of the complete set of genes for biosynthesis of the Streptomyces coelicolor antibiotic undecylprodigeiosin. Gene, 1990, 93:91-99.
Mann J and Crabbe M J. Bacteria and antibacterial agents. Spektrum Academic Publishers. 1996, USA.
McCanthy A J and Williams S T. The chromosomal integration site of the Streptomyces element pSAM2 overlaps a putative tRNA gone conserved among actinomycetes. Mol. Gen. Genet, 1990, 222: 431-434.
Mchenny M A, Hosted T J, and Baltz R H. Molecular cloning and physical mapping of the daptomycin gene cluster from S..roseosporus. J .Bac, 1998, 180:143-151.
Michael M, Roberdt J and Michael N. Restriction endonucleases for Pulsed field mapping of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 1987, 15:5985-6003.
Mizukami T, Chang W I, Garkavtsev N, Kaplan D, Lombardi T, Matsumoto O, Niwa A, Kounosu M, Yanagida T G. A 13kb resolution cosmid map of the 14Mb fission yeast genome by nonrandom sequence-tagged site mapping. Cell, 1993, 73:121-132.
Moser E H and Dervan B P. Sequence specific cleavage of double helical DNA by triple helix formation. Science, 1987, 238:645-650.
Motamedi H and Hutchinson R. Cloning and heterologous expression of a gone cluster for the biosynthesis of tetracenomycin C, the anthracycline antitumor antibiotic of S. glauccescens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1987, 84:4445-4449.
Narva K E. and Feitelson J S. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the redD locus of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Bacteriol, 1990, 172: 326-333.
Neumann B, Pospiech A and Schairer H U. Size and stability of the genomes of the Myxobacteria Stigmatella auriantica and Stigmatella erecta. J. Bacteriol, 1992, 174: 6307-6310.
Nioh T and Mizushima S. Effect of validamycin on the growth and morphology of Pellicularia sasakii. J. Gen.Appl.Microbiol, 1974, 20:373-383.
Ohnuki F, Imanaka T, Aiba S. Self-cloning in Streptomyces griseus of a str genes cluster for streptomycin biosynthesis and streptomycin resistance. J. Bacterio, 1985, 164: 85-94.
Olson M V, Dutchik J E, Graham M Y, Brodeur G M, Helms C, Frank M, MacCollin M, Scheinman R, and Frank T. Random-clone strategy for genomic restriction mapping in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1986, 83:7826-7830.
Pandza K, Cullum J and Hranueli D. Physical mapping shows that the unstable oxytetracycline gene cluster of Streptomyce rimosus lies close to one end of the linear chromosome. Microbiology, 1997, 143:1493-1501.
Patel T, Elizabeth C V and McClilland M. Cleavage at the twelve-base-pair sequence.
Nucleic Acids Reserch, 1990, 18:1603-1607.
Plaskitt K A and Chater K F. Influences of developmental genes on localized glycogen deposition in colonies of a mycelial prokaryote, Streptomyces coelicolor A(3)2: a possible interface between metabolism and morphogenesis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 1995, 347: 105-121.
Poddar S K, and McClelland M. Nonspecific primer and PCR-generated hybridization probes for physical ordering of large restriction fragments in the complex genome of S. aureus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 1992, 185:1055-1061.
Qin Z J, Peng K M and Deng Z X. Developing of a gene cloning system for Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp.yingchengensis, a producer of three useful antifungal compounds, by eliminatdion of three barriers to DNA transfer. Journal of Bacteriology, 1994, 176:2090-2095.
Rackwitz H R, Zehetner G, Murialdo H, Delius H, Chai J H, Poustka A, Frischauf A, and Lehrach. H. Analysis of cosmids using linearization by phage lambda terminase. Gene, 1985, 40:259-266.
Raibaud A, Zalacain M, Holt T G, Tizard R. and Thompson C J. Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals linked N-acetylhydrolase, thioesterase, transfort and regulatory genes encoded by the bialaphos biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. J. Bacteriol, 1991, 173: 4454-4463.
Rauland U, Redenbch M and Cullun J. DNA amplifications and deletions in Streptomyces livisans 66 and the loss of one end of the linear chromosome. Mol Gen Genet, 1999, 240:37-44.
Redenbach M, Kieser H M, Denapaite D, Eichberm A, Cullum J, Kinashi H and Hopwood D A. A set of ordered cosmids and a detailed genetic and physical map for the 8Mb Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) Chromosome. Mol Microbiology, 1996, 21(1): 77-96.
Reeves R A, Post A D and Vanden B, Thomas J. Physical-genetic map of the erythromycin-producing organism Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Microbiology, 1998, 144:2151-2159.
Riley M. Functions of the gene products of Escherichia coll. Microbiol. Rev, 1993, 57: 862-592.
Romling U, Grothues D and Tummler B. A physical genome map of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. The EMBO Journal, 1989, 8:4081-4089.
Rudd K E, Bouffard G, and Miller W. Computer analysis of Escherichia coli restriction maps. p. 1-38. In K. Davies and S. Tilghman (ed.), Genome analysis, 1992, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
Schrempf H, Kessler A and Bronneke V. Genetic instability in Streptomyces, p. 133-140. In C. L. Hershberger, Queener, S. W. and Hegeman, G. (ed.), 1989, Genetics and
Molecular Biology of Industrial Microorganisms. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C.
Sherman D H, Malpartida F, Bibb M J, Kieser H M, Bibb M J and Hopwood D A. Structure and deduced function of the granaticin-producing polyketide synthese gene cluster of Streptomyces violaceoruber Tu22. EMBO J, 1989, 8:2717-2725.
Schwartz D C, and Cantor C R. Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell, 1984, 37:67-75.
Schwecke T, Aparicio J F, Leadley P F. The biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyketide immunosuppressed rapamycin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, 92:7839-7843.
Shibata M, Uyeda M and Mori K. Reversion of validamycin inhibition by the hyphal extract of Rhizoctonia Solani. Journal of Antibiotics, 1980, 33:679-681.
Shibata M, Uyeda M and Mori K. Stimuladtion of the extension of validamycin inhibited hyphae by the hyphal extension factor present in Rhizoctonia Solani. Journal of Antibiotics, 1981, 34:447-457.
Smith C l, and Kolodner R D. Mapping of Escherichia coli chromosomal Tn5 and F insertions by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Genetics, 1988, 119:227-236.
Stachelhaus T, Schneider A and Marahiel M A. Rational design of peptide antibiotics by targeted replacement of bacterial and fungal domains. Science, 1995,269: 69-72.
Stockmann M. and Piepersberg W. Gene probes for the detection of 6-deonyhexose metabolism in secondary metabiotic producing Streptomycets. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1992, 80: 185-190.
Strobel A, Scott M, Heiz E and Dervan B P. Double—strand cleavage of genomic DNA at a single site by triple helix formation. J.Am.Chem.Soc, 1988, 110:7927-7929.
Strobel A S and Dervan B P. Single site enzymatic cleavage of yeast genomic DNA mediated by triple helix formation. Nature, 1991, 350:172-174.
Strobel A S and Dervan B P. Site-specific cleavage of a Yeast chromosome by oligonucleotide-Directed Triple—helix formation. Science, 1990, 249:73-75
Stutzman-Engwall K J, Otten S and Hutchinson C R. Regulation of secondary metabolism in Streptomyces spp and overproduction of daunorubicin in Streptomyces peucetius. J. Bacteriot, 1992, 174:144-154.
Tigges E, and Minion C F. Physical map of the genome of Acholeplasma oculi ISM1499 and construction of a Tn4001 derivative for macrorestriction chromosomal mapping. J. Bacteriol, 1994, 176:1180-1183.
Thompson C J, Kieser T and Ward J M. Physical analysis of antibiotic resistance genes from Streptomyces and their use in vector construction. Gene, 1982, 20:51-62.
Turgay K and Marahiel M A. A general approach for identifying and cloning peptide synthetase genes. Peptide Research, 1994, 7(5): 238-241.
Ventra L, and Weiss A S. Transposon-mediated restriction mapping of the Bacillus
subtilis chromosome. Gene, 1989; 78:29-36
Vara J A, Pulido D, Lacalle R A and Jimenez A. Two genes in Streptomyces albonlger puromycin biosynthesis pathway are closely linked. Gene, 1988, 68: 1350-1400.
Wakesman S A and Heriei A T. The nomenculture and classification of the Actinoymcetes. J. Bacteriol, 1943, 46: 337-341.
Wang Y X and Wu R. A new method for specific cleavage of Megabase-size chromosomal DNA by λ-terminase. Nucleic Acids Reserch, 1993, 21:2143-2147
Weber G, Schorgendorfer K, Schneider-Scherzer E and Leitner E. The peptide synthetase catalyzing cyclosporin production in Tolypocladiun niveum is encoded by a giant 45.8 kilobase open reading frame. Curr. Genet, 1994, 26:120-125.
鲍锴，周秀芬，邓子新。与吸水链霉菌应城变种肽类抗生素生物合成有关的基因的克隆和定位。中国生物工程学会第二次代表大会论文摘要，1997，44。
鲍锴，周秀芬，邓子新。一个广寄主范围并能有效应用于吸水链霉菌基因克隆和基因置换的质粒载体。中国生物工程学会第二次代表大会论文摘要，1997，43-44。
鲍锴，链霉菌新载体系统的发展及其在抗生素生物合成和调节基因的克隆和分析中的应用。[博士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1997
操二虎，吸水链霉菌井冈5008静丝霉素生物合成基因的克隆。[硕士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1999
胡志浩，多烯抗生素FR-008生物合成的分子生物学。[博士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1995
彭开曼，吸水链霉菌应城变种10-22限制一修饰系统的研究。[硕士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1992
覃重军，吸水链霉菌应城变种载体宿主系统的发展及其抗生素生物合成的遗传操作。[博士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1992
陶美凤，两个Ⅰ型聚酮合酶功能结构域在异源宿主的表达。[博士学位论文]。武汉：华中农业大学图书馆，1999
Aigle B, Schneider D and Decaris B. An amplifiable and deletable locus of Streptomyces ambofaciens RP181110 contains a very large gene homologous to polyketide synthase genes. Microbiology, 1996, 142:2815-2824
Altenbuchner J and Cullum J. DNA amplification and an unstable arginin gene in Streptomyces lividans 66. Mol Gen Genet 1984, 195:134-138
Altenbuchner J and Cullum J. Structure of an amplificable DNA sequence in Streptomyces lividans 66. Mol Gen Genet, 1985, 201:192-197
Asano N, Yamaguchi T and Matsui K. Effect of validamycin on glycohydrolases of Rhizoctonia Solani. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1987, 60:526-532
Asano N,Takeuchi M and Kono Y. Trehalase inhibitors, validoxylamineA and relatded compounds as insecticides. The Journal of Antibiotics, 1990, 63:722-725.
August P R, Tang L, Floss H. G. Biosynthesis of the ansamycin antibiotic rifamycin :deductions from the molecular analysis of the rifbiosynthetic gene cluster of Amycolatopsis mediterranei S699. Chemistry and Biology, 1998, 5:69-79,
Azevedo V, Alvarez E, Zumstein E, Damiani G, Sgaramella V, Ehrlich S D, andSerror P.
An ordered collection of Bacillus subtilis DNA. J. Gen. Microbiol, 1993, 90: 6047-6051.
Bailey C R, Bruton C J and Butler M J. Properties of in vitro recombinant derivatives of pJV1, a Multi-copy plasmid from Streptomyces phaeochromogenes. J. Gen. Microbiol, 1986, 132:2071-2078.
Bao K, Zhou X F, Kieser T and Deng Z X. pHZ1351, a broad host range plasmid vector useful for gene cloning and for gene replacement in S. hygroscopicus KMP3. Ⅹth International Symposium on Biology of Actinomyces, Beijing
Bautsch.. Rapid physical mapping of the Mycoplasma mobile genome by twodimensional field inversion gel electrophoresis techniques. Nucleic Acids Research, 1988, 16:11461-11467.
Beckman R J, Cox K and Seno E T. A cluster of tylosin biosynthesis genes is interrupted by a structurally unstable segment containing four repeated sequences. In: Genetics and molecular Biology of industrial microorganism (eds) Hershberger, C. L., Queener, S. W. and Hegeman, G, 1989, Pp 176-186. American Society for Microbiology.
Bibb M J, Findlay P R and Johnson M W. The relationship between composition and condon usage in bacterial genes and the use for the simple and reliable identification of protein-coding sequence. Gene, 1984, 30:157-166.
Binnie C, Warren M and Butler M J. Cloning and heterologous expression in Streptomyces lividans of Streptomyces rimosus genes involoved in oxytetracycline biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol, 1989, 171:881-895.
Birch A, Hausler A and Hutter R. Genome rearrangement and genetic instability in Strepdtomyces spp. Journal of Bacterioloty, 1990, 172:4138-4142
Birch A, Hausler A and Hutter R. Chromosomal deletion and rearrangement in Streptomyces glaucescens. Journal of Bacteriology, 1991,. 173:3531-3538,
Bloch.A.C, Rode K C and Obrepue.V. Comparative Genome Mapping with Mobile Physical Map Landmarks. J. bacteriol, 1994, 176:7121-7125
Borges K M, and Bergquist P L. Genomic restriction map of the extremely thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB8. J. Bacteriol, 1993, 175:103-110.
Bormann C, Ross U, and Engelke R. Genetic and biochemical aspects of nikomycin biosynthesis. 1991 ISBA-Madison-1991.
Branscomb E T, Slezak R P, Galas D, Carrano D V, and Waterman M. Optimizing restriction fragment fingerprinting methods for ordering large genomic libraries. Genomics, 1990, 8:351-336.
Brawner M, Poster G and Westpheling J. Streptomyces: a host for heterologous gene expression. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 1991, 2:674-681.
Bukanov N O, and Berg D E. Ordered cosmid library and high-resolution physicalgenetic map of Helicobacter pylori strain NCTC11638. Mol. Microbiol, 1994, 11:509-
523.
Butler M J, Friend E J and Hunter I S. Molecular cloning of resistance genes and architecture of a linked gene cluster involved in biosyntheses of oxytetracycline by S. rimosus. Mol Gen Genet, 1989, 215:231-238,
Champness W C and Chater K F. Regulation and integration of antibiotic production and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces spp., in: Regulation of bacterial Differentiation (Piggot, P., Moran, C. P., Youngman, P., eds.), 1994, pp. 61-93. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.
Chater K F. Genetics of differentiation in Streptomyces. Annu Rev Microbiol, 1993, 47:685-713.
Chater K F and Bruton C J. Mutational cloning in Streptomyces and the isolation of antibiotic production genes. Gene, 1983, 26:27-28.
Cho H, Horisaka T, Ohkishi H, Nakano M M and Ogawara H. Cloning of biosynthesis and resistance gene of nosiheptide, 1988, P129. Abstract Book. ISBA 88. Tokyo.
Chen H W, Kuspa A, Keseler I M, and Shimkets L J. Physical map of the Myxococcus xanthus chromosome. J. Bacterial, 1991, 173: 2109-2115.
Cole S T, and Saint G I. Bacterial genomics. FEMS Microbiol. Rev, 1994, 14:139-160.
Colman S D, Hu P C, Litaker W, and Bott K F. A physical map of the Mycoplasmageitalium genome. Mol. Microbiol, 1990, 4:683-687.
Coulson A, Sulston J and Karn J. Toward a physical map of the genome of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA, 1986, 83:7821-7825.
Craig A G, Nizetic D, Hoheisel J D, Zehetner G and Lehrach H. Ordering of cosmid clones covering the herps simplex virus type Ⅰ (HSV-1) genome: a case for fingerprinting by hybridization. Nucleic Acids Res, 1990, 18:2653-2660.
Crecy-Lagard V, Blanc V, and Thiballt D. Pristinamycin Ⅰ biosynthesis in S. pristinaespiralis :Molecular characterization of the first two structural peptide synthases genes. J. Bacteriol, 1997, 179:705-713.
Daniels D L. Constructing encyclopedias of genomes. 1990, p. 43-52. In K. Drlica and M. Riley (ed.), The bacterial chromosome. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C.
Davis R and Rafael P. Gene amplification and genomic plasticity in prokaryotes. Annu.Rwev.Genet, 31:91-111.
Deckers H M, and Voordouw G. Identification of a large family of genes for putative chemoreceptor proteins in an ordered library of the Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hidenborough genome. J. Bacteriol, 1994, 176:351-358.
Dempsey J A, Litaker W, Madhure A, Snodgrass T L, and Cannon J G. Physical map of the chromosome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae FA1090 with locations of genetic markers, including opa and pil genes. J. Bacteriol, 1991, 173:5476-5486.
Dhillon W, Hale R S, Cortes J and Leedlay P. Cloning nucleotide sequence and the effects of disruption of a structural gene from Saccharoplyspora erythraea (Streptomyces erythreus) which is involved in erythromycin biosynthesis. Mol. Microbiol, 1989, 3: 1405-1414.
Distler J, Mansouri K and Piepersberg W. Streptomycin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus. Ⅱ. Adjacent genomic location of biosynthetic genes and one of two Streptomycin resistance genes. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1985, 30:151-154.
Distler J, Mansouri K, Mayer G, Stockmann M and Piepersberg W. Streptomycin biosynthesis and its regulation in Streptomyces, Gene, 1992, 115:105-111.
Dyson P and Shrempf H, Genetic instability and DNA amplification in Streptomyces lividans 66. Journal of Bacteriology, 1987, 169:4796-4803
Eiglmeier K N, Honore S A, Woods B C, and Cole S T. Use of an ordered cosmid library to deduce the genomic organization of Mycobacterium leprae. Mol. Microbiol, 1993, 7: 197-206.
Ely B, Ely T W, Gerardot C J, and Dingwall A. Circularity of the Caulobacter crescentus chromosome determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J. Bacteriol, 1990, 172:1262-1266.
Ferdows M S and Barbour A G. Megabase-sized linear DNA in the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the lyme disease agent. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86:5969-5973.
Fishman E S, Rosteck R P and Hershberger L C. A 2.2-kilobase repeated DNA segment is associated with amplification in Streptomyces fradiae. Journal of Bacteriology, 1985, 161:199-206
Fonstein M, Zheng S and Haselkorn R. Physical map of the genome of Rhodobacter Capsulatus SB 1003. Journal of Bacteriology, 1992, 174:4070-4077
Fonstein M and Haselkorn R. Chromosomal structure of Rhodobacter capsulatus strain SB1003: cosmid encyclopedia and high-resolution physical and genetic map. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, 90:2522-2526.
Fonstein M and Haselkom R. Physical mapping of Bacterial Genome. J. Bacteriol, 1995, 177:3361-3369.
Epp J K, Huber M B, Turner J R and Schoner B E. Molecular cloning and expressing of carbomycin biosynthetic and resistance genes from Streptomyces thermotolerans. In: Biology of Actinomycetes, 1988, 88. p82-85. Y. Okami. T. Beppu. and H.Ogawara (eds) Japan Scientific, Societies press. Tokyo.
Farkasovsky M, Kormanec J and Kollarova M. RNA polymerase heterogenicity in Streptomyces aureofaciens; Characterization by antibody-linked polymerase assay. FEMS Microbiol. Lett, 1991, 90: 57-62.
Feitelson J S and Hopwood D A. Cloning of a Streptomyces genes for an omethyltransferase involved in antibiotic biosynthesis. Mol. Gen. Genet, 1990: 394-
397.
Fernandez-Moreno M A, Caballero J L, Hopwood D A and Malpartida F. The actinorhodin gene cluster contains regulatory and antibiotic export gene that are direct target for translational control by the bldA tRNA gene of Streptomyces coelicolor. Cell, 1991, 66: 769-780.
Fisher G, Decaris B and Leblond P. Occurrence of deletions, associated with genetic instability in Streptomyces ambofaciens, is independent of the linearity of the chromosomal DNA. Journal of Bacteriology, 1997, 179:4553-4558
Fishman S E, Cox K and Larson J L. Cloning genes for the biosynthesis of a macrolide antibiotic. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1987, 84: 8248.
Gibson T J, Rosenthal A, and Waterston R H. Lorist 6, a cosmid vector with BamHⅠ, NotⅠ, ScaⅠ and HindⅢ cloning sites and altered neomycin phosphotransferase gene expression. Gene, 1987, 53: 283-286.
Gil J A and Hopwood D A. Cloning and expression of a paminobenzoic acid synthetase gene of the candicidin producing Streptomyces griseus. Gene, 1983, 25:119.
Goldber S and Romero J. Molecular cloning of the sisomicin resistance gene and biosynthetic complex of Micromonspora lnyoensis. Poster presentation UCLS, 1987, Symposium on Streptomyces Genetics.
Goodfellow M. and Cross T. Classification, P. 7-164. In M. Goodfellow, M. Nordarshi and Williams, S. T. (ed.) The Biology of the Actinomyces. Academic Press, 1984, London.
Gravius B and Cullum J. Genetic instability and strain degeneration in Streptomyces rimosus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1993, 59:2220-2228,.
Griffin C L and Dervan B P. Recognition of thymidine. adenine base pairs by guanine in a pyrimidine triple helix motive. Science, 1989, 245:967-970.
Hanvey C J, Shimizu M, and Robert D W. Site-specific inhibition of EcoRI restriction/modification enzymes by a DNA triple helix. Nucleic Acids Reserch, 1990, 18:1603-1607.
Hoheisel J D, Maier R, Mott L, McCarthy A V, Grigoriev L C, Schalkwyk D, Nizetic F, and Lehrach H. High-resolution cosmid and P1 maps spanning the 14-Mb genome of the fission yeast. S. pombe. Cell, 1993, 73:109-120.
Hopwood D A. Streptomyces genetics in pure and applied research. PP12-20. In: Hershberger, C., Queener, S. W. and Hegeman, C. (ed.) Genetics and Molecular Biology of industrial microorganism, 1989, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C.
Hopwood D A. Genetic engineering of Streptomyces to creat hybrid antibiotics. Current opinion in biotechnology, 1993, 4:531-537.
Hopwood D A., Bibb M J, Chater K F, Kieser T, Bruton C J, Kieser H M, Lydiate D J,
Smith C P, Ward J M. and Schrempf H. Genetic manipulation of Streptomyces. A laboratory manual, 1985, John Innes Foundation. Norwich. England.
Hopwood D A, Chater K F, and Bibb M J. Genetics of antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), in: Genetics and Biochemistry of Antibiotic Production (Vining, L., Stuttard, D., Eds.), 1995, pp65-102. Newton, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Hu Z, Bao K. and Zhou X. Repetitive polyketide synthase modules involved in the biosynthesis of a heptaene macrolide of Streptomyces hygroscopicus FR-008. Molecular Microbiology, 1994, 14:163-172.
Hutchinson C R, Decker H, Madduri K, Otten S L, and Tang L. Genetic control of polyketide biosynthesis in the genus Streptomyces, Anton. Leeuwenhek Int. J. Gen. Microbiol, 1994, 64: 165-176.
Itaya M and Tanaka T. Complete physical map of the Bacillus subtilis 168 chromosome constructed by a gene-directed mutagenesis method. J. Mol. Biol, 1991, 220:631-648.
Jones G H and Hopwood D A. Molecular cloning and expression of the phenoxazinon synthase gene from Streptomyces antibioticus. J. Biol Chem, 1984, 259:14151.
Kameda Y, Asaano N and Matsui K. Validoxylamines as trehalase inhibitors. Journal of Antibiotics, 1987, 60:563-565.
Katz L and Donadia S. Polyketide synthesis: Prospects for hybrid antibiotics. Annu. Rev. Microbiol, 1993, 47: 875-912.
Kieser H M, Kieser T, Hoopwood D A. A combined genetic and physical map of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) chromosome. J. Bacteriol, 1993, 174: 5496-5507.
Knott V D, Blake J, Brownlee G G. Completion of the detailed restriction map of the E.coli genome by the isolation of overlapping cosmid clones. Nucleic Acids Res. 1989, 17:5901-5912.
Koob M and Szydalski W. Conferring operator specificity on Restriction Endonucleases. Science, 1988, 241:1084-1086.
Koob M and Szydalski W. Cleaving Yeast and Escherichia coli Genomes at a single site. Science, 1990, 250:271-273
Krugel H, Schumann G, Hanel F and Fiedler G. Cloning and sequence analysis of genes complementing in early step in daunorubicin biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus. ISBA-Madison-1991.
KnotT V, Blake D J, and Brownlee G G. Completion of the detailed restriction map of the E. coli genome by the isolation of overlapping midclones. Nucleic Acids Res, 1989, 17:5901-5912.
Kuhstoss S, Huber M, Rao R N. Production of a novel polyketide through the construction of a hybrid polyketide synthase, Gene, 1996, 183:231-236,
Kundig C, Hennecke N and Gottfert M. Correlated physical and genetic map of the
Bradyrhizobium. J. bacteriol, 1993, 175:613-622
Kuspa A D, Vollrath Y, Cheng F and Kaiser D. Physical mapping of the Myxococcus xanthus genome by random cloning in yeast artificial chromosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86:8917-8921.
Leblond P, Demuyter p and simonet J. Hypervariability, a new phenomenon of genetic instability, related to DNA amplification in Streptomyces ambofaciens. Journal of Bacteriology, 1989, 171:419-423.
Leblond P and Decaries B. Genetic instability and associated genome plasticity in Streptomyces ambofaciens: pulsed field gel electrophoresis evidence for large DNA altercation in a limited genomic region. Journal of Bacteriology, 1991, 173:4229-4233
Leblond P and Decaries B. New insights into genetic instability of Streptomyces. FEMS Microbiol Lett, 1994, 123: 225-232.
Leblond P, Fischer G and Francou F X. The unstable region of Streptomyces ambofaciens includes 210kb-terminal inverted repeats flanking the extremities of the linear chromosomal DNA. Mol Microbiol, 1996, 19:261-271.
Leskiw B K, Mah R, Lawlor E J and Chater K F. Accumulation of bldA-specified transfer RNA is temporally regulated in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J. Bacteriol, 1993, 175: 1995-2005.
Lezhava A and Nimi O. Physical map of the linear chromosome of Streptomyces griseus. Journal of Bacteriology, 1995, 177:6492-6498
Lin Y S, Kieser H M and Hopwood D A. The chromosomal DNA of Streptomyces lividans 66 is linear. Mol. Microbiol, 1993, 10: 923-933.
Lina V and Anthony S W. Transposon-mediated restriction mapping of the Bacillus Subtilis chromosome. Gene, 1989, 78:29-36
Liu S L, Hessel A and Sanderson K. Genomic mapping with I-ceuI, an intron-encoded endonuclease specific for genes for ribosomal RNA in Salmonella spp,. Escherichia coli. and other bacteria. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA, 1993, 90; 6874-6878
Maher J L, Wold B and Dervan B P. Inhibition of DNA binding proteins by oligonucleotide directed triple helix formation. Science, 1989, 241:725-730
MacNeil T, Gewain K M and Ruby C L. Deletion analysis of the genes avermectin biosynthetic genes of S. avermitilis by gene cluster displacement. J.Bact, 1993, 175:2552-2563.
Malpartida F. and Hopwood D A. Molecular cloning of the whole biosynthetic pathway of a Streptomyces antibioticus and its expression in a heterologous host. Nature, 1984, 309: 482-484.
Malpartida F, Hallam S, and Hopwood D A. Homology between Streptomyces genes coding for synthesis of different polyketides used to clone antibiotic biosynthetic
genes. Nature, 1987, 325:818-821.
Malpartida F, Niemi J, Navarrete R and Hopwood D A. Cloning and expression in a heterologous host of the complete set of genes for biosynthesis of the Streptomyces coelicolor antibiotic undecylprodigeiosin. Gene, 1990, 93:91-99.
Mann J and Crabbe M J. Bacteria and antibacterial agents. Spektrum Academic Publishers. 1996, USA.
McCanthy A J and Williams S T. The chromosomal integration site of the Streptomyces element pSAM2 overlaps a putative tRNA gone conserved among actinomycetes. Mol. Gen. Genet, 1990, 222: 431-434.
Mchenny M A, Hosted T J, and Baltz R H. Molecular cloning and physical mapping of the daptomycin gene cluster from S..roseosporus. J .Bac, 1998, 180:143-151.
Michael M, Roberdt J and Michael N. Restriction endonucleases for Pulsed field mapping of bacterial genomes. Nucleic Acids Research, 1987, 15:5985-6003.
Mizukami T, Chang W I, Garkavtsev N, Kaplan D, Lombardi T, Matsumoto O, Niwa A, Kounosu M, Yanagida T G. A 13kb resolution cosmid map of the 14Mb fission yeast genome by nonrandom sequence-tagged site mapping. Cell, 1993, 73:121-132.
Moser E H and Dervan B P. Sequence specific cleavage of double helical DNA by triple helix formation. Science, 1987, 238:645-650.
Motamedi H and Hutchinson R. Cloning and heterologous expression of a gone cluster for the biosynthesis of tetracenomycin C, the anthracycline antitumor antibiotic of S. glauccescens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1987, 84:4445-4449.
Narva K E. and Feitelson J S. Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional analysis of the redD locus of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). J Bacteriol, 1990, 172: 326-333.
Neumann B, Pospiech A and Schairer H U. Size and stability of the genomes of the Myxobacteria Stigmatella auriantica and Stigmatella erecta. J. Bacteriol, 1992, 174: 6307-6310.
Nioh T and Mizushima S. Effect of validamycin on the growth and morphology of Pellicularia sasakii. J. Gen.Appl.Microbiol, 1974, 20:373-383.
Ohnuki F, Imanaka T, Aiba S. Self-cloning in Streptomyces griseus of a str genes cluster for streptomycin biosynthesis and streptomycin resistance. J. Bacterio, 1985, 164: 85-94.
Olson M V, Dutchik J E, Graham M Y, Brodeur G M, Helms C, Frank M, MacCollin M, Scheinman R, and Frank T. Random-clone strategy for genomic restriction mapping in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1986, 83:7826-7830.
Pandza K, Cullum J and Hranueli D. Physical mapping shows that the unstable oxytetracycline gene cluster of Streptomyce rimosus lies close to one end of the linear chromosome. Microbiology, 1997, 143:1493-1501.
Patel T, Elizabeth C V and McClilland M. Cleavage at the twelve-base-pair sequence.
Nucleic Acids Reserch, 1990, 18:1603-1607.
Plaskitt K A and Chater K F. Influences of developmental genes on localized glycogen deposition in colonies of a mycelial prokaryote, Streptomyces coelicolor A(3)2: a possible interface between metabolism and morphogenesis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B, 1995, 347: 105-121.
Poddar S K, and McClelland M. Nonspecific primer and PCR-generated hybridization probes for physical ordering of large restriction fragments in the complex genome of S. aureus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 1992, 185:1055-1061.
Qin Z J, Peng K M and Deng Z X. Developing of a gene cloning system for Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp.yingchengensis, a producer of three useful antifungal compounds, by eliminatdion of three barriers to DNA transfer. Journal of Bacteriology, 1994, 176:2090-2095.
Rackwitz H R, Zehetner G, Murialdo H, Delius H, Chai J H, Poustka A, Frischauf A, and Lehrach. H. Analysis of cosmids using linearization by phage lambda terminase. Gene, 1985, 40:259-266.
Raibaud A, Zalacain M, Holt T G, Tizard R. and Thompson C J. Nucleotide sequence analysis reveals linked N-acetylhydrolase, thioesterase, transfort and regulatory genes encoded by the bialaphos biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces hygroscopicus. J. Bacteriol, 1991, 173: 4454-4463.
Rauland U, Redenbch M and Cullun J. DNA amplifications and deletions in Streptomyces livisans 66 and the loss of one end of the linear chromosome. Mol Gen Genet, 1999, 240:37-44.
Redenbach M, Kieser H M, Denapaite D, Eichberm A, Cullum J, Kinashi H and Hopwood D A. A set of ordered cosmids and a detailed genetic and physical map for the 8Mb Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) Chromosome. Mol Microbiology, 1996, 21(1): 77-96.
Reeves R A, Post A D and Vanden B, Thomas J. Physical-genetic map of the erythromycin-producing organism Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Microbiology, 1998, 144:2151-2159.
Riley M. Functions of the gene products of Escherichia coll. Microbiol. Rev, 1993, 57: 862-592.
Romling U, Grothues D and Tummler B. A physical genome map of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. The EMBO Journal, 1989, 8:4081-4089.
Rudd K E, Bouffard G, and Miller W. Computer analysis of Escherichia coli restriction maps. p. 1-38. In K. Davies and S. Tilghman (ed.), Genome analysis, 1992, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
Schrempf H, Kessler A and Bronneke V. Genetic instability in Streptomyces, p. 133-140. In C. L. Hershberger, Queener, S. W. and Hegeman, G. (ed.), 1989, Genetics and
Molecular Biology of Industrial Microorganisms. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D. C.
Sherman D H, Malpartida F, Bibb M J, Kieser H M, Bibb M J and Hopwood D A. Structure and deduced function of the granaticin-producing polyketide synthese gene cluster of Streptomyces violaceoruber Tu22. EMBO J, 1989, 8:2717-2725.
Schwartz D C, and Cantor C R. Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell, 1984, 37:67-75.
Schwecke T, Aparicio J F, Leadley P F. The biosynthetic gene cluster for the polyketide immunosuppressed rapamycin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1995, 92:7839-7843.
Shibata M, Uyeda M and Mori K. Reversion of validamycin inhibition by the hyphal extract of Rhizoctonia Solani. Journal of Antibiotics, 1980, 33:679-681.
Shibata M, Uyeda M and Mori K. Stimuladtion of the extension of validamycin inhibited hyphae by the hyphal extension factor present in Rhizoctonia Solani. Journal of Antibiotics, 1981, 34:447-457.
Smith C l, and Kolodner R D. Mapping of Escherichia coli chromosomal Tn5 and F insertions by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Genetics, 1988, 119:227-236.
Stachelhaus T, Schneider A and Marahiel M A. Rational design of peptide antibiotics by targeted replacement of bacterial and fungal domains. Science, 1995,269: 69-72.
Stockmann M. and Piepersberg W. Gene probes for the detection of 6-deonyhexose metabolism in secondary metabiotic producing Streptomycets. FEMS Microbiology Letters, 1992, 80: 185-190.
Strobel A, Scott M, Heiz E and Dervan B P. Double—strand cleavage of genomic DNA at a single site by triple helix formation. J.Am.Chem.Soc, 1988, 110:7927-7929.
Strobel A S and Dervan B P. Single site enzymatic cleavage of yeast genomic DNA mediated by triple helix formation. Nature, 1991, 350:172-174.
Strobel A S and Dervan B P. Site-specific cleavage of a Yeast chromosome by oligonucleotide-Directed Triple—helix formation. Science, 1990, 249:73-75
Stutzman-Engwall K J, Otten S and Hutchinson C R. Regulation of secondary metabolism in Streptomyces spp and overproduction of daunorubicin in Streptomyces peucetius. J. Bacteriot, 1992, 174:144-154.
Tigges E, and Minion C F. Physical map of the genome of Acholeplasma oculi ISM1499 and construction of a Tn4001 derivative for macrorestriction chromosomal mapping. J. Bacteriol, 1994, 176:1180-1183.
Thompson C J, Kieser T and Ward J M. Physical analysis of antibiotic resistance genes from Streptomyces and their use in vector construction. Gene, 1982, 20:51-62.
Turgay K and Marahiel M A. A general approach for identifying and cloning peptide synthetase genes. Peptide Research, 1994, 7(5): 238-241.
Ventra L, and Weiss A S. Transposon-mediated restriction mapping of the Bacillus
subtilis chromosome. Gene, 1989; 78:29-36
Vara J A, Pulido D, Lacalle R A and Jimenez A. Two genes in Streptomyces albonlger puromycin biosynthesis pathway are closely linked. Gene, 1988, 68: 1350-1400.
Wakesman S A and Heriei A T. The nomenculture and classification of the Actinoymcetes. J. Bacteriol, 1943, 46: 337-341.
Wang Y X and Wu R. A new method for specific cleavage of Megabase-size chromosomal DNA by λ-terminase. Nucleic Acids Reserch, 1993, 21:2143-2147
Weber G, Schorgendorfer K, Schneider-Scherzer E and Leitner E. The peptide synthetase catalyzing cyclosporin production in Tolypocladiun niveum is encoded by a giant 45.8 kilobase open reading frame. Curr. Genet, 1994, 26:120-125.