后处理对ACQ-D处理材流失性影响及固着机理研究
|
摘要
为了提高水载型木材防腐剂胺溶铜季胺盐-D型(ACQ-D)中有效成分铜的抗流失性,本论文采用热空气、热水、微波、蒸汽等四种后处理方法加速处理材中铜的固着,并考察了在不同的后处理过程中各种影响因素对ACQ-D杉木处理材的抗流失性、顺纹抗压强度及铜的化合价转变的作用效果。通过FTIR光谱分析及应力松弛分析等手段考察了ACQ组分在杉木处理材中的固着机理。通过野外埋桩试验,进一步考察了后处理对ACQ-D处理杉木及樟子松的野外耐久性的影响,旨在为人工林速生材杉木在防腐市场中的广泛应用提供可靠的依据。
本研究结果归纳如下：
1.在热空气后处理过程中,温度、处理时间、相对湿度、保持量以及通风条件下的氧气含量及风速等都会对ACQ-D杉木处理材中铜的抗流失性产生重要影响。高温高湿(如70℃、相对湿度为80%)的热空气后处理可以有效提高ACQ-D杉木处理材中铜的抗流失性,在此过程中,部分二价铜转化为一价铜,并且化合价转化率随热空气温度及处理时间的增加而升高。通风条件对铜的抗流失性的影响与氧气浓度及风速有关,氧气浓度下降会增加铜的流失率,而在氧气含量充足的条件下,风速一方面通过促进热量传递对铜的固着过程起积极作用,另一方面则由于水分的快速蒸发而使处理材的温度降低,从而不利于铜的固着。
2.热水后处理过程也可以有效加速ACQ-D处理材中铜的固着,并且处理材中铜的化合价转化率随热水后处理温度及处理时间的增加而升高,较高的化合价转化率与较低的铜的流失率相对应。微波及蒸汽后处理虽然可在短时间内明显降低ACQ-D杉木处理材中铜的流失率,但仍无法有效提高处理材的抗流失性。微波强度、后处理时间的增加和包膜处理是提高铜的抗流失性的有利因素。在本研究使用的蒸汽后处理条件中,蒸汽温度、处理时间对铜的抗流失性影响均较小。
在微波及蒸汽后处理过程中铜的化合价转变较低,铜的流失率与ACQ-D杉木处理材中铜的化合价转化率相关性不大。本研究中除蒸汽后处理外,其余后处理都不会明显降低处理材的顺纹抗压强度。
3.从FTIR谱图中可见,木质素及半纤维素是ACQ-D组分在木材中进行固着反应的主要场所。处理材在不同组分、不同溶液温度条件下进行的应力松弛表明,ACQ组分与木材matrix区的反应分两个阶段进行：在应力松弛较快的阶段Ⅰ,ACQ组分主要与matrix区中的羟基形成氢键结合；在应力松弛较慢的阶段Ⅱ,Cu进一步渗透到不易进入的区域(如纤维素中的准结晶区)与木材形成氢键结合。极差和方差分析表明,虽然ACQ不同组分会竞争在处理材中的反应场所,但木材成分与Cu之间的反应仍然是处理材中的主要反应。
4.通过比较气干(AD)、高温干燥(DO)、高温高湿(HC)、热水(HW)等后处理工艺的ACQ-D处理樟子松和杉木的野外埋桩试验结果可以发现,杉木的天然耐久性优于樟子松,不同后处理的效果受树种、试验场所及试材埋桩位置等条件的影响。但是,在两个试验场地,经HC后处理的ACQ-D处理杉木及樟子松均表现出良好的耐腐及抗白蚁能力。与土壤接触的试材中铜的流失比不接触土壤部分的高得多,广州试验场由于气候和土壤类型的影响,试材中铜的流失及腐朽等问题更为显著。另外,通过对试验20个月后试材的顺纹抗压强度的比较可知,HC和HW后处理材的顺纹抗压强度变化不大,而AD和DO的下降明显,尤其是对樟子松来说下降尤为显著。因此,与樟子松相比,杉木在野外埋桩试验中表现更好。
In order to improve the leaching resistance of the active ingredient of copper in alkaline copper quat-type D (ACQ-D) wood preservative, hot air, hot water, microwave and steaming post treatments were performed in this study to accelerate the fixation process of copper in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir, and investigate the different factors on copper leaching, the compression strength parallel to grain and the valence conversion of copper in treated wood during different post-treatments. The fixation mechanism of ACQ constituents in treated wood was determined with the help of FTIR analysis and tensile stress relaxation analysis. Furthermore, the effects of post-treatments on ACQ-D treated Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.) and Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Linn. var. mongolica Litv.) were evaluated by field test. The purpose of this study is to provide some useful information for the widely use of plantation-grown wood Chinese fir in the wood preservation market.
The results of this study were summarized as follows:
1. During hot air post-treatments, the important factors on copper leaching from treated wood include temperature, treatment duration, relative humidity, copper retention, the oxygen concentration and air velocity in air ventilation condition. Hot air post-treatments with higher temperature and relative humidity could improve the leaching resistance of copper in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir effectively, and part of cupic copper could convert to cuprous forms during this process. The percentage of copper conversion would increase as the temperature increased. The effects of air ventilation on copper leaching are associated with the oxygen concentration and air velocity, and more copper would be leached out as the oxygen concentration decreased. With sufficient oxygen concentration, air velocity would promote the heat transfer to accelerate the fixation process of copper, but it would also result in the fast evaporation of water from the treated wood and decrease the fixation temperature, which is a adverse effect on copper fixation.
2. Hot water post-treatments could also accelerate the fixation process of copper in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir effectively, and the percentage of copper conversion would increase as the temperature and treatment duration increased. The lower copper leaching is corresponded with the higher copper valence conversion. Copper leaching from the treated wood could be reduced significantly after a short duration of microwave or steaming post-treatments, but could not be reduced effectively. The copper leaching resistance in the treated wood could be improved as the microwave power and treatment duration increased and also for the samples wrapped. The effects of steaming temperature and treatment duration on copper leaching are negligible in this study.
The valence conversion of copper changed slightly during microwave and steaming post-treatments, which results in no strong correlation between the percentage of copper leaching and valence conversion of copper in treated wood. In this study, except for steaming post-treatment, the other three post-treatments could not reduce the compression strength parallel to grain of ACQ-D treated Chinese fir significantly.
3. From FTIR spectra analysis, lignin and hemicellulose are the major fixation sites in ACQ-D treated wood. The stress relaxation curves obtained from treated wood impregnated in different ACQ solutions with different constituents and temperatures showed that the complex interactions between the components of ACQ solutions and wood matrix:in rapid phaseⅠ, the splitting of the easily accessible hydrogen bonds (mainly in the matrix) are prevalent by interaction with components of ACQ solution; (2) in slow phaseⅡ, Cu penetrates deeper in less accessible regions (e.g., in paracrystalline regions of cellulose) and renders possible further relaxation. The results of range and variance analysis reveal that the formation of complexes with Cu is still the major reaction in wood although the competitions among ACQ constituents for reaction sites exist.
4. From the field test results of ACQ-D treated Mongolian Scots pine and Chinese fir after air drying (AD), high temperature drying (DO), high humidity and temperature condition (HC) and hot water (HW) post-treatments, it was found that the natural durability of Chinese fir is better than Mongolian Scots pine, and the effects of post-treatments would be affected by wood species, test site and the exposure locations of the treated wood. However, in these two test sites, both ACQ-D treated Mongolian Scots pine and Chinese fir displayed excellent decay and termite resistance performance after HC post-treatment. More copper has been leached out from the treated wood in-ground than from the samples above-ground and the serious copper leaching and poor biological performance were found in Guangzhou test site, which are due to its climate conditions and soil type. Additionally, after comparation of the compression strength parallel to grain after 20 months outdoor exposure, slight reduction was found in treated wood after HC and HW post-treatments, while the obvious reduction was found in treated wood after AD and DO post-treatments, especially for Mongolian Scots pine. Therefore, compare to Mongolian Scots pine, Chinese fir has better performance in field test.
本研究结果归纳如下：
1.在热空气后处理过程中,温度、处理时间、相对湿度、保持量以及通风条件下的氧气含量及风速等都会对ACQ-D杉木处理材中铜的抗流失性产生重要影响。高温高湿(如70℃、相对湿度为80%)的热空气后处理可以有效提高ACQ-D杉木处理材中铜的抗流失性,在此过程中,部分二价铜转化为一价铜,并且化合价转化率随热空气温度及处理时间的增加而升高。通风条件对铜的抗流失性的影响与氧气浓度及风速有关,氧气浓度下降会增加铜的流失率,而在氧气含量充足的条件下,风速一方面通过促进热量传递对铜的固着过程起积极作用,另一方面则由于水分的快速蒸发而使处理材的温度降低,从而不利于铜的固着。
2.热水后处理过程也可以有效加速ACQ-D处理材中铜的固着,并且处理材中铜的化合价转化率随热水后处理温度及处理时间的增加而升高,较高的化合价转化率与较低的铜的流失率相对应。微波及蒸汽后处理虽然可在短时间内明显降低ACQ-D杉木处理材中铜的流失率,但仍无法有效提高处理材的抗流失性。微波强度、后处理时间的增加和包膜处理是提高铜的抗流失性的有利因素。在本研究使用的蒸汽后处理条件中,蒸汽温度、处理时间对铜的抗流失性影响均较小。
在微波及蒸汽后处理过程中铜的化合价转变较低,铜的流失率与ACQ-D杉木处理材中铜的化合价转化率相关性不大。本研究中除蒸汽后处理外,其余后处理都不会明显降低处理材的顺纹抗压强度。
3.从FTIR谱图中可见,木质素及半纤维素是ACQ-D组分在木材中进行固着反应的主要场所。处理材在不同组分、不同溶液温度条件下进行的应力松弛表明,ACQ组分与木材matrix区的反应分两个阶段进行：在应力松弛较快的阶段Ⅰ,ACQ组分主要与matrix区中的羟基形成氢键结合；在应力松弛较慢的阶段Ⅱ,Cu进一步渗透到不易进入的区域(如纤维素中的准结晶区)与木材形成氢键结合。极差和方差分析表明,虽然ACQ不同组分会竞争在处理材中的反应场所,但木材成分与Cu之间的反应仍然是处理材中的主要反应。
4.通过比较气干(AD)、高温干燥(DO)、高温高湿(HC)、热水(HW)等后处理工艺的ACQ-D处理樟子松和杉木的野外埋桩试验结果可以发现,杉木的天然耐久性优于樟子松,不同后处理的效果受树种、试验场所及试材埋桩位置等条件的影响。但是,在两个试验场地,经HC后处理的ACQ-D处理杉木及樟子松均表现出良好的耐腐及抗白蚁能力。与土壤接触的试材中铜的流失比不接触土壤部分的高得多,广州试验场由于气候和土壤类型的影响,试材中铜的流失及腐朽等问题更为显著。另外,通过对试验20个月后试材的顺纹抗压强度的比较可知,HC和HW后处理材的顺纹抗压强度变化不大,而AD和DO的下降明显,尤其是对樟子松来说下降尤为显著。因此,与樟子松相比,杉木在野外埋桩试验中表现更好。
In order to improve the leaching resistance of the active ingredient of copper in alkaline copper quat-type D (ACQ-D) wood preservative, hot air, hot water, microwave and steaming post treatments were performed in this study to accelerate the fixation process of copper in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir, and investigate the different factors on copper leaching, the compression strength parallel to grain and the valence conversion of copper in treated wood during different post-treatments. The fixation mechanism of ACQ constituents in treated wood was determined with the help of FTIR analysis and tensile stress relaxation analysis. Furthermore, the effects of post-treatments on ACQ-D treated Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.) and Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Linn. var. mongolica Litv.) were evaluated by field test. The purpose of this study is to provide some useful information for the widely use of plantation-grown wood Chinese fir in the wood preservation market.
The results of this study were summarized as follows:
1. During hot air post-treatments, the important factors on copper leaching from treated wood include temperature, treatment duration, relative humidity, copper retention, the oxygen concentration and air velocity in air ventilation condition. Hot air post-treatments with higher temperature and relative humidity could improve the leaching resistance of copper in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir effectively, and part of cupic copper could convert to cuprous forms during this process. The percentage of copper conversion would increase as the temperature increased. The effects of air ventilation on copper leaching are associated with the oxygen concentration and air velocity, and more copper would be leached out as the oxygen concentration decreased. With sufficient oxygen concentration, air velocity would promote the heat transfer to accelerate the fixation process of copper, but it would also result in the fast evaporation of water from the treated wood and decrease the fixation temperature, which is a adverse effect on copper fixation.
2. Hot water post-treatments could also accelerate the fixation process of copper in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir effectively, and the percentage of copper conversion would increase as the temperature and treatment duration increased. The lower copper leaching is corresponded with the higher copper valence conversion. Copper leaching from the treated wood could be reduced significantly after a short duration of microwave or steaming post-treatments, but could not be reduced effectively. The copper leaching resistance in the treated wood could be improved as the microwave power and treatment duration increased and also for the samples wrapped. The effects of steaming temperature and treatment duration on copper leaching are negligible in this study.
The valence conversion of copper changed slightly during microwave and steaming post-treatments, which results in no strong correlation between the percentage of copper leaching and valence conversion of copper in treated wood. In this study, except for steaming post-treatment, the other three post-treatments could not reduce the compression strength parallel to grain of ACQ-D treated Chinese fir significantly.
3. From FTIR spectra analysis, lignin and hemicellulose are the major fixation sites in ACQ-D treated wood. The stress relaxation curves obtained from treated wood impregnated in different ACQ solutions with different constituents and temperatures showed that the complex interactions between the components of ACQ solutions and wood matrix:in rapid phaseⅠ, the splitting of the easily accessible hydrogen bonds (mainly in the matrix) are prevalent by interaction with components of ACQ solution; (2) in slow phaseⅡ, Cu penetrates deeper in less accessible regions (e.g., in paracrystalline regions of cellulose) and renders possible further relaxation. The results of range and variance analysis reveal that the formation of complexes with Cu is still the major reaction in wood although the competitions among ACQ constituents for reaction sites exist.
4. From the field test results of ACQ-D treated Mongolian Scots pine and Chinese fir after air drying (AD), high temperature drying (DO), high humidity and temperature condition (HC) and hot water (HW) post-treatments, it was found that the natural durability of Chinese fir is better than Mongolian Scots pine, and the effects of post-treatments would be affected by wood species, test site and the exposure locations of the treated wood. However, in these two test sites, both ACQ-D treated Mongolian Scots pine and Chinese fir displayed excellent decay and termite resistance performance after HC post-treatment. More copper has been leached out from the treated wood in-ground than from the samples above-ground and the serious copper leaching and poor biological performance were found in Guangzhou test site, which are due to its climate conditions and soil type. Additionally, after comparation of the compression strength parallel to grain after 20 months outdoor exposure, slight reduction was found in treated wood after HC and HW post-treatments, while the obvious reduction was found in treated wood after AD and DO post-treatments, especially for Mongolian Scots pine. Therefore, compare to Mongolian Scots pine, Chinese fir has better performance in field test.
引文
1.何曼君,陈维孝,董西侠.高分子物理[M].上海：复旦大学出版社,1988.
2.金重为,施振华,张祖雄.ACQ木材防腐剂及防腐处理木材[J].木材工业,2004,18(4)：34-36.
3.蒋明亮,费本华.木材防腐的现状及研究开发方向[J].世界林业研究,2002,15(3)：44-48.
4.陆开形.Cu2+和Zn2+对雨生红球藻的毒性效应[J].宁波大学学报,理工版,2004,17(2)：397-400.
5.刘智,曹金珍,黄晓丽.热空气干燥法对ACQ-D在木材内的固着的加速作用[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(6)：119-123.
6.李坚,王清文,刘一星等.木材波谱学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
7.刘一星,赵广杰.木质资源环境学[M].北京：中国林业出版社北京,2004.
8.木材波谱学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
9.孟紫强.环境毒理学基础[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003.
10.于丽丽,曹金珍.通风条件对ACQ-D处理杉木中铜固着的加速作用[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,30(5)：420-425.
11.王恺,管宁.我国木材资源战略转移的技术支撑[J].木材工业,2002,16(1)：3-5.
12.杨淑蕙.植物纤维化学[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社.北京,2001.
13.周惠明.木材防腐[M].中国林业出版社.1991.
14.张璧光,高建民,伊松林,等.实用木材干燥技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2005：238-239.
15. American Wood Preservers'Association Standard method of evaluating wood preservatives by field tests with stakes. E7-07 [S]. USA:American Wood-Preservers'Association,2007.
16. American Wood Preservers'Association. Standard method of determining the leachability of wood preservatives. E11-06 [S]. USA:American Wood-Preservers'Association,2006.
17. American Wood Preservers'Association.Standard method for analysis of treated wood and treating solutions by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Al 1-1993 [S]. USA:American Wood-Preservers'Association,1993.
18. Avramidis S, Ruddick J N R. Effect of temperature and moisture on CCA fixation [J]. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff,1989,47(8):328.
19. Alexander D L, Cooper P A. Effect of temperature and humidity on CCA-C fixation in pine sapwood [J]. Wood Protection,1993,2(2):39-45.
20. Barnes H M. Treatment of lodgepole pine poles using the MSU process [C]. Proc. Am. Wood-Preservers'Ass.,1988,84:201-210.
21. Bjordal C G., Daniel G., Nilsson T. Depth of burial, an important factor in controlling bacterial decay of waterlogged archaeological poles [J]. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2000,45,15-26.
22. Boone R S, Winandy J E and Fuller J J.Effect of redrying schedule on preservative fixation and strength of CCA-treated lumber [J]. Forest Prod.J.,1995,45(9):65-73.
23. Bergervoet A J, Marcinko J L, Walcheski P J. Fixation process for heat-fixable preservative treated wood [P].1997, US Patent 5,652,023.
24. Bergervoet A J, Marcinko J L, Walcheski P J. Process for treating wood [P].1998, US Patent 5,824,370.
25. Cao J, Xie M., Zhao G. Tensile stress relaxation of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood [J]. Wood Sci. Technol,2006,40:417-426.
26. Cao J, Yu L L. Copper fixation in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir at various temperature and relative humidity conditions [C]. The 38th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Jackson Lake Lodge, Wyoming, USA,2007, Doc. No. IRG/WP 07-30436.
27. Cao J and Kamdem D P. Microwave treatment to accelerate fixation of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood [J]. Holzforschung,2004,58(5):569-571.
28. Carpenter M W, Gardner D J. Fixation/leaching of CCA in selected hardwood species at two temperatures [C]. In:Chromium Containing Waterborne Wood Preservatives:Fixationand Environmental Issues. Forest Products Society, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,1993, pp:41-49.
29. Craciun R, Maier M, Habicht J. A theoretical-industrial correlation and perspective on copper-based wood preservatives-a review of thermodynamic and kinetic aspects on copper-wood fixation mechanism [C]. The 40th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rosenheim, Germany,2009, Document No:IRG/WP/09-30499.
30. Chen J, Kaldas M, Ung T Y, et al. Heat transfer and wood moisture effects in moderate temperature fixation of CCA treated wood [C]. The 25th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Bali, Indonesia,1994, Document No:IRG/WP 40022.
31. Conradie W E, Pizzi A. Progressive heat-inactivation of CCA biological performance [C]. Proc. Am.Wood-Preservers'Ass.,1987,83:32-49.
32. Cooper P A. Cation exchange adsorption of copper on wood [J]. Wood Protect.,1991,1:9-14.
33. Cooper P A, Ung Y T. Accelerated fixation of CCA-treated poles [J]. Forest Prod.J,1993, 42(9):27-32.
34. Cooper P A, Ung T Y, Macvicar A. Relating degree of fixation to leaching from CCA treated products [C]. Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.America,1996,100-116.
35. Cooper P A. Diffusion of copper in wood cell wall following vacuum treatment [J]. Wood fiber and science,1998,30(4):382-395.
36. Craciun R and Kamdem P D. XPS and FTIR applied to the study of waterborne copper naphthenate wood preservatives [J]. Holzforschung,1997,51(3):207-213.
37. Dagarin F, Petric M, Sentjurc M P. EPR investigations of interactions between ammoniacal Cu(II) octanoate and wood [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rosenheim, Germany.1999, Document No:IRG/WP 30100.
38. Druz N, Andersone I and Andersons B. Interaction of Copper-Containing Preservatives with wood. Part 1. Mechanism of the interaction of copper with cellulose [J]. Holzforschung,2001,55(1), 13-15.
39. Dahlgren S E, Hartford W H. Kinetics and mechanism of fixation of Cu-Cr-As wood preservatives [J]. Holzforschung,1972,26(6):62-69.
40. Dahlgren S E, Hartford W H. Kinetics and mechanism of fixation of Cu-Cr-As wood preservatives. Part V. Effect of wood species and preservative composition on the leaching during storage [J]. Holzforschung,1975,29(3):84-95.
41. Dai C. Viscoelasticity of wood composite mats during consolidation [J]. Wood Fiber Sci.,2001, 33(3):353-363.
42. Evans P. Emerging technologies in wood protection [J]. Forest Prod. J.2003,53(1):14-22.
43. Evans F G. Field Test Results after Nine Years for CCA and ACQ Preservative-treated Wood Fixed in Different Climates [C]. The 31st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Stockholm, Sweden,2003, Document No:IRG/WP/03-30303.
44. Englund K, G Gardner D J.A study of chromated copper arsenate preservative treatment in selected Appalachian hardwoods. In:Chromium Containing Waterborne Wood Preservatives: Fixation and Environmental Issues [C].Forest Products Society. Madison,Wisconsin, USA, 1993:36-40.
45. Fang F, Ruddick J N R and Avramidis S. Application of radio-frequency heating to utility poles. Part2.Accelerated fixation of chromated copper arsenate [J]. Forest Prod. J.,2001,51(9):53-58.
46. Fisher R A. On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics [C]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, A.,1922,222:309-368.
47. Freeman M H, McIntyre C R. Micro-Distribution of Metals in Wood Treated with a Nano-Copper Wood Preservative [R].2006, An Independent Analysis of Data Comparing Micronized Copper-Quaternary (Smart SenseTM) To ACQ (Alkaline Copper Quaternary) By Independent Wood Scientist Memphis, TN And Walls, MS.
48. Freeman M H, Shupe T F, Vlosky R P,et al. Past, present, and future of the wood preservation industry [J]. Forest Prod.J.2003,53 (10):8-15.
49. Forsyth P G, Morrell J J. Hexavalent chromium reduction in CCA-treatedsawdust [J]. Forest Prod.J.,1990,40(6):48-50.
50. Guo A, Cooper P A, Ung T A. Fixation and leaching characteristics of acid copper chromate (ACC) compared to other chromium-based wood preservatives [J]. Forest Prod.J.,2005,5(7/8): 72-75.
51. Hughes A S, Murphy R J, Gibson J F, et al. Electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) spectroscopic analysis of copper based preservatives in Pinus sylvestris [J]. Holzforschung,1994,48:91-98.
52. Humara M, Zlindrab D, Pohleven F. Influence of wood species, treatment method and biocides concentration on leaching of copper-ethanolamine preservatives [J]. Building and Environment, 2007,42:578-583.
53. Humara M, Kalan P, and Pohleven F. Influence of carboxylic acids on leaching of copper amine based preservatives [C]. In 36th annual meeting of the International Research Group Wood Preservation.2005, IRG/WP 05-30365
54. Humar M, Petric M, Pohleven F. Changes of the pH value of impregnated woodduring exposure to wood-rotting fungi [J]. Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff,2001,59,288-293.
55. Humar M., Zlindra D. Influence of temperature on fixation of copper-ethanolamine-based wood preservatives [J]. Building and Environment,2007,42(2007),4068-4071.
56. Humara M, Zlindra D, Pohleven F. Effect of fixation time on leaching of copper-ethanolamine based wood preservatives [J]. Holz Roh-Werkstoff,2006,65,329-330.
57. Jin L, Archer K. Copper based wood preservatives:Observations on fixation, distribution and performance [C]. Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.1991,87:169-183.
58. Jin L, Preston A F. The interaction of wood preservatives with lignocellulosic substrates.1. Quaternary ammonium compounds [J]. Holzforschung,1991,45:455-459.
59. Jiang X, Ruddick J N R. A spectroscopic investigation of copper ethylenediamine fixation in wood [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rosenheim, Germany.1999, Document No:IRG/WP 20160.
60. Jiang X. Fixation chemistry of amine-copper preservatives [D]. Ph.D. Canada:University of British Columbia,2000.
61. Jiang X, Ruddick J N R. Leaching resistance of copper amine-treated Scots pine [J]. For. Prod.J., 2004,54(12):213-216.
62. Jin L,Walcheski P, Preston A (2010) Studies on effect of pH on copper availability in copper-based preservatives. Int. Res. Group on Wood Protection. Doc. No. IRG/WP 30549. Stockholm Sweden.
63. Kaldas M, Cooper P A. Effect of wood moisture content on rate of fixation and leachability of CCA-treated red pine [J]. Forest Prod.J.1996,46(10):67-71.
64. Kamdem D P, Vlna E, Cooper P A. Fixation and leaching of CCA-C treated Eastern hardwood species [C]. CWPA Annual Meeting Proceedings, Canada,1997:13.
65. Kamdem D P, Gruber K, Freeman M. Laboratory evaluation of copper naphthenate as wood preservative for northern red oak [J]. Forest Product Journal.1995,45(9),72-76.
66. Kamdem D P, Riedl B, Kaliaguine S C, et al. ESCA spectroscopy of poly (methylmetacrylate) grafted onto wood fibers [J]. J. Application. Polymer. Science,1991,43:1901.
67. Kamdem, D P, Zhang J. Contribution of wood components on the absorption of copper amine [C]. The 31st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Kona, Hawaii, USA, Document No:IRG/WP/00-30216.
68. Kang S M, Hwang I Y, Kim S K.2008. Effect of steam on fixation of Cu-amine preservative treated wood [C]. The 31st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Istanbul, Turkey,2008, Document No:IRG/WP/08-50251.
69. Karimi A and Ghorbani M. Investigation of temperature effect on fixation of Celcure preservative (ACC) [C]. The 32nd annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Nara, Japan,2001, Document No:IRG/WP 01-40200.
70. Kumbhar A J. Redox reactions of copper (Ⅱ) amine complexes in aqueous solutions. Radiat. Phys. Chem [J].2003,66:275-280.
71. Lucas N, Ruddick J N R. Determination of the amine to copper ratio remaining in wood after water leaching [C]. The 33th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Cardiff, United Kingdom,2002, Document No:IRG/WP 30285.
72. Lee M J, Cooper P A. Adsorption of ACQ components in wood [C]. The 41st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Biarritz, France,2010, Document No:IRG/WP/ Int. Res. Group on Wood Protection. Doc. No. IRG/WP 30522. Stockholm Sweden.
73. Lewis D.1986. Drying hardwood by dehumidification [C]. FPRS Conf. "Drying Lumber for Quality and Profit", Charlotte, N.C.:114-118.
74. Loubinoux B, Malek H. Interactions of quaternary ammonium salts with wood.1. Fixation of benzalkonium bromide and chloride [J]. Holzforschung,1992,46:537-539.
75. Loubinoux B, Malek H, Joly J P, Kilbertus G. Interactions of quaternary ammonium salts with wood:Influence of cation and anion structure on fixation and leaching [J]. For.Prod. J.,1992,42 (10):55-58.
76. Lebow S, Winandy J, Bender D. Treated wood in transition:A look at CCA and the candidates to replace it [J]. Wood Design Focus. Summer 2004:4-8.
77. Lebow S, Brooks K, Simonsen J. Environmental impact of treated wood in service. In:Enhancing the Durability of Lumber and Engineered Wood Products [C]. Forest Prod. Soc., Madison, WI. 2002:205-215.
78. Li G, Nicholas D D, Schultz T P. Effect of delayed drying time on copper distribution in the ACQ-treated southern yellow pine research stakes [J]. Forest Prod.J.2006,56(3):29-31.
79. Lee A W C, James C G, Frank H T. Effect of rapid redrying shortly after treatment on leachability of CCA-treated southern pine [J]. Forest Prod. J.1993,43(2):37-40.
80. Li Y, Trush M A. Oxidation of hydroquinone by copper chemical mechanism and biological effects. Arch [J]. Biochem. Biophys.1993,300:346-355.
81. Morrell J J, Zabel R A. Wood strength and weight losses caused by soft-rot fungi isolated from treated southern pine utility poles [J]. Wood and Fiber Science,1985,17 (1):132-143.
82. Mitchell K A R and Barnes H M. Effect of drying temperature on the clear wood strength of southern pine treated with CCA-A [J]. Forest Products Journal,1986,36(3):8-12.
83. Matsunaga H, Kiguchi M, Evans P. Micro-distribution of metals in wood treated with a nano-copper wood preservatives [C]. The 38th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Jackson Lake Lodge, Wyoming, USA,2007, Doc. No. IRG/WP 07-40360.
84. Mazela B, Polus I, Hoffmann S K, et al. Biological test, AAS and EPR study of copper monoethanolamine complex with quaternary ammonium compounds as a wood preservative [C]. The 34th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Brisbane, Australia,2003, Document No:IRG/WP 03-30321.
85. Marko E, Giles P R, Tsukazaki M, et al. Copper-catalyzed oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones:an efficient, aerobic alternative [J]. Science 1996,20044-2046.
86. Osborne P D. Effect of high CCA retention on the percent fixation and fixation rate [C]. In:Proc. Rept. of Subcommittee T-2.Vol.87.AWPA, Woodstock, America,1996:249-250.
87. Peek R-D and Willeitner H. Beschleunigte fixierung chromathaltiger holzschutzmittel durch heiβdampfbehandlung. I. Mitteilung:einfluβverschiedener warmebehandlungen auf die Auswaschung von Schutzsalzen [J]. Holz Roh-Werkstoff,1981,39:495-502.
88. Peek R-D. Strength properties of preservative treated pine and spruce wood after super-heated steaming [C]. The 15th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Sweden,1984, Document No:IRG/WP/3313.
89. Peek R-D and Klipp H. Fixation of chromated wood preservatives through technical drying [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rotorua, New Zealand,1990, Document No:IRG/WP 3623.
90. Preston A F and McKaig P A. Effect of accelerated fixation on decay of CCA-treated wood [J]. Forest Prod. J.1983,33(11/12):41-44.
91. Pizzi A. Practical consequences of the clarification of the chemical mechanism of CCA fixation to wood [C]. The 14th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Lappeenranta, Finland,1983, Doc. IRG/WP 3220.
92. Pizzi A. The chemistry and kinetic behavior of Cu-Cr-As/B wood preservatives. II.Fixation of the Cu/Cr system on wood [J]. J. Polym. Sci.:Polym. Che. Ed.,1982 20(3),707-724.
93. Poncsak S, Kocaefe D, Bouazara M, et al. Effect of high temperature treatment on the mechanical properties of birch (Betula papyrifera) [J]. Wood Science and Technology,2006,40,647-663.
94. Pasek E A. Minimizing preservative losses:fixation a report of the P4 migration/fixation/depletion task force [C]. In:Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.,2003,99:100-124.
95. Peek R-D and Willeitner H. Fundamentals on steam fixation of chromated wood preservatives [C]. The 19th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Madrid, Spain, 1988, Document No:IRG/WP 3483.
96. Ruddick J N R. Application of a novel strength evaluation technique during screening of wood preservatives [C]. The 27th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Avignon, France,1986, Document No:IRG/WP/2262.
97. Ruddick J N R. Basic copper wood preservatives, preservative depletion:factors which influence loss [C]. Proc Can Wood Preserv Assoc2003,24:26-59.
98. Ruddick J N R. The fixation chemistry of ammoniacal copper wood preservatives [C]. Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.America,1996:32-40.
99. Ruddick J N R., Xie C and Herring F G. Fixation of amine copper preservatives. Part 1. Reaction of vanillin, a lignin model compound with monoethanolamine copper sulphate solution [J]. Holzforschung,2001,55:585-589.
100. Salme'n L, Burgert I. (2009) Cell wall features with regard to mechanical performance. A review. COST Action E35 2004-2008:Wood machining-micromechanics and fracture [J]. Holzforschung, 63:121-129.
101. Stirling R, Drummond J, Zhang J, et al. Micro-distribution of micronized copper in southern pine [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Istanbul, Turkey,2008, Document No:IRG/WP 30479.
102. Sjostrom E. The origin of charge on cellulosic fibers [J]. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 1989(2):90-93.
103. Sheard L. A study of the rate of fixation of various chromium-containing preservatives [C]. The 22nd annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Kyoto, Japan,1991, Document No:IRG/WP/3653.
104. Stalker I N. Forecast of future uses for CCA Outside USA [C]. Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.2003,99:30-37.
105. Stevanovic-Janesic T, Cooper P A, Ung Y T. Chromated copper arsenate preservative treatment of North American hardwoods. CCA fixation performance [J].Holzforschung,2000,54(6):577-584.
106. Stook K, Tolaymat T, Ward M, et al. Relative leaching and aquatic toxicity of pressure-treated wood products using batch leaching tests [J]. Environmental Sci. and Tech.,2005,39:155-163.
107. Tascioglu C, Cooper P A, Ung T Y. Adsorption of ACQ and CuMEA Wood Preservatives in Red pine [C]. The 36th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Whistler, Canada,2005. Document No:IRG/WP 30374.
108. Tascioglu C, Cooper P A and Ung T. Rate and extent of adsorption of ACQ preservative components in wood [J]. Holzforschung,2005,59:574-580.
109. Tascioglu C, Cooper P A, Ung T. Effects of fixation temperature and environment on copper speciation in ACQ treated red pine [J]. Holzforschung,2008,62:1-5.
110. Taguchi G, Konishi S. Taguchi Methods Orthogonal Arrays and Linear Graphs:Tools for Quality Engineering [M]. ASI Press, Dearborn, MI.1987.
111. Ung Y T, Cooper P A. Copper stabilization in ACQ-D treated wood:retention, temperature and species effects [J]. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff,2005,63:186-191.
112. Ung Y T,Cooper P A. Feasibility of drying CCA-treated red pine poles during fixation [J]. Forest Prod. J,1996,46(6):46-50.
113. Ung Y T,Cooper P A. Effect of species, retention and conditioning temperature on copper stabilization and leaching for ACQ-D [C]. The 35th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Ljubljana, Slovenia,2004, Document No:IRG/WP 30342.
114. Weaver F W. A modified empty-cell process for treatment of wood with chromated copper arsenate [D].1981, Master's thesis, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS.
115. Wolcott M P. Modelling viscoelastic cellular materials for the pressing of wood composites [D]. 1990, Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
116. Wood M W, Kelso J W C, Barnes H M, et al. Effects of MSU process and preservative retention on southern pine treated with CCA-C [J]. Proc. Am. Wood-Preservers'Ass,1980,76:22-37.
117. Youngs R L. The perpendicular-to-grain mechanical properties of red oak as related to temperature, moisture content, and time [R]. USDA Forest Prod. Lab. Report,1957, No.2079, Madison, WI.
118. Yu L, Cao J, Cooper P A, Ung T. Effect of hot air post-treatments on copper leaching resistance in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir [J]. European Journal of Wood Products,2009a,00,1-7.
119. Yu L, Cao J, Cooper P A, et al. Effects of hot water post treatment on accelerating copper fixation in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir [J]. Wood and Fiber Science,2009b,41(3):1-9.
120. Yu L, Cao J, Zhao G.Tensile stress relaxation of wood impregnated with different ACQ formulations at various temperatures [J]. Holzforschung,2010,64(1).
121. Yamamoto K, Motegi S, Inai A. Leaching amount of wood preservatives from treated wood in different size during outdoor exposure for 6 months [C]. The 31st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Kona, Hawaii, USA, Doc. IRG/WP 00-50160.
122. Zhang J, Kamdem D P. Interaction of copper-amine with southern pine:retention and migration [J]. Wood and Fiber Science,2000a,32(3):332-339.
123. Zhang J, Kamdem D P. FTIR characterization of copper ethanolamine-wood interaction for wood preservation [J]. Holzforschung,2000b,54:119-122.
124. Zhang J, Kamdem D P. Interaction of copper-amine complexes with wood. Influence of copper source, amine ligands and amine to copper molar ratio on copper retention and leaching [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rosenheim, Germany, 1999, Document No:IRG/WP/99-30203.
2.金重为,施振华,张祖雄.ACQ木材防腐剂及防腐处理木材[J].木材工业,2004,18(4)：34-36.
3.蒋明亮,费本华.木材防腐的现状及研究开发方向[J].世界林业研究,2002,15(3)：44-48.
4.陆开形.Cu2+和Zn2+对雨生红球藻的毒性效应[J].宁波大学学报,理工版,2004,17(2)：397-400.
5.刘智,曹金珍,黄晓丽.热空气干燥法对ACQ-D在木材内的固着的加速作用[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(6)：119-123.
6.李坚,王清文,刘一星等.木材波谱学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
7.刘一星,赵广杰.木质资源环境学[M].北京：中国林业出版社北京,2004.
8.木材波谱学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003.
9.孟紫强.环境毒理学基础[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2003.
10.于丽丽,曹金珍.通风条件对ACQ-D处理杉木中铜固着的加速作用[J].北京林业大学学报,2007,30(5)：420-425.
11.王恺,管宁.我国木材资源战略转移的技术支撑[J].木材工业,2002,16(1)：3-5.
12.杨淑蕙.植物纤维化学[M].北京：中国轻工业出版社.北京,2001.
13.周惠明.木材防腐[M].中国林业出版社.1991.
14.张璧光,高建民,伊松林,等.实用木材干燥技术[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2005：238-239.
15. American Wood Preservers'Association Standard method of evaluating wood preservatives by field tests with stakes. E7-07 [S]. USA:American Wood-Preservers'Association,2007.
16. American Wood Preservers'Association. Standard method of determining the leachability of wood preservatives. E11-06 [S]. USA:American Wood-Preservers'Association,2006.
17. American Wood Preservers'Association.Standard method for analysis of treated wood and treating solutions by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Al 1-1993 [S]. USA:American Wood-Preservers'Association,1993.
18. Avramidis S, Ruddick J N R. Effect of temperature and moisture on CCA fixation [J]. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff,1989,47(8):328.
19. Alexander D L, Cooper P A. Effect of temperature and humidity on CCA-C fixation in pine sapwood [J]. Wood Protection,1993,2(2):39-45.
20. Barnes H M. Treatment of lodgepole pine poles using the MSU process [C]. Proc. Am. Wood-Preservers'Ass.,1988,84:201-210.
21. Bjordal C G., Daniel G., Nilsson T. Depth of burial, an important factor in controlling bacterial decay of waterlogged archaeological poles [J]. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 2000,45,15-26.
22. Boone R S, Winandy J E and Fuller J J.Effect of redrying schedule on preservative fixation and strength of CCA-treated lumber [J]. Forest Prod.J.,1995,45(9):65-73.
23. Bergervoet A J, Marcinko J L, Walcheski P J. Fixation process for heat-fixable preservative treated wood [P].1997, US Patent 5,652,023.
24. Bergervoet A J, Marcinko J L, Walcheski P J. Process for treating wood [P].1998, US Patent 5,824,370.
25. Cao J, Xie M., Zhao G. Tensile stress relaxation of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood [J]. Wood Sci. Technol,2006,40:417-426.
26. Cao J, Yu L L. Copper fixation in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir at various temperature and relative humidity conditions [C]. The 38th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Jackson Lake Lodge, Wyoming, USA,2007, Doc. No. IRG/WP 07-30436.
27. Cao J and Kamdem D P. Microwave treatment to accelerate fixation of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood [J]. Holzforschung,2004,58(5):569-571.
28. Carpenter M W, Gardner D J. Fixation/leaching of CCA in selected hardwood species at two temperatures [C]. In:Chromium Containing Waterborne Wood Preservatives:Fixationand Environmental Issues. Forest Products Society, Madison, Wisconsin, USA,1993, pp:41-49.
29. Craciun R, Maier M, Habicht J. A theoretical-industrial correlation and perspective on copper-based wood preservatives-a review of thermodynamic and kinetic aspects on copper-wood fixation mechanism [C]. The 40th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rosenheim, Germany,2009, Document No:IRG/WP/09-30499.
30. Chen J, Kaldas M, Ung T Y, et al. Heat transfer and wood moisture effects in moderate temperature fixation of CCA treated wood [C]. The 25th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Bali, Indonesia,1994, Document No:IRG/WP 40022.
31. Conradie W E, Pizzi A. Progressive heat-inactivation of CCA biological performance [C]. Proc. Am.Wood-Preservers'Ass.,1987,83:32-49.
32. Cooper P A. Cation exchange adsorption of copper on wood [J]. Wood Protect.,1991,1:9-14.
33. Cooper P A, Ung Y T. Accelerated fixation of CCA-treated poles [J]. Forest Prod.J,1993, 42(9):27-32.
34. Cooper P A, Ung T Y, Macvicar A. Relating degree of fixation to leaching from CCA treated products [C]. Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.America,1996,100-116.
35. Cooper P A. Diffusion of copper in wood cell wall following vacuum treatment [J]. Wood fiber and science,1998,30(4):382-395.
36. Craciun R and Kamdem P D. XPS and FTIR applied to the study of waterborne copper naphthenate wood preservatives [J]. Holzforschung,1997,51(3):207-213.
37. Dagarin F, Petric M, Sentjurc M P. EPR investigations of interactions between ammoniacal Cu(II) octanoate and wood [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rosenheim, Germany.1999, Document No:IRG/WP 30100.
38. Druz N, Andersone I and Andersons B. Interaction of Copper-Containing Preservatives with wood. Part 1. Mechanism of the interaction of copper with cellulose [J]. Holzforschung,2001,55(1), 13-15.
39. Dahlgren S E, Hartford W H. Kinetics and mechanism of fixation of Cu-Cr-As wood preservatives [J]. Holzforschung,1972,26(6):62-69.
40. Dahlgren S E, Hartford W H. Kinetics and mechanism of fixation of Cu-Cr-As wood preservatives. Part V. Effect of wood species and preservative composition on the leaching during storage [J]. Holzforschung,1975,29(3):84-95.
41. Dai C. Viscoelasticity of wood composite mats during consolidation [J]. Wood Fiber Sci.,2001, 33(3):353-363.
42. Evans P. Emerging technologies in wood protection [J]. Forest Prod. J.2003,53(1):14-22.
43. Evans F G. Field Test Results after Nine Years for CCA and ACQ Preservative-treated Wood Fixed in Different Climates [C]. The 31st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Stockholm, Sweden,2003, Document No:IRG/WP/03-30303.
44. Englund K, G Gardner D J.A study of chromated copper arsenate preservative treatment in selected Appalachian hardwoods. In:Chromium Containing Waterborne Wood Preservatives: Fixation and Environmental Issues [C].Forest Products Society. Madison,Wisconsin, USA, 1993:36-40.
45. Fang F, Ruddick J N R and Avramidis S. Application of radio-frequency heating to utility poles. Part2.Accelerated fixation of chromated copper arsenate [J]. Forest Prod. J.,2001,51(9):53-58.
46. Fisher R A. On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics [C]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, A.,1922,222:309-368.
47. Freeman M H, McIntyre C R. Micro-Distribution of Metals in Wood Treated with a Nano-Copper Wood Preservative [R].2006, An Independent Analysis of Data Comparing Micronized Copper-Quaternary (Smart SenseTM) To ACQ (Alkaline Copper Quaternary) By Independent Wood Scientist Memphis, TN And Walls, MS.
48. Freeman M H, Shupe T F, Vlosky R P,et al. Past, present, and future of the wood preservation industry [J]. Forest Prod.J.2003,53 (10):8-15.
49. Forsyth P G, Morrell J J. Hexavalent chromium reduction in CCA-treatedsawdust [J]. Forest Prod.J.,1990,40(6):48-50.
50. Guo A, Cooper P A, Ung T A. Fixation and leaching characteristics of acid copper chromate (ACC) compared to other chromium-based wood preservatives [J]. Forest Prod.J.,2005,5(7/8): 72-75.
51. Hughes A S, Murphy R J, Gibson J F, et al. Electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR) spectroscopic analysis of copper based preservatives in Pinus sylvestris [J]. Holzforschung,1994,48:91-98.
52. Humara M, Zlindrab D, Pohleven F. Influence of wood species, treatment method and biocides concentration on leaching of copper-ethanolamine preservatives [J]. Building and Environment, 2007,42:578-583.
53. Humara M, Kalan P, and Pohleven F. Influence of carboxylic acids on leaching of copper amine based preservatives [C]. In 36th annual meeting of the International Research Group Wood Preservation.2005, IRG/WP 05-30365
54. Humar M, Petric M, Pohleven F. Changes of the pH value of impregnated woodduring exposure to wood-rotting fungi [J]. Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff,2001,59,288-293.
55. Humar M., Zlindra D. Influence of temperature on fixation of copper-ethanolamine-based wood preservatives [J]. Building and Environment,2007,42(2007),4068-4071.
56. Humara M, Zlindra D, Pohleven F. Effect of fixation time on leaching of copper-ethanolamine based wood preservatives [J]. Holz Roh-Werkstoff,2006,65,329-330.
57. Jin L, Archer K. Copper based wood preservatives:Observations on fixation, distribution and performance [C]. Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.1991,87:169-183.
58. Jin L, Preston A F. The interaction of wood preservatives with lignocellulosic substrates.1. Quaternary ammonium compounds [J]. Holzforschung,1991,45:455-459.
59. Jiang X, Ruddick J N R. A spectroscopic investigation of copper ethylenediamine fixation in wood [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rosenheim, Germany.1999, Document No:IRG/WP 20160.
60. Jiang X. Fixation chemistry of amine-copper preservatives [D]. Ph.D. Canada:University of British Columbia,2000.
61. Jiang X, Ruddick J N R. Leaching resistance of copper amine-treated Scots pine [J]. For. Prod.J., 2004,54(12):213-216.
62. Jin L,Walcheski P, Preston A (2010) Studies on effect of pH on copper availability in copper-based preservatives. Int. Res. Group on Wood Protection. Doc. No. IRG/WP 30549. Stockholm Sweden.
63. Kaldas M, Cooper P A. Effect of wood moisture content on rate of fixation and leachability of CCA-treated red pine [J]. Forest Prod.J.1996,46(10):67-71.
64. Kamdem D P, Vlna E, Cooper P A. Fixation and leaching of CCA-C treated Eastern hardwood species [C]. CWPA Annual Meeting Proceedings, Canada,1997:13.
65. Kamdem D P, Gruber K, Freeman M. Laboratory evaluation of copper naphthenate as wood preservative for northern red oak [J]. Forest Product Journal.1995,45(9),72-76.
66. Kamdem D P, Riedl B, Kaliaguine S C, et al. ESCA spectroscopy of poly (methylmetacrylate) grafted onto wood fibers [J]. J. Application. Polymer. Science,1991,43:1901.
67. Kamdem, D P, Zhang J. Contribution of wood components on the absorption of copper amine [C]. The 31st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Kona, Hawaii, USA, Document No:IRG/WP/00-30216.
68. Kang S M, Hwang I Y, Kim S K.2008. Effect of steam on fixation of Cu-amine preservative treated wood [C]. The 31st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Istanbul, Turkey,2008, Document No:IRG/WP/08-50251.
69. Karimi A and Ghorbani M. Investigation of temperature effect on fixation of Celcure preservative (ACC) [C]. The 32nd annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Nara, Japan,2001, Document No:IRG/WP 01-40200.
70. Kumbhar A J. Redox reactions of copper (Ⅱ) amine complexes in aqueous solutions. Radiat. Phys. Chem [J].2003,66:275-280.
71. Lucas N, Ruddick J N R. Determination of the amine to copper ratio remaining in wood after water leaching [C]. The 33th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Cardiff, United Kingdom,2002, Document No:IRG/WP 30285.
72. Lee M J, Cooper P A. Adsorption of ACQ components in wood [C]. The 41st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Biarritz, France,2010, Document No:IRG/WP/ Int. Res. Group on Wood Protection. Doc. No. IRG/WP 30522. Stockholm Sweden.
73. Lewis D.1986. Drying hardwood by dehumidification [C]. FPRS Conf. "Drying Lumber for Quality and Profit", Charlotte, N.C.:114-118.
74. Loubinoux B, Malek H. Interactions of quaternary ammonium salts with wood.1. Fixation of benzalkonium bromide and chloride [J]. Holzforschung,1992,46:537-539.
75. Loubinoux B, Malek H, Joly J P, Kilbertus G. Interactions of quaternary ammonium salts with wood:Influence of cation and anion structure on fixation and leaching [J]. For.Prod. J.,1992,42 (10):55-58.
76. Lebow S, Winandy J, Bender D. Treated wood in transition:A look at CCA and the candidates to replace it [J]. Wood Design Focus. Summer 2004:4-8.
77. Lebow S, Brooks K, Simonsen J. Environmental impact of treated wood in service. In:Enhancing the Durability of Lumber and Engineered Wood Products [C]. Forest Prod. Soc., Madison, WI. 2002:205-215.
78. Li G, Nicholas D D, Schultz T P. Effect of delayed drying time on copper distribution in the ACQ-treated southern yellow pine research stakes [J]. Forest Prod.J.2006,56(3):29-31.
79. Lee A W C, James C G, Frank H T. Effect of rapid redrying shortly after treatment on leachability of CCA-treated southern pine [J]. Forest Prod. J.1993,43(2):37-40.
80. Li Y, Trush M A. Oxidation of hydroquinone by copper chemical mechanism and biological effects. Arch [J]. Biochem. Biophys.1993,300:346-355.
81. Morrell J J, Zabel R A. Wood strength and weight losses caused by soft-rot fungi isolated from treated southern pine utility poles [J]. Wood and Fiber Science,1985,17 (1):132-143.
82. Mitchell K A R and Barnes H M. Effect of drying temperature on the clear wood strength of southern pine treated with CCA-A [J]. Forest Products Journal,1986,36(3):8-12.
83. Matsunaga H, Kiguchi M, Evans P. Micro-distribution of metals in wood treated with a nano-copper wood preservatives [C]. The 38th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Jackson Lake Lodge, Wyoming, USA,2007, Doc. No. IRG/WP 07-40360.
84. Mazela B, Polus I, Hoffmann S K, et al. Biological test, AAS and EPR study of copper monoethanolamine complex with quaternary ammonium compounds as a wood preservative [C]. The 34th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Brisbane, Australia,2003, Document No:IRG/WP 03-30321.
85. Marko E, Giles P R, Tsukazaki M, et al. Copper-catalyzed oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones:an efficient, aerobic alternative [J]. Science 1996,20044-2046.
86. Osborne P D. Effect of high CCA retention on the percent fixation and fixation rate [C]. In:Proc. Rept. of Subcommittee T-2.Vol.87.AWPA, Woodstock, America,1996:249-250.
87. Peek R-D and Willeitner H. Beschleunigte fixierung chromathaltiger holzschutzmittel durch heiβdampfbehandlung. I. Mitteilung:einfluβverschiedener warmebehandlungen auf die Auswaschung von Schutzsalzen [J]. Holz Roh-Werkstoff,1981,39:495-502.
88. Peek R-D. Strength properties of preservative treated pine and spruce wood after super-heated steaming [C]. The 15th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Sweden,1984, Document No:IRG/WP/3313.
89. Peek R-D and Klipp H. Fixation of chromated wood preservatives through technical drying [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rotorua, New Zealand,1990, Document No:IRG/WP 3623.
90. Preston A F and McKaig P A. Effect of accelerated fixation on decay of CCA-treated wood [J]. Forest Prod. J.1983,33(11/12):41-44.
91. Pizzi A. Practical consequences of the clarification of the chemical mechanism of CCA fixation to wood [C]. The 14th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Lappeenranta, Finland,1983, Doc. IRG/WP 3220.
92. Pizzi A. The chemistry and kinetic behavior of Cu-Cr-As/B wood preservatives. II.Fixation of the Cu/Cr system on wood [J]. J. Polym. Sci.:Polym. Che. Ed.,1982 20(3),707-724.
93. Poncsak S, Kocaefe D, Bouazara M, et al. Effect of high temperature treatment on the mechanical properties of birch (Betula papyrifera) [J]. Wood Science and Technology,2006,40,647-663.
94. Pasek E A. Minimizing preservative losses:fixation a report of the P4 migration/fixation/depletion task force [C]. In:Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.,2003,99:100-124.
95. Peek R-D and Willeitner H. Fundamentals on steam fixation of chromated wood preservatives [C]. The 19th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Madrid, Spain, 1988, Document No:IRG/WP 3483.
96. Ruddick J N R. Application of a novel strength evaluation technique during screening of wood preservatives [C]. The 27th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Avignon, France,1986, Document No:IRG/WP/2262.
97. Ruddick J N R. Basic copper wood preservatives, preservative depletion:factors which influence loss [C]. Proc Can Wood Preserv Assoc2003,24:26-59.
98. Ruddick J N R. The fixation chemistry of ammoniacal copper wood preservatives [C]. Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.America,1996:32-40.
99. Ruddick J N R., Xie C and Herring F G. Fixation of amine copper preservatives. Part 1. Reaction of vanillin, a lignin model compound with monoethanolamine copper sulphate solution [J]. Holzforschung,2001,55:585-589.
100. Salme'n L, Burgert I. (2009) Cell wall features with regard to mechanical performance. A review. COST Action E35 2004-2008:Wood machining-micromechanics and fracture [J]. Holzforschung, 63:121-129.
101. Stirling R, Drummond J, Zhang J, et al. Micro-distribution of micronized copper in southern pine [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Istanbul, Turkey,2008, Document No:IRG/WP 30479.
102. Sjostrom E. The origin of charge on cellulosic fibers [J]. Nordic Pulp and Paper Research Journal, 1989(2):90-93.
103. Sheard L. A study of the rate of fixation of various chromium-containing preservatives [C]. The 22nd annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Kyoto, Japan,1991, Document No:IRG/WP/3653.
104. Stalker I N. Forecast of future uses for CCA Outside USA [C]. Proc.of the American Wood-Preservers'Assoc.2003,99:30-37.
105. Stevanovic-Janesic T, Cooper P A, Ung Y T. Chromated copper arsenate preservative treatment of North American hardwoods. CCA fixation performance [J].Holzforschung,2000,54(6):577-584.
106. Stook K, Tolaymat T, Ward M, et al. Relative leaching and aquatic toxicity of pressure-treated wood products using batch leaching tests [J]. Environmental Sci. and Tech.,2005,39:155-163.
107. Tascioglu C, Cooper P A, Ung T Y. Adsorption of ACQ and CuMEA Wood Preservatives in Red pine [C]. The 36th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Whistler, Canada,2005. Document No:IRG/WP 30374.
108. Tascioglu C, Cooper P A and Ung T. Rate and extent of adsorption of ACQ preservative components in wood [J]. Holzforschung,2005,59:574-580.
109. Tascioglu C, Cooper P A, Ung T. Effects of fixation temperature and environment on copper speciation in ACQ treated red pine [J]. Holzforschung,2008,62:1-5.
110. Taguchi G, Konishi S. Taguchi Methods Orthogonal Arrays and Linear Graphs:Tools for Quality Engineering [M]. ASI Press, Dearborn, MI.1987.
111. Ung Y T, Cooper P A. Copper stabilization in ACQ-D treated wood:retention, temperature and species effects [J]. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff,2005,63:186-191.
112. Ung Y T,Cooper P A. Feasibility of drying CCA-treated red pine poles during fixation [J]. Forest Prod. J,1996,46(6):46-50.
113. Ung Y T,Cooper P A. Effect of species, retention and conditioning temperature on copper stabilization and leaching for ACQ-D [C]. The 35th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Ljubljana, Slovenia,2004, Document No:IRG/WP 30342.
114. Weaver F W. A modified empty-cell process for treatment of wood with chromated copper arsenate [D].1981, Master's thesis, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS.
115. Wolcott M P. Modelling viscoelastic cellular materials for the pressing of wood composites [D]. 1990, Ph.D Dissertation, Department of Wood Science and Forest Products, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
116. Wood M W, Kelso J W C, Barnes H M, et al. Effects of MSU process and preservative retention on southern pine treated with CCA-C [J]. Proc. Am. Wood-Preservers'Ass,1980,76:22-37.
117. Youngs R L. The perpendicular-to-grain mechanical properties of red oak as related to temperature, moisture content, and time [R]. USDA Forest Prod. Lab. Report,1957, No.2079, Madison, WI.
118. Yu L, Cao J, Cooper P A, Ung T. Effect of hot air post-treatments on copper leaching resistance in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir [J]. European Journal of Wood Products,2009a,00,1-7.
119. Yu L, Cao J, Cooper P A, et al. Effects of hot water post treatment on accelerating copper fixation in ACQ-D treated Chinese fir [J]. Wood and Fiber Science,2009b,41(3):1-9.
120. Yu L, Cao J, Zhao G.Tensile stress relaxation of wood impregnated with different ACQ formulations at various temperatures [J]. Holzforschung,2010,64(1).
121. Yamamoto K, Motegi S, Inai A. Leaching amount of wood preservatives from treated wood in different size during outdoor exposure for 6 months [C]. The 31st annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Kona, Hawaii, USA, Doc. IRG/WP 00-50160.
122. Zhang J, Kamdem D P. Interaction of copper-amine with southern pine:retention and migration [J]. Wood and Fiber Science,2000a,32(3):332-339.
123. Zhang J, Kamdem D P. FTIR characterization of copper ethanolamine-wood interaction for wood preservation [J]. Holzforschung,2000b,54:119-122.
124. Zhang J, Kamdem D P. Interaction of copper-amine complexes with wood. Influence of copper source, amine ligands and amine to copper molar ratio on copper retention and leaching [C]. The 30th annual meeting of the international research group of wood preservation. Rosenheim, Germany, 1999, Document No:IRG/WP/99-30203.