入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花化学性状的增强及其对竞争的作用
|
摘要
生物入侵是当今生态学研究的核心问题。尤其是近几年来,对于入侵生物学中讨论和争议的核心问题——为什么入侵种在入侵地表现得活力更强、更具有竞争力?—一科学家提出了多种理论假说。其中,从化感角度提出的"Novel Weapons Hypothesis"(“新奇武器假说”)被认为是很多入侵植物的入侵机制。该假说指出,入侵植物能产生一些化学物质,而这些物质可以发挥较强的化感作用,成为植物和土壤微生物之间相互作用的调节者。由于不同区域的植物群落共同进化的轨迹不同,被入侵群落的植物对这些化学物质缺乏适应性,而这些化学物质也就成为了外来种入侵的武器。但是,目前关于入侵植物释放的化感物质在入侵地是否增强的研究甚少。
因此,本论文以入侵欧亚的杂草加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)为例,通过生物地理比较(中国和美国取样)和同质园种植实验,探讨入侵植物的化感性状在入侵地是否发生了快速适应性增强；中国种群的竞争作用是否大于美国种群的竞争作用；化感作用在入侵植物竞争过程中的贡献大小如何。本研究取得了以下主要研究成果：
1外来植物加拿大一枝黄花的化学性状
加拿大一枝黄花在种群扩张过程中,向土壤中释放的化感物质会逐年积累,3类主要化感物质(总黄酮、总酚类和总皂苷)含量显著高于对照组中未被加拿大一枝黄花侵染过的土壤。从化感效应来看,加拿大一枝黄花显著抑制了莴苣(Lactuca tatarica B.)种子的萌发和苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)的生长,随着提取物浓度的升高或者加拿大一枝黄花种植密度的增加(即化感物含量的增加),化感抑制效应随之显著增强。
土壤灭菌处理显著影响了加拿大一枝黄花释放的3类主要次生代谢产物在土壤中的存留率。与灭菌处理土壤相比,这3类主要次生代谢产物在不灭菌的土壤表现为刚开始快速降解,随后降解速度变得缓慢,最后维持在一定水平(总黄酮、总酚类和总皂苷的最终浓度分别约为26.04μg/g,17.01μg/g和55.18μg/g)。
2外来植物加拿大一枝黄花化感性状的增强
生物地理水平上的比较实验和温室的同质园实验中,中国种群都比美国种群表现有更高的生物量、株高、叶片总数、根冠比、SLA(比叶面积)、可溶性糖含量及蛋白质含量这些表征性状。
另外,我们还发现,中国种群的地上部分所含的总黄酮、总酚类和总皂苷的含量比美国种群分别高34.22%-34.28%、34.20%-66.53%和75.56%-107.80%；地下部分的总黄酮、总酚类和总皂苷的含量比美国种群分别高184.93%-209.06%、60.20%-67.20%和49.59%一77.33%。中国种群地上部分和地下部分的粗提液对莴苣种子的抑制率分别比美国种群高17.50%-65.98%和21.03%-70.43%,说明加拿大一枝黄花在入侵进程中,显著增强了其“化学防御武器”这个性状,暗示了入侵植物并不总是以降低化学防御的能量分配为代价。
3外来植物加拿大一枝黄花的竞争比较
当以鸡眼草为目标植物时,邻株植物加拿大一枝黄花(中国种群根状茎繁殖)密度的增加,显著降低了鸡眼草的生长,即显著增强了对鸡眼草的竞争作用。
当以加拿大一枝黄花(中国种群和美国种群种子繁殖)为目标植物时,中国种群的株高、生物量和花序干重都显著高于美国种群。而且,在邻体植物鸡眼草不同密度条件下(除4株/m2),中国种群的竞争作用都显著高于美国的种群。
当加拿大一枝黄花和鸡眼草1：1竞争时,以根状茎繁殖的加拿大一枝黄花中国种群地上部分的竞争作用比分别以种子繁殖的美国种群和中国种群的竞争作用强179.08%和22.71%,而地下部分的竞争作用分别比以种子繁殖的美国种群和中国种群的竞争作用强197.68%和31.89%,说明地下部分的竞争力要大于地上部分。实验结果表明,中国种群在长期的入侵进程中,竞争能力得到增强。
4化感性状对入侵植物竞争的贡献
当以鸡眼草为目标植物时,化感作用的贡献率随着邻体植物加拿大一枝黄花密度的增加而减弱,意味着竞争作用逐渐转向以资源竞争为主；当以加拿大一枝黄花为目标植物时,在鸡眼草的任何密度条件下,化感作用只在中国种群的竞争过程中扮演了重要的角色,说明加拿大一枝黄花在入侵的过程中增强的化感性状对竞争的重要作用；当加拿大一枝黄花和鸡眼草1：1竞争时,化感性状对以根状茎繁殖的加拿大一枝黄花的竞争力贡献也最大,地上部分和地下部分分别达到31.09%和46.12%,而化感性状对以种子繁殖为主的美国种群的竞争力的贡献最低,地上部分和地下部分分别只达到0.48%和0.80%,说明对于加拿大一枝黄花来说,还产生了以种子繁殖变为以根状茎繁殖为主的化感性状的转变。
Invasion by exotic plant species is recognized as an important ecological problem. Several hypothesises have been proposed to explain why some invasive plants are more vigorous in their introduced range comparing to in their native range."Novel weapons hypothesis" is one of these hypothesises, which poists that some invaders transform because they possess novel biochemical weapons that function as unusually powerful allelopathic agents, or as mediators of new plant—soil microbial interactions. Root exudates that are relatively ineffective against their natural neighbors because of adaptation, may be highly inhibitory to newly encountered plants in invaded communities. And these chemicals are the "Novel Weapons" of invasive plants. However, whether and how the alleochemicals evolve rapidly in the introduced range is not well known.
So, I conducted a series of experiments through biogeographical investigation and common garden approaches (eliminating environmental differences) to address the following questions:(1) whether S. canadensis increases its allelopathy in the introduced range compared to in its original range;(2) whether S. canadensis increases its competitive ability in the introduced range compared to in the its original range; and (3) whether allelopathy contributes to the enhanced competititive ability of Solidago. Main results obtained from these experiments are as follows:
1. Chemical traits of invasive Solidago canadensis
Concentrations of total flavones, total phenolics, and total saponins in soil accumulated as the population of S. canadensis developed in the field experiment and as density of S. canadensis increased in greenhouse experiment. And the contents of these three allelochemicals in the soil grown Solidago before were significantly higher than that in the soil grown native plants before. Seed germination rate of Lactuca tatarica Breitung and growth of Medicago sativa L. were significantly suppressed as the concentration of allelochemicals released from Solidago increased.
Total flavones, total phenolics, and total saponins in soil were significantly degraded when the soil was not sterilized. And the contents of three main group compounds declined rapidly6days after incubation, then kept constant at the level of26.04μg/g,17.01μg/g and55.18μg/g respectively.
2. The evolution of allelopathy in invasive Solidago canadensis
The results of biogeographical comparisons of Solidago canadensis L. populations and common garden experiments demonstrated that Chinese Solidago have significantly higher shoot height, biomass, the ratio of root to shoot biomass (R/S), leaf numbers, specific leaf area (SLA). Moreover, Solidago of Chinese populations have more34.22%-34.28%total flavones,34.20%-66.53%total phenolics and75.56%-107.80%total saponins than American populations in the aboveground extracts and have more184.93%-209.06%total flavones,60.20%-67.20%total phenolics and49.59%-77.33%total saponins than American populations in the belowground extracts.
Allelopathic effects of Chinese Solidago on lettuce significantly increased by17.50%-65.98%(aboveground) and21.03%-70.43%(belowground) than that of American Solidago, indicating that during the evolution of Solidago canadensis, the higher performance of S. canadensis in China was not only attributed to the growth and functional traits but also to an increased allelopathy.
3. The evolution of competition in invasive Solidago canadensis
When native plant Kummerowia striata was set as the target plant, the growth of K. striata was significantly reduced as the density of neighbor plant S. canadensis (rhizome grown) increased, implying that the competitive abilities of S. canadensis enhanced with the increasing density.
When Solidago canadensis (seed grown) from different origins (China and America) was set as the target plant, Chinese Solidago had more biomass and height than that of American Solidago. At each density (except for4seedlings/ m2) of neighbor plant K. striata, competitive ability of Chinese Solidago was always higher than American Solidago.
When Solidago canadensis was grown with Kummerowia striata (1:1), the competitive ability of Chinese Solidago (rhizome grown) were significantly higher by179.08%(aboveground) and197.68%(belowground) than that of seed grown Solidago from America, and by22.71%(aboveground) and31.89%(belowground) than that of seed grown Solidago from China. The results demonstrated that Chinese Solidago have evolved enhanced competitive ability during the invasion.
4. Contributions of allelopathy to the competition
Contrary to the results of enhanced competitive abilities of Chinese S. canadensis with target plant Kummerowia striata as the density of S. canadensis increased, allelopathic contributions declined significantly, indicating that resource competition gradually became the dominant form of competition when population of Solidago was very large. But allelopathic contributions were consistent with the results of increased competitive abilities of rhizome grown Chinese Solidago when Solidago grown with Kummerowia striata (1:1), comparing to the seed grown Solidago from China and America. Allelopathy made most contributions to the aboveground (31.09%) and belowground competition (46.12%) of rhizome grown Chinese Solidago. However, allelopathic contributions of seed grown Solidago from America was only up to0.48%(aboveground) and0.80%(belowground), implying that Chinese Solidago had evolved enhanced allelopathic advantage which contributed much more to the enhanced competititive ability.
因此,本论文以入侵欧亚的杂草加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)为例,通过生物地理比较(中国和美国取样)和同质园种植实验,探讨入侵植物的化感性状在入侵地是否发生了快速适应性增强；中国种群的竞争作用是否大于美国种群的竞争作用；化感作用在入侵植物竞争过程中的贡献大小如何。本研究取得了以下主要研究成果：
1外来植物加拿大一枝黄花的化学性状
加拿大一枝黄花在种群扩张过程中,向土壤中释放的化感物质会逐年积累,3类主要化感物质(总黄酮、总酚类和总皂苷)含量显著高于对照组中未被加拿大一枝黄花侵染过的土壤。从化感效应来看,加拿大一枝黄花显著抑制了莴苣(Lactuca tatarica B.)种子的萌发和苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)的生长,随着提取物浓度的升高或者加拿大一枝黄花种植密度的增加(即化感物含量的增加),化感抑制效应随之显著增强。
土壤灭菌处理显著影响了加拿大一枝黄花释放的3类主要次生代谢产物在土壤中的存留率。与灭菌处理土壤相比,这3类主要次生代谢产物在不灭菌的土壤表现为刚开始快速降解,随后降解速度变得缓慢,最后维持在一定水平(总黄酮、总酚类和总皂苷的最终浓度分别约为26.04μg/g,17.01μg/g和55.18μg/g)。
2外来植物加拿大一枝黄花化感性状的增强
生物地理水平上的比较实验和温室的同质园实验中,中国种群都比美国种群表现有更高的生物量、株高、叶片总数、根冠比、SLA(比叶面积)、可溶性糖含量及蛋白质含量这些表征性状。
另外,我们还发现,中国种群的地上部分所含的总黄酮、总酚类和总皂苷的含量比美国种群分别高34.22%-34.28%、34.20%-66.53%和75.56%-107.80%；地下部分的总黄酮、总酚类和总皂苷的含量比美国种群分别高184.93%-209.06%、60.20%-67.20%和49.59%一77.33%。中国种群地上部分和地下部分的粗提液对莴苣种子的抑制率分别比美国种群高17.50%-65.98%和21.03%-70.43%,说明加拿大一枝黄花在入侵进程中,显著增强了其“化学防御武器”这个性状,暗示了入侵植物并不总是以降低化学防御的能量分配为代价。
3外来植物加拿大一枝黄花的竞争比较
当以鸡眼草为目标植物时,邻株植物加拿大一枝黄花(中国种群根状茎繁殖)密度的增加,显著降低了鸡眼草的生长,即显著增强了对鸡眼草的竞争作用。
当以加拿大一枝黄花(中国种群和美国种群种子繁殖)为目标植物时,中国种群的株高、生物量和花序干重都显著高于美国种群。而且,在邻体植物鸡眼草不同密度条件下(除4株/m2),中国种群的竞争作用都显著高于美国的种群。
当加拿大一枝黄花和鸡眼草1：1竞争时,以根状茎繁殖的加拿大一枝黄花中国种群地上部分的竞争作用比分别以种子繁殖的美国种群和中国种群的竞争作用强179.08%和22.71%,而地下部分的竞争作用分别比以种子繁殖的美国种群和中国种群的竞争作用强197.68%和31.89%,说明地下部分的竞争力要大于地上部分。实验结果表明,中国种群在长期的入侵进程中,竞争能力得到增强。
4化感性状对入侵植物竞争的贡献
当以鸡眼草为目标植物时,化感作用的贡献率随着邻体植物加拿大一枝黄花密度的增加而减弱,意味着竞争作用逐渐转向以资源竞争为主；当以加拿大一枝黄花为目标植物时,在鸡眼草的任何密度条件下,化感作用只在中国种群的竞争过程中扮演了重要的角色,说明加拿大一枝黄花在入侵的过程中增强的化感性状对竞争的重要作用；当加拿大一枝黄花和鸡眼草1：1竞争时,化感性状对以根状茎繁殖的加拿大一枝黄花的竞争力贡献也最大,地上部分和地下部分分别达到31.09%和46.12%,而化感性状对以种子繁殖为主的美国种群的竞争力的贡献最低,地上部分和地下部分分别只达到0.48%和0.80%,说明对于加拿大一枝黄花来说,还产生了以种子繁殖变为以根状茎繁殖为主的化感性状的转变。
Invasion by exotic plant species is recognized as an important ecological problem. Several hypothesises have been proposed to explain why some invasive plants are more vigorous in their introduced range comparing to in their native range."Novel weapons hypothesis" is one of these hypothesises, which poists that some invaders transform because they possess novel biochemical weapons that function as unusually powerful allelopathic agents, or as mediators of new plant—soil microbial interactions. Root exudates that are relatively ineffective against their natural neighbors because of adaptation, may be highly inhibitory to newly encountered plants in invaded communities. And these chemicals are the "Novel Weapons" of invasive plants. However, whether and how the alleochemicals evolve rapidly in the introduced range is not well known.
So, I conducted a series of experiments through biogeographical investigation and common garden approaches (eliminating environmental differences) to address the following questions:(1) whether S. canadensis increases its allelopathy in the introduced range compared to in its original range;(2) whether S. canadensis increases its competitive ability in the introduced range compared to in the its original range; and (3) whether allelopathy contributes to the enhanced competititive ability of Solidago. Main results obtained from these experiments are as follows:
1. Chemical traits of invasive Solidago canadensis
Concentrations of total flavones, total phenolics, and total saponins in soil accumulated as the population of S. canadensis developed in the field experiment and as density of S. canadensis increased in greenhouse experiment. And the contents of these three allelochemicals in the soil grown Solidago before were significantly higher than that in the soil grown native plants before. Seed germination rate of Lactuca tatarica Breitung and growth of Medicago sativa L. were significantly suppressed as the concentration of allelochemicals released from Solidago increased.
Total flavones, total phenolics, and total saponins in soil were significantly degraded when the soil was not sterilized. And the contents of three main group compounds declined rapidly6days after incubation, then kept constant at the level of26.04μg/g,17.01μg/g and55.18μg/g respectively.
2. The evolution of allelopathy in invasive Solidago canadensis
The results of biogeographical comparisons of Solidago canadensis L. populations and common garden experiments demonstrated that Chinese Solidago have significantly higher shoot height, biomass, the ratio of root to shoot biomass (R/S), leaf numbers, specific leaf area (SLA). Moreover, Solidago of Chinese populations have more34.22%-34.28%total flavones,34.20%-66.53%total phenolics and75.56%-107.80%total saponins than American populations in the aboveground extracts and have more184.93%-209.06%total flavones,60.20%-67.20%total phenolics and49.59%-77.33%total saponins than American populations in the belowground extracts.
Allelopathic effects of Chinese Solidago on lettuce significantly increased by17.50%-65.98%(aboveground) and21.03%-70.43%(belowground) than that of American Solidago, indicating that during the evolution of Solidago canadensis, the higher performance of S. canadensis in China was not only attributed to the growth and functional traits but also to an increased allelopathy.
3. The evolution of competition in invasive Solidago canadensis
When native plant Kummerowia striata was set as the target plant, the growth of K. striata was significantly reduced as the density of neighbor plant S. canadensis (rhizome grown) increased, implying that the competitive abilities of S. canadensis enhanced with the increasing density.
When Solidago canadensis (seed grown) from different origins (China and America) was set as the target plant, Chinese Solidago had more biomass and height than that of American Solidago. At each density (except for4seedlings/ m2) of neighbor plant K. striata, competitive ability of Chinese Solidago was always higher than American Solidago.
When Solidago canadensis was grown with Kummerowia striata (1:1), the competitive ability of Chinese Solidago (rhizome grown) were significantly higher by179.08%(aboveground) and197.68%(belowground) than that of seed grown Solidago from America, and by22.71%(aboveground) and31.89%(belowground) than that of seed grown Solidago from China. The results demonstrated that Chinese Solidago have evolved enhanced competitive ability during the invasion.
4. Contributions of allelopathy to the competition
Contrary to the results of enhanced competitive abilities of Chinese S. canadensis with target plant Kummerowia striata as the density of S. canadensis increased, allelopathic contributions declined significantly, indicating that resource competition gradually became the dominant form of competition when population of Solidago was very large. But allelopathic contributions were consistent with the results of increased competitive abilities of rhizome grown Chinese Solidago when Solidago grown with Kummerowia striata (1:1), comparing to the seed grown Solidago from China and America. Allelopathy made most contributions to the aboveground (31.09%) and belowground competition (46.12%) of rhizome grown Chinese Solidago. However, allelopathic contributions of seed grown Solidago from America was only up to0.48%(aboveground) and0.80%(belowground), implying that Chinese Solidago had evolved enhanced allelopathic advantage which contributed much more to the enhanced competititive ability.
引文
陈欣,唐建军.植物他感作用及其生态学意义[J].农业现代化研究，1988,(1)：20-22
邓雄,杨期和,叶万辉,冯惠玲,曹洪麟.生物入侵的适应性进化及其影响[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2003,42：204-210.
董梅,陆建忠,张文驹,陈家宽,李博.加拿大一枝黄花——种正在迅速扩张的外来入侵植物[J].植物分类学报,2006,44(1)：72-85.
方芳,郭水良,黄林兵.入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用[J].生态科学报,2004,23(4)：331-334.
耿宇鹏,张文驹,李博,陈家宽..表型可塑性与外来植物的入侵能力[J].生物多样性,2004,12(4)：447-455.
郭水良,方芳.入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花对环境的生理适应性研究[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(1)：47-52.
胡玉佳,毕培曦.微甘菊生活史及其对除莠剂的反应研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1994,33(1)：88-95.
黄华,郭水良.外来植物加拿大一枝黄花生理指标的季节动态及其适应意义[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005a,28(2)：201-205.
黄华,郭水良.外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花繁殖生物学研究[J].生态学报,2005b,25(11)：2795-2803.
江贵波,曾任森.入侵物种三裂叶螃蜞菊挥发物的化感作用研究[J].生态环境,2007,16(3)：950-953.
孔垂华,胡飞.植物化感(相生相克)作用及其应用[M].2001,北京：农业出版社
孔垂华,徐效华,胡飞等.以特征次生物质为标记评价水稻品种及单植的化感潜力[J].科学通报,2002,470：203—206.
梅玲笑,陈欣,唐建军.外来杂草加拿大一枝黄花对入侵地植物的化感效应[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(12)：2379-2382.
聂呈荣,曾任森,黎华寿,李梅.三裂叶螃蜞菊对菜心化感作用的生理机理[J].华南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,24(4)：106-107.
钱振官,沈国辉,柴晓玲等加拿大一枝黄花浸出寝对杂草种子生长的影响[J].杂草科学,2005,2：18-20.
沈荔花.外来植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)入侵的化感作用机制研究[D].福建农林大学,2007.
唐建军,陈欣.植物他感作用研究现状与前景[J].青年生态学家,1988,2(1)：1-8
王大力,祝心如.豚草的化感作用研究[J].生态学报,1996,16(1)：11-19.
王大力,祝心如.豚草及三裂叶豚草挥发物成分的GC和GC/MS分析[J].质谱学报,1996,17(3)：48-53.
王开金,陈列忠,李宁,俞晓平.加拿大一枝黄花黄酮类成分的抗氧化与自由基消除活性的研究[J].中国药学杂志,2006,41(7)：33-37.
王开金,陈列忠,俞晓平.一枝黄花属植物的化学成分和生物活性研究进展[J].科技通报,2007,23(1)：75-82.
王开金,李宁,陈列忠,俞晓平.加拿大一枝黄花精油的化学成分及其抗菌活性[J].植物资源与环境学报,2006,15(1)：34-36.
王真辉.外来植物入侵群落理论假说[J].热带农业科学,2007,27(1)：67-72.
温达志,叶万辉,冯惠玲,蔡锡安.外来入侵杂草薇甘菊及其伴生种基本光合特性的比较[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2000,8(2)：139-146.
吴锦容,彭少麟.化感——外来入侵植物的。"Novel Weapons" [J].生态学报,2005,25(11)：3093-3097.
杨贤燕.外来杂草对本地植物丛枝菌根的化感作用[D].浙江大学,2007.
曾任森,林像联,骆世明,曾强,谭惠芬.蟛蜞菊的生化他感作用及生化他感作用物的分离鉴定[J].生态学报,1996,16(1)：20-27.
曾任森,林像联,谭惠芬.蟛蜞菊根分泌物的异种克生作用及初步分离[J].生态学杂志,1994,14(1)：51-56.
张中信.入侵种加拿大一枝黄花与本地种一枝黄花的生物学及生态学特征的比较研究[D].安徽师范大学硕士论文,2007.
Abhilasha D, Quintana N, Vivanco J, Joshi J. Do allelopathic compounds in invasive Solidago canadensis s.l. restrain the native European flora [J]? Journal of Ecology,2008, 96:993-1001.
Alford ER, Perry LG, Qin B, Vivanco JM, Paschke MW. A putative allelopathic agent of Russian knapweed occurs in invaded soils [J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2007,39: 1812-1815.
Alpert P, Bone E, Holzapfei C. Invasiveness, invisibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of non-native plants [J]. Perspectives in Plant Ecology,2000,3(1): 52-66.
Arunachalam M, Mohan N, Sugadev R, Chellappan P, Mahadevan A. Degradation of (+)-catechin by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus MTC 127 [J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2003,1621:261-265.
Bais HP, Vepachedu R, Gilroy S, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion:from molecules and genes to species interactions [J]. Science,2003,301: 1377-1380.
Bais HP, Walker TS, Stermitz FR, Hufbauer RA, Vivanco JM. Enantiomeric-dependant phytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of (±)-catechin:a rhizosecreted racemic mixture from spotted knapweed [J]. Plant Physiology,2002,128:1173-1179.
Barney JN, Whitlow TH, DiTommaso A. Evolution of an invasive phenotype:shift to belowground dominance and enhanced competitive ability in the introduced range [J]. Plant Ecology,2009,202:275-284.
Begon M, Harper JL, Townsend CR. Ecology:Individuals, Populations and Communities [M]. 2nd edn. Blackwell Science,1990, London.
Belz RG, Hurle K. A novel laboratory screening bioassay for crop seedling allelopathy [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2004,30:175-198.
Bertin C, Yang X, Weston LA. The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere [J]. Plant and Soil,2003,256:67-83.
Blair AC, Wolfe LM. The evolution of an invasive plant:an experimental study with Silene latifolia [J]. Ecology,2004,85:3035-3042.
Blossey B, Notzold R. Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants:a hypothesis [J]. Journal of Ecology,1995,83:887-889.
Blum U, Shafer SR, Lehman ME. Evidence for inhibitory allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids in field soils:Concepts vs. an experimental model [J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1999,18,673-693.
Bohlmann E, Burkhardt T, Zdero C. Naturally occurring acetylenes [M]. London and New York:Academic Press,1973, p60-66.
Bohlmann E, Fritz U, King RM, Robinson H. Sesquiterpene and diterpene derivatives from Solidago species [J]. Phytochemistry,1980,19(12):2655-2661.
Bohtmann F, Chen ZL, Schuster A. Aromatic esters from Solidago decurrens [J]. Phytochemistry,1981,20(11):2601-2602.
Bone E, Farres A. Trends and rates of microevolution in plants [J]. Genetica,2001,112: 165-182.
Bossdorf O, Auge H, Lafuma L, Rogers WE, Siemann E, Prati D. Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations [J]. Oecologia,2005, 144:1-11.
Bossdorf O, Prati D, Auge H, Schmid B. Reduced competitive ability in an invasive plant [J]. Ecology Letters,2004,7:346-353.
Buckley YM, Downey P, Fowler SV, Hill R, Memmot J, Norambuena H, Pitcairn M, Shaw R, Sheppard AW, Winks C, Wittenberg R, Reese M. Are invasives bigger? A global study of seed size variation in two invasive shrubs [J]. Ecology,2003,84:1434-1440.
Callaway, R. M., Aschehoug, E. T. Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors:a mechanism for exotic invasion [J]. Science,2000,290:521-523.
Callaway RM, Cipollini D, Barto K, Thelen GC, Hallett SG, Prati D, Stinson K, Klironomos J. Novel weapons:invasive plant suppresses fungal mutualists in America but not in its native Europe [J]. Ecology,2008,89(4):1043-1055.
Callaway RM, Ridenour WM. Novel weapons:invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability [J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2004, 2:436-443.
Cappuccino N, Arnason JT. Novel chemistry of invasive exotic plants [J]. Biology Letters, 2006,2:189-93.
Carol EL. Evolutionary genetics of invasive species [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2002,17(8):386-391.
Carral EV. Trends in allelopathy research over six-year period. In:Allelopathy From Molecules to Ecosystems,2002, pp.299-304. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH), USA
Carroll SP, Loye JE, Dingle H, Mathieson M, Famula TR, Zalucki MP. And the beak shall inherit-evolution in response to invasion [J]. Ecology Letters,2005,8:944-951.
Choi SZ, Choi SU, Lee KR. Pytochemical constituents of the aerial parts from Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantean [J]. Archives of Pharmacal Research,2004,27(2):164-168.
Cipollini KA, McClain GA, Cipollini D. Separating above-and belowground effects of Alliaria petiolata and Lonicera maackii on the performance of Impatiens capensis [J]. The American Midland Naturalist Journal,2008,160:117-128.
Clinton WJ, Executive Order on Invasive Species [Z],1999.
Colautti RI, Maron JL, Barret SCH. Common garden comparisons of native and introduced plant populations:latitudinal clines can obscure evolutionary inferences [J]. Evolutionary Applications,2009,187-199.
Crawley MJ, Harvey PH, Purvis A. Comparative ecology of the native and alien floras of the British Isles [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London)-Biology, 1996,351:1251-1259.
Cripps MG, Hinz HL, McKenney JL, Price WJ, Schwarzlander M. No evidence for an 'evolution of increased competitive ability'for the invasive Lepidium draba [J]. Basic and Applied Ecology,2009,10:103-112.
Cripps MG, Schwarzlander M, McKenney JL, Hinz HL, Price WJ. Biogeographical comparison of the arthropod herbivore communities associated-with Lepidium draba in its native, expanded and introduced ranges [J]. Journal of Biogeography,2006,33: 2107-2119.
Cronk QCB, Fuller JL. Plant Invaders:the Threat to Natural Ecosystems [M]. Earthscan Publications,2001, London, UK.
Daehler CC. Performance comparisons of cooccurring native and alien invasive plants: implications for conservation and restoration [J]. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics,2003,34:183-211.
Daehler CC, Strong DR. Predicition and biological invasions [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1993,8:380.
Dalton BR. The occurrence and behavior of plant phenolic acids in soil environment and their potential involvement in allelochemical interference interactions: methodological limitations in establishing conclusive proof of allelopathy. In Principles and Practices in Plant Ecology:Allelochemical Interactions. Eds. Inderjit, Dakshini K M M and C L Foy.,1999, pp.57-74. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
del Moral R. On the variability of chlorogenic acid concentration [J]. Oecologia,1972,9: 289-300.
DeWalt SJ, Denslow JS, Ickes K. Natural enemy release facilitates habitat expansion of the invasive tropical shrub Clidemia hirta [J]. Ecology,2004,85:471-483.
Dietz H, Steinlein T, Winterhalter P, Ullmann I. Role of allelopathy as a possible factor associated with the rising of dominance of Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae) in some native plant assemblages [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1996,22:1797-1811.
Dunbar KR, Facelli JM. The impact of a novel invasive species, Orbea variegata (African carrion flower), on the chenopod shrublands of South Australia [J]. Journal of Arid Environments,1999,41:37-48.
Dwyer JF, Nowak DJ, Noble MH, Sisinni SM. Connecting People with Ecosystems in the 21st Century:An Assessment of Our Nation's Urban Forests.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.2000.
Einhellig FA. Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1996,88:886-893.
Ellstrand NC, Schierenbeck KA. Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants [J]? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,2000, 97:7043-7050.
Elton CS, The ecology of invasions by animals and plants [M]. London:Methuen,1958.
Facon B, Jarne P, Pointier JP, David P. Hybridization and invasiveness in the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata:hybrid vigour is more important than increase in genetic variance [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2005,18:524.
Feng YL, Auge H, Ebeling SK. Invasive Buddleja davidii allocates more nitrogen to its photosynthetic machinery than five native woody species [J]. Oecologia,2007,153: 501-510.
Feng YL, Fu GL, Zheng YL. Specific leaf area relates to the differences in leaf construction cost, photosynthesis, nitrogen allocation and use efficiencies between invasive and noninvasive alien congeners [J]. Planta,2008,228:383-390.
Feng YL, Leia YB, Wang RF, Callaway RM, Valiente-Banuet A, Inderjit, Lia YP, Zheng YL. Evolutionary tradeoffs for nitrogen allocation to photosynthesis versus cell walls in an invasive plant [J]. The National Academy of Sciences of the USA,2009,106(6): 1853-1856.
Figen MT. Saponins versus plant fungal pathogens [J]. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology,2006,5:13-17.
Fitter A. Making allelopathy respectable [J]. Science,2003,301:1337-1338.
Fuerst EP, Putman AR. Separating the competitive and allelopathic components of interference:theoretical principles [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1983,9:937-944.
Furubayashi A, Hiradate S, Fujii Y. Role of catechol structure in the adsorption and transformation reactions of L-dopa in soils [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33(2): 239-250.
Genton BJ, Kotanen PM, Cheptou PO, Adolphe C, Shykoff JA. Enemy release but no evolutionary loss of defence in a plant invasion:an inter-continental reciprocal transplant experiment [J]. Oecologia,2005,146:404-414
Goldberg DE. Competitive ability:definitions, contingency and correlated traits [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,1996,351:1377-1385.
Gomez-Aparicio L, Canham CD. Neighbourhood analyses of the allelopathic effects of the invasive tree Ailanthus altissima in temperate forests [J]. Journal of Ecology,2008, 96:447-458.
Gopal B, Goel U. Competition and allelopathy in aquatic communities [J]. Botanical Review [J],1993,59:155-210.
Gordon DR. Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida [J]. Ecological Applications,1998,8:975-989.
Grace JB. On the relationship between plant traits and competitive ability. In:Perspectives on Plant Competition (eds. J.B. Grace & D. Tilman) [M],1990, pp.51-65. Academic Press, New York.
Grayer RJ. Methods in Plants Biochemistry, Vol.1:Plant Phenolics, Ed. J. B.,1989.
Guo J, Cui GY. Ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction of total phenols from Solidago canadensis L. [J]. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboration,2010,27(1),335-338.
Gurevitch J, Padilla DK. Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions [J]? Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2004,19:470-474.
Halama P, van Haluwyn C. Antifungal activities of certain lichen extracts [J]. Cryptogamie Mycologie,1997,18:169-171.
Hall AB, Blum U, Fites RC. Stress modification of allelopathy of Helianthus annuus L. debris on seed germination [J]. American Journal of Botany,1982,69:776-783.
Harborne JB, ed.. Methods in plant biochemistry. I. Plant phenolics. Academic Press, London,1989a.
Harborne JB. General procedures and measurements of total phenolics [J]. Journal of Botany,1989b,1-28.
Harborne J. Phytochemical Methods [M], Chapman and Hall, London,1973, p 212.
He WM, Feng YL, Ridenour WM, Thelen GC, Pollock JL, Diaconu A, Callaway RM. Novel weapons and invasion:biogeographic differences in the competitive effects of Centaurea maculosa and its root exudate (±)-catechin [J]. Oecologia,2009,159:803-815.
Henery ML, Bowman G, Mraz P, Treier UA, Gex-Fabry E, Schaffner U, Miiller-Scharer H. Evidence for a combination of pre-adapted traits and rapid adaptive change in the invasive plant Centaurea stoebe [J]. Journal of Ecology,2010,98:800-813.
Herms DA, Mattson WJ. Plant growth and defense [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1994, 9:488.
Hertling UM, Lubke RA. Assessing the potential for biological invasion-the case of Ammophila arenaria in South Africa [J]. South African Journal of Science,2000,96: 520-527.
Hierro JL, Callaway RM. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion [J]. Plant and Soil,2003, 256:29-39
Hierro J, Maron LJL, Callaway RMA. A biogeographical approach to plant invasions:the importance of studying exotics in their introduced and native range [J]. Journal of Ecology,2005,93(1):5-15.
Hinz HL, Schwarzlaender M. Comparing invasive plants from their native and exotic range:what can we learn for biological control [J]? Weed Technology,2004,18: 1533-1541.
Hobbs RJ, Mooney HA. Invasive species in a changing world:the interactions between global change and invasives. Invasive alien species:a new synthesis [M] (ed. by H.A. Mooney, R.N. Mack, J.A. McNeely, L.E. Neville, PJ. Schei and J.K. Waage),2005, pp. 310-331. Island Press, Washington DC, USA.
Hollingsworth ML, Bailey JP. Evidence for massive clonal growth in the invasive weed Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) [J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,2000, 133:463-472.
Holt RD. Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities [J]. Theoretical Population Biology,1977,12:197-229.
Holt RD. Spatial heterogeneity, indirect interactions, and the coexistence of prey species [J]. American Naturalist],1984,124:377-406.
Holt RD, Lawton JH. The ecological consequences of shared natural enemies [J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic,1994,25:495-520.
Huang PM, Wang MC, Wang MK. Catalytic transformation of phenolic compounds in the soil. In:Principles and Practices in Plant Ecology:Allelochemical Interactions [M]. Eds. Inderjit, K M M Dakshini and C L Foy.,1999, pp.287-306. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Huang W, Siemann E, Wheeler GS, Zou J, Carrillo J, Ding JQ. Resource allocation to defence and growth are driven by different responses to generalist and specialist herbivory in an invasive plant [J]. Journal of Ecology,2010,98:1157-1167.
Huey RB. Using invasive species to study evolution:case studies with Drosophila and Salmon. In:Species Invasions:Insights into Ecology, Evolution and Biogeography [M] (Sax, D.F. et al, eds),2005, pp.139-164, Sinauer Associates
Hull-Sanders HM, Johnson RH, Owen HA, Meyer GA. Effects of polyploidy on secondary chemistry, physiology, and performance of native and invasive genotypes of Solidago Gigantea (Asteraceae) [J]. American Journal of Botany,2009,96:762-770.
Inderjit. Plant phenolics in allelopathy [J]. Botanical Review,1996,62:186-202.
Inderjit. The ecology of biological invasions:past, present and future. In:Invasive Plants: Ecological and Agricultural Aspects (Inderjit ed), pp.19-43, Birkhauser Verlag [M], 2005.
Inderjit, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM. Can plant biochemistry contribute to understanding of invasion ecology [J]? Trends in Plant Science,2006,11(12):574-580.
Inderjit, Callaway RM. Experimental designs for the study of allelopathy [J]. Plant and Soil,2003,256:1-11.
Inderjit, Dakshini KMM. Allelopathic effect of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on characteristics of four soils and tomato and mustard growth [J]. American Journal of Botany,1994,81:799-804.
Inderjit, del Moral R. Is separating resource competition from allelopathy realistic [J]? Botanical Review,1997,63:221-227.
Inderjit, Keating KI. Allelopathy:principles, procedures, processes, and promises for biological control [J]. Advances in Agronomy,1999,67:141-231.
Inderjit, Nilsen ET. Bioassays and field studies for allelopathy in terrestrial plants: progress and problems [J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2003,22:221-238
Inderjit, Nishimura H. Effect of the anthraquinones emodin and physcion on availability of selected soil inorganic ions [J]. Annals of Applied Biology,1999,135:425-429.
Inderjit, Pollock JL, Callaway RM, Holben W. Phytotoxic effects of (±)-catechin in vitro, in soil, and in the field [J]. PLoS One,2008a,3(7):e2536.
Inderjit, Seastedt TR, Callaway RM, Pollock JL, Kaur J. Allelopathy and plant invasions: traditional, congeneric, and biogeographical approaches [J]. Biological Invasions, 2008b,10:875-890.
Inderjit, Weiner J. Plant allelochemical interference or soil chemical ecology [J]? Perspect in Plant Ecolgy,2001,4:4-12.
Inderjit, Weston LA. Are laboratory bioassays for allelopathy suitable for prediction of field responses [J]? Journal of Chemical Ecology,2000,26:2111-2118.
Inose Y, Miyase T, Ueno A. Studies on the constituents of Solidago virga-aurea L. III. Structures of Solidago saponins in the herb [J]. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1991, 39(8):2037-2042.
Jackson JR, Willemsen RW. Allelopathy in the first stages of secondary succession on the piedmont of New Jersey [J]. American Journal of Botany,1976,63(7):1015-1023.
Jakobs G, Weber E, Edwards PJ. Introduced plants of the invasive Solidago gigantean (Asteraceae) are larger and grow denser than conspecifics in the native range [J]. Diversity and Distributions,2004,10:11-19.
Jarchow ME, Cook BJ. Allelopathy as a mechanism for the invasion of Typha angustifolia [J]. Plant Ecology,2009,204:113-124.
Jensen LB, Courtois B, Shen L. Locating genes controlling allelopathic effects against bamyardgrass in upland rice [J]. Agronomy Journal,2001,93:21-26.
Jilani G, Mahmood S, Chaudhry AN, Hassan I, Akram M. Allelochemicals:sources, toxicity and microbial transformation in soil-a review [J]. Annals of microbiology, 2008,58(3):351-357.
Joshi J, Vrieling K. The enemy release and EICA hypothesis revisited:incorporating the fundamental difference between specialist and generalist herbivores [J]. Ecology Letters,2005,8:704-14.
Kaminsky R. The microbial origin of the allelopathic potential of Adenostoma fasciculatum H.& A [J]. Ecological Monographs,1981,51:365-382.
Kasali AA, Ekundayo O, Paul C, Konig WA. epi-Cubebanes from Solidago canadensis [J]. Phytochemistry,2002,59(8):805-810.
Kaur H, Kaur R, Kaur S, Baldwin IT, Inderjit. Taking ecological function seriously:soil microbial communities can obviate allelopathic effects of released metabolites [J]. Plos One,2009,4(3):e4700.
Keane RM., Crawley MJ. Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2002,17:164-170.
Kong CH, Wang P, Gu Y, Xu XH, Wang ML. Fate and impact on microorganisms of rice allelochemicals in paddy soil [J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,2008,56: 5043-5049.
Krogmeier MJ, Bremmer JM. Effects of phenolic acids on seed germination and seedling growth in soil [J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,1989,8:116-122.
Lam J. Polyacetylenes of Solidago virgaurea: Their seasonal variation and NMR long-range spin coupling constants [J]. Phytochemistry,1971,10(3):647-653.
Langenheim JH. Higher plant terpenoids:a phytocentric overview of their ecological roles [J]. Jourcal of Chemical Ecology,1994,20:1223-1280.
Lau JA, Puliafico KP, Kopshever JA, Steltzer H, Jarvis EP, Schwarzla'nder M, Strauss SY, Hufbauer RA. Inference of allelopathy is complicated by effects of activated carbon on plant growth [J]. New Phytologist,2008,178(2):412-423.
Lavergne S, Molofsky J. Increased genetic variation and evolutionary potential drive the success of an invasive grass [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U. S. A., 2007,104:3883-3888.
Lee CE. Evolutionary genetics of invasive species [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2002, 17:386-391.
Leger EA, Rice KJ. Invasive California poppies (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) grow larger than native individuals under reduced competition [J]. Ecology Letters,2003,6: 257-264.
Lerdau M, Guenther A, Monson R. Plant production and emission of volatile, organic compounds [J]. Bioscience,1997,47:373.
Liang GL, Lin SY, Liu D. Quantitative determination of total saponins in polygalae by spectrophotometry [J]. Progress in Model Biomedicine,2008,8:104-106.
Lovett JV. Allelopathy and self-defence in plant [J]. Australian Weeds,1982,2:33-35.
Lu T, Menelaou MA, Vargas D, Fronczek FR, and Fischer NH. Polyacetylenes and diterpenes from Solidago canadensis [J]. Phytochemistry,1993,32(6):1483-1488.
Lu T, Vargas D, Franzblau S, Fischer NH. Diterpenes from Solidago rugosa [J]. Phytochemistry,1995,38(2):451-456.
Mahall BE, Callaway RM. Root communication mechanisms and intracommunity distributions of two Mojave desert shrubs [J]. Ecology,1992,73:2145-2151.
Maillet J, Lopez-Garcia C. What criteria are relevant for predicting the invasive capacity of a new agricultural weed? The case of invasive American species in France [J]. Weed Research,2000,40(1):11-26.
Mallik AU, Pellissier F. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus on spruce regeneration:testing the notion of coevolutionary significance of allelopathy [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2000,26:2197-2209.
Maron JL, Vila M, Bommarco R, Elmendore S, Beardsleys P. Rapid Evolution of an invasive plant [J]. Ecological Monographs,2004,74(2):261-280.
Massimo P. Evolution of phenotypic plasticity:where are we going now [J]?Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2005,20(9):481-486.
McKenney JL, Cripps MG, Price WJ; Hinz HL, Schwarzlander M. No difference in competitive ability between invasive North American and native European Lepidium draba populations [J]. Plant Ecology,2007,193:293-303.
Meyer J. Observations on the reproductive biology of Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae), an alien invasive tree on the island of Tahiti (South Pacific Ocean) [J]. Biotropica,1998,30:609-624.
Mooney HA, Cleland EE. The evolutionary impact of invasive species [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U. S. A,2001,98:5446-5451.
Mooney HR, McNeely MJ, Neville L, Schei P, Waage J, eds. Invasive Alien Species:A New Synthesis [M],2005, Island Press
Miiller C, Martens N. Testing predictions of the'evolution of increased competitive ability'hypothesis for an invasive crucifer [J]. Evolutionary Ecology,2005,19:533-50.
Miiller-Scharer H, Schafmer U, Steinger T. Evolution in invasive plants:implications for biological control [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2004,19(8):417-422.
Newman EI. Allelopathy:adaptation or accident? In:Harborne JB (ed) Biochemical aspects of plant and animal coevolution [M]. Academic Press, New York, NY,1978,435
Nilsson MC, Zackrisson O, Sterner O, Wallstedt O. Characterisation of the differential interference effects of two boreal dwarf shrub species [J]. Oecologia,2000,123(1): 122-128.
Nilsson MC. Separation of allelopathy and resource competition by the boreal dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup [J]. Oecologia,1994,98:1-7.
Papp I, Apati P, Andrasek V, Blazovics A, Balazs A, Kursinszki L, Kite GC, Houghton PJ and Kery A. LC-MS analysis of antioxidant plant phenoloids [J]. Chromatographia, 2004,60:93-100.
Pellissier F. The role of soil community in plant population dynamics:is allelopathy a key component [J]? Trend in Ecology & Evolution,1998,13:407.
Perrings C, Williamson M, Dalmazzone S (eds). The Economics of Biological Invasions [M], Edward Elgar,2000, Cheltenham.
Perry LG, Thelen GC, Ridenour WM, Callaway RM, Paschke MW, Vivanco JM. Concentrations of the allelochemical (±)-catechin in Centaurea maculosa soils [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33:2337-2344.
Prati D, Bossdorf O. Allelopathic inhibition of germination by Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) [J]. American Journal of Botany,2004,91(2):285-288.
Prentis PJ, Wilson JRU, Dormontt EE, Richardson DM, and Lowe AJ. Adaptive evolution in invasive species [J]. Trends in Plant Science,2008,13:288-94.
Pysek P, Richardson DM. Traits associated with invasiveness in alien plants:where do we stand? In:Biological Invasions (ed W. Nentwig), pp.97-126 [M]. Springer-Verlag,2007, Berlin & Heidelberg, Germany.
Qu YL, Yu CG, Wang B, Yang LY. Determination of total flavones from the Solidago canadensis by microwave-assisted extraction and absorption spectroscopy [J]. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University (Natural Science),2010,29(1),39-43.
Quesne PWL, Honkan V, Onan KD, Morrowa PA, and Tonkyna D. Oxidized kaurene derivatives from leaves of Solidago missouriensis and Solidago rigida [J]. Phytochemistry, 1985,24(8):1785-1787.
Rabotnov TA. Importance of the evolutionary approach to the study of allelopathy [J]. Ekologia,1982,3:5-8(translated from Russian)
Rambuda TD, Johnson SD. Breeding systems of invasive alien plants in South Africa: does Baker's rule apply [J]? Diversity and Distributions,2004,10:409-416.
Reigosa MJ, Pazos-Malvido E. Phytotoxic Effects of 21 plant secondary metabolites on Arabidopsis thaliana germination and root growth [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007, 33:1456-1466.
Rejmanek M, Richardson DM. What attributes make some plant species more invasive [J]? Ecology,1996,77:1655-1661.
Reznicek G, Jurenitsch J, Freiler M, Korhammer S, Haslinger E, Hiller K, and Kubelka W. Isolation and structure elucidation of further saponins from Solidago canadensis [J]. Planta Medicine,1992,58(1):94-98.
Reznicek G, Jurenitsch J, Michl G. The first structurally confirmed saponin from Solidago gigantean:structure elucidation by modem NMR techniques [J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 1989,30(31):4097-4100.
Reznick DN, Ghalambor CK. The population ecology of contemporary adaptations whatempirical studies reveal abort the conditions that promote adaptive evolution [J]. Genetica,2001,112:183-198.
Rice EL. Allelopathy [M]. Academic Press,1974, New York.
Rice EL. Allelopathy [M]. Academic Press Inc. The University of Okalahoma, Norman Oklahoma New York,1984.
Rice SA, Bazzaz FA. Growth consequences of plasticity of plant traits in response to light conditions [J]. Oecologia,1989,78:508-512.
Rich EL. Investigation of allelopathy in invasive introduced tree species, Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) [D]. Drexel University,2004, PA
Richards CL, Bossdorf O, Muth NZ, Gurevitch j, Pigliucci M. Jack of all trades, master of some? On the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant invasions [J]. Ecology Letters,2006, 9:981-993.
Ridenour WM, Callaway RM. The relative importance of allelopathy in interference:the effects of an invasive weed on a native bunchgrass [J]. Oecologia,2001,126:444-450.
Ridenour WM, Vivanco JM, Feng Y, Horiuchi J, Callaway RM. No evidence for tradeoffs: Centaurea plants from America are better competitors and defenders than plants from the native range [J]. Ecological Monographs,2008,78:369-386.
Robinson T. Metabolism and function of alkaloids in plants. Science,1974,184:430-435.
Sakai AK, Allendorf FW, Holt JS, Lodge DM, Molofsky J, With KA, Baughman.S, Cabin RJ, Cohen JE, Ellstrand NC, McCauley DE, O'Neil P, Parker IM, Thompson JN, Weller SG. The population biology of invasive weeds [J]. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics,2001,32:305-332.
Sax DF, Stachowicz JJ, Brown JH, Bruno JF, Dawson MN, Gaines SD, Grosberg RK, Hastings A, Holt RD, Mayfield MM, O'Connor MI, and Rice WR. Ecological and evolutionary insights from species invasions [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2007, 22 (9):466-471.
Schmid B, Miao SL, Bazazz FA. Effects of simulated root herbivory and fertilizer application on growth and biomass allocation in the clonal perennial Solidago canadensis [J]. Oecologia,1990,84:9-15.
Shea K, Chesson P. Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2002,17:170-176.
Siemann E, Rogers WE. Genetic differences in growth of an invasive tree species [J]. Ecology Letters,2001,4:514-518.
Siemann E, Rogers WE. Increased competitive ability of an invasive tree may be limited by an invasive beetle [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,13:1503-1507.
Siemann E, Rogers WE. Reduced resistance of invasive varieties of the alien tree Sapium sebiferum to a generalist herbivore [J]. Oecologia,2003b,135:451-457.
Siemens DH, Garner SH, Mitchell-Olds T, Callaway RM. Cost of defense in the context of plant competition:Brassica rapa may grow and defend [J]. Ecology,2002,83:505-517.
Simms EL, Rausher MD. Costs and benefits of plant resistance to herbivory [J]. American Naturalists,1987,130:570-581.
Sinkkonen A. Density-dependent chemical interference-an extension of the biological response model [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2001,27:1513-1523.
Stamp N. Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses [J]. Quarterly Review of Biology,2003,78:23-55.
Stark S, Kytoviita MM, Neumann AB. The phenolic compounds in Cladonia lichens are not antimicrobial in soils [J]. Oecologia,2007,152:299-306.
Stinson KA, Campbell A, Powell JR, Wolfe BE, Callaway RM, Thelen GC, Hallett SG, Prati D, and Klironomos JN. Invasive plant invasion suppresses growth of native tree seedlings by disrupting below-ground mutualisms [J]. Public Library of Science Biology Plos Biology,2006,4(5):727-731.
Stoll P, Weiner J. A neighborhood view of interactions among individual plants. In:The Geometry of Ecological Interactions:Simplifying Spatial Complexity [M], eds. Dieckmann U, Law R & Metz JAJ,2000,11-27 [M].
Tang CS, Cai WF, Kohl K, Nishimoto RK. Plant stress and allelopathy. In:Allelopathy: Organisms, Processes, and Applications. Eds. Inderjit, K M M Dakshini and F A Einhellig. pp.142-157. American Chemical Society, Washington,1995.
Thiem B, Wesolowska M, Skrzypezak L. Phenolic compounds in two Solidago species from vitro culture [J]. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2001,58(4):277-281.
Thijs H, Shann JR, Weidenhamer JD. The effect of phytotoxins on competitive outcome in a model system [J]. Ecology.1994,75:1959-1964.
Thompson JN. Rapid evolution as an ecological process [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 1998,13:329-332.
Thompson K, Hodgson JG, Rich CG. Native and alien invasive plants:more of the same [J]? Ecography,1995,18:390-402.
Tilman D. Resource competition and community structure. In:Monographs in Population Biology, Princeton University Press,1982, Princeton, NJ
Tori M, Katto A, Sono M. Nine new clerodane diterpenoids from rhizomes of Solidago altissima [J]. Phytochemistry,1999,52(3):487-493.
Turkington R, Mehrhoff LA. The role of competition in structuring pasture communities. In:Perspectives on Plant Competition (eds J.B. Grace & D. Tilman),1991,307-340. Academic Press, San Diego.USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database,2005.
van der Putten WH. How to be invasive [J]. Nature,2002,417:32-33.
van Kleunen M, Schmid B. No evidence for evolutionary increased competitive ability (EICA) in the invasive plant Solidago canadensis [J]. Ecology,2003,84:2824-2831.
Via R, Mundina M, Tomi F. Composition and antifugal activity of the essential oil of Solidago chilens [J]. Planta Medica,2002,68(2):164-167.
Vila M, Gomez A, Maron JL. Are alien plants more competitive than their native conspecifics? A test using Hypericum perforatum L [J]. Oecologia,2003,137:211-215.
Vila M, Weiner J. Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species?-evidence from pair-wise experiments [J]. Oikos,2004,105:229-238.
Vivanco JM, Bais HP, Stermitz FR, Thelen GC, Callaway RM. Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry:novel weapons and exotic invasion [J]. Ecology Letters,2004,7:285-292.
Waller GR, Kumari D, Freedman J, Freedman N, Chou CH. Caffeine autotoxiry in Coffea arabica. In:Putnam, A. R. and C. S. Tang (ed). The Science of Allelopathy. John Willey and Sons, N.Y.,1986,243-269.
Wang P, Liang WJ, Kong CH, Jiang Y, Zhang MX, Zhang CX. Chemical mechanism of exotic weed invasion [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(4):707-711.
Wardle DA, Nilsson MC, Gallet C, Zackrisson O. An ecosystem-level perspective of allelopathy [J]. Biological Reviews,1998,73:301-319.
Waterman PG, Mole S. Extrinsic factors influencing production of secondary metabolites in plants.107-134. In:Insect-Plant Interactions, Volume 1, edited by E. A. Bernays. Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press,1989.
Watkinson AR. Reply from A.R. Watkinson [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1998,13: 407.
Weinig C, Delph LF. Phenotypic plasticity early in life constrains developmental responses later [J]. Evolution,2001,55(5):930-936.
Weir TL. The role of allelopathy and mycorrhizal associations in biological invasions [J]. Allelopathy Journal,2007,20 (1):43-50.
Weir TL, Bais HP, Vivanco JM. Intraspecific and interspecific interactions mediated by a phytotoxin, (-)-catechin, secreted by the roots of Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed) [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2003,29:2379-2394.
Whitney KD, Gabler CA. Rapid evolution in introduced species, invasive traits and recipient communities:challenges for predicting invasive potential [J]. Diversity and Distributions,2008,14:569-580.
Whittaker RH, Feeny PP. Allelochemicals:chemical interactions between species [J]. Science,1971,171:757-770.
Wiliamson M. Biological invasions [M]. Chapman and Hall, London,1996
Williams JL, Auge H, Maron JL. Different gardens, different results:native and introduced populations exhibit contrasting phenotypes across common gardens [J]. Oecologia,2008,157:239-248.
Williamson MH, Fitter A. The characters of successful invaders [J]. Biological Conservation, 1996a,78:163-170.
Williamson MH, Fitter A. The Varying Success of Invaders [J]. Ecology,1996b,77: 1661-1666.
Willis AJ, Memmott J, Forrester RI. Is there evidence for the post-invasion evolution of increased size among invasive plant species [J]? Ecology Letters,2000,3:275-283.
Willis AJ, Thomas MB, Lawton JH. Is the increased vigour of invasive weeds explained by a trade-off between growth and herbivore resistance [J]? Oecologia,1999,120: 632-640.
Willis RJ. Juglans spp., juglone and allelopathy [J]. Allelopathy Journal,2000,7:1-55.
Willis RJ. The historical bases of the concept of allelopathy [J]. Journal of the History of Biology,1985,18:71-102.
Wixted KL, McGraw JB. Competitive and allelopathic effects of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) on American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) [J]. Plant Ecology,2010, 208:347-357.
Wolfe LM. Why alien invaders succeed:support for the escape-from-enemy hypothesis [J]. American Naturalist,2002,160:705-711.
Wolfe LM, Blair AC, Penna BM. Does intraspecific hybridization contribute to the evolution of invasiveness? An experimental test [J]. Biological Invasions,2007,9: 515-521.
Wu H, Pratley J, Ma W, Haig T. Quantitative trait loci and molecular markers associated with wheat allelopathy [J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2003,107:1477-1481.
Wurst S, van Beersum S. The impact of soil organism composition and activated carbon on grass-legume competition [J]. Plant and Soil,2009,314:1-9.
Yang RY, Mei LX, Tang JJ, Chen X. Allelopathic effects of invasive Solidago canadensis L. on germination and root growth of native Chinese plants [J]. Allelopathy Journal,2007, 19:241-248.
Yoshikawa S, Inubushi K. Characteristics of microbial biomass and soil organic matter in newly reclaimed wetland rice soils [J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,1995,19(4): 292-296.
Zhang JS, Li B, Chen JK, Zhou TS. Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of volatile oil from Solidago canadensis L. [J]. Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science). 2006,45:412-415.
Zhang Q, Yang RY, Tang JJ, Chen X. Competition interaction bertween invasice Solidago canadensis and native Kummerowia striata in lead contaminated soil [J]. Botanical Studies,2008,49:385-391.
Zhang Q, Yao LJ, Yang RY, Tang JJ, Chen X. Potential allelopathic effects of an invasive species Solidago canadensis in the mycorrhizae of native plant species [J]. Allelopathy Journal,2007,20:71-78.
Zhang SS, Jin YL, Tang JJ, Chen X. The invasive plant Solidago canadensis L. suppresses local soil pathogens through allelopathy [J]. Applied Soil Ecology,.2009,41:215-222.
邓雄,杨期和,叶万辉,冯惠玲,曹洪麟.生物入侵的适应性进化及其影响[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),2003,42：204-210.
董梅,陆建忠,张文驹,陈家宽,李博.加拿大一枝黄花——种正在迅速扩张的外来入侵植物[J].植物分类学报,2006,44(1)：72-85.
方芳,郭水良,黄林兵.入侵杂草加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用[J].生态科学报,2004,23(4)：331-334.
耿宇鹏,张文驹,李博,陈家宽..表型可塑性与外来植物的入侵能力[J].生物多样性,2004,12(4)：447-455.
郭水良,方芳.入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花对环境的生理适应性研究[J].植物生态学报,2003,27(1)：47-52.
胡玉佳,毕培曦.微甘菊生活史及其对除莠剂的反应研究[J].中山大学学报(自然科学版),1994,33(1)：88-95.
黄华,郭水良.外来植物加拿大一枝黄花生理指标的季节动态及其适应意义[J].浙江师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005a,28(2)：201-205.
黄华,郭水良.外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花繁殖生物学研究[J].生态学报,2005b,25(11)：2795-2803.
江贵波,曾任森.入侵物种三裂叶螃蜞菊挥发物的化感作用研究[J].生态环境,2007,16(3)：950-953.
孔垂华,胡飞.植物化感(相生相克)作用及其应用[M].2001,北京：农业出版社
孔垂华,徐效华,胡飞等.以特征次生物质为标记评价水稻品种及单植的化感潜力[J].科学通报,2002,470：203—206.
梅玲笑,陈欣,唐建军.外来杂草加拿大一枝黄花对入侵地植物的化感效应[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(12)：2379-2382.
聂呈荣,曾任森,黎华寿,李梅.三裂叶螃蜞菊对菜心化感作用的生理机理[J].华南农业大学学报(自然科学版),2003,24(4)：106-107.
钱振官,沈国辉,柴晓玲等加拿大一枝黄花浸出寝对杂草种子生长的影响[J].杂草科学,2005,2：18-20.
沈荔花.外来植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)入侵的化感作用机制研究[D].福建农林大学,2007.
唐建军,陈欣.植物他感作用研究现状与前景[J].青年生态学家,1988,2(1)：1-8
王大力,祝心如.豚草的化感作用研究[J].生态学报,1996,16(1)：11-19.
王大力,祝心如.豚草及三裂叶豚草挥发物成分的GC和GC/MS分析[J].质谱学报,1996,17(3)：48-53.
王开金,陈列忠,李宁,俞晓平.加拿大一枝黄花黄酮类成分的抗氧化与自由基消除活性的研究[J].中国药学杂志,2006,41(7)：33-37.
王开金,陈列忠,俞晓平.一枝黄花属植物的化学成分和生物活性研究进展[J].科技通报,2007,23(1)：75-82.
王开金,李宁,陈列忠,俞晓平.加拿大一枝黄花精油的化学成分及其抗菌活性[J].植物资源与环境学报,2006,15(1)：34-36.
王真辉.外来植物入侵群落理论假说[J].热带农业科学,2007,27(1)：67-72.
温达志,叶万辉,冯惠玲,蔡锡安.外来入侵杂草薇甘菊及其伴生种基本光合特性的比较[J].热带亚热带植物学报,2000,8(2)：139-146.
吴锦容,彭少麟.化感——外来入侵植物的。"Novel Weapons" [J].生态学报,2005,25(11)：3093-3097.
杨贤燕.外来杂草对本地植物丛枝菌根的化感作用[D].浙江大学,2007.
曾任森,林像联,骆世明,曾强,谭惠芬.蟛蜞菊的生化他感作用及生化他感作用物的分离鉴定[J].生态学报,1996,16(1)：20-27.
曾任森,林像联,谭惠芬.蟛蜞菊根分泌物的异种克生作用及初步分离[J].生态学杂志,1994,14(1)：51-56.
张中信.入侵种加拿大一枝黄花与本地种一枝黄花的生物学及生态学特征的比较研究[D].安徽师范大学硕士论文,2007.
Abhilasha D, Quintana N, Vivanco J, Joshi J. Do allelopathic compounds in invasive Solidago canadensis s.l. restrain the native European flora [J]? Journal of Ecology,2008, 96:993-1001.
Alford ER, Perry LG, Qin B, Vivanco JM, Paschke MW. A putative allelopathic agent of Russian knapweed occurs in invaded soils [J]. Soil Biology & Biochemistry,2007,39: 1812-1815.
Alpert P, Bone E, Holzapfei C. Invasiveness, invisibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of non-native plants [J]. Perspectives in Plant Ecology,2000,3(1): 52-66.
Arunachalam M, Mohan N, Sugadev R, Chellappan P, Mahadevan A. Degradation of (+)-catechin by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus MTC 127 [J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 2003,1621:261-265.
Bais HP, Vepachedu R, Gilroy S, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion:from molecules and genes to species interactions [J]. Science,2003,301: 1377-1380.
Bais HP, Walker TS, Stermitz FR, Hufbauer RA, Vivanco JM. Enantiomeric-dependant phytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of (±)-catechin:a rhizosecreted racemic mixture from spotted knapweed [J]. Plant Physiology,2002,128:1173-1179.
Barney JN, Whitlow TH, DiTommaso A. Evolution of an invasive phenotype:shift to belowground dominance and enhanced competitive ability in the introduced range [J]. Plant Ecology,2009,202:275-284.
Begon M, Harper JL, Townsend CR. Ecology:Individuals, Populations and Communities [M]. 2nd edn. Blackwell Science,1990, London.
Belz RG, Hurle K. A novel laboratory screening bioassay for crop seedling allelopathy [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2004,30:175-198.
Bertin C, Yang X, Weston LA. The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere [J]. Plant and Soil,2003,256:67-83.
Blair AC, Wolfe LM. The evolution of an invasive plant:an experimental study with Silene latifolia [J]. Ecology,2004,85:3035-3042.
Blossey B, Notzold R. Evolution of increased competitive ability in invasive nonindigenous plants:a hypothesis [J]. Journal of Ecology,1995,83:887-889.
Blum U, Shafer SR, Lehman ME. Evidence for inhibitory allelopathic interactions involving phenolic acids in field soils:Concepts vs. an experimental model [J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,1999,18,673-693.
Bohlmann E, Burkhardt T, Zdero C. Naturally occurring acetylenes [M]. London and New York:Academic Press,1973, p60-66.
Bohlmann E, Fritz U, King RM, Robinson H. Sesquiterpene and diterpene derivatives from Solidago species [J]. Phytochemistry,1980,19(12):2655-2661.
Bohtmann F, Chen ZL, Schuster A. Aromatic esters from Solidago decurrens [J]. Phytochemistry,1981,20(11):2601-2602.
Bone E, Farres A. Trends and rates of microevolution in plants [J]. Genetica,2001,112: 165-182.
Bossdorf O, Auge H, Lafuma L, Rogers WE, Siemann E, Prati D. Phenotypic and genetic differentiation between native and introduced plant populations [J]. Oecologia,2005, 144:1-11.
Bossdorf O, Prati D, Auge H, Schmid B. Reduced competitive ability in an invasive plant [J]. Ecology Letters,2004,7:346-353.
Buckley YM, Downey P, Fowler SV, Hill R, Memmot J, Norambuena H, Pitcairn M, Shaw R, Sheppard AW, Winks C, Wittenberg R, Reese M. Are invasives bigger? A global study of seed size variation in two invasive shrubs [J]. Ecology,2003,84:1434-1440.
Callaway, R. M., Aschehoug, E. T. Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors:a mechanism for exotic invasion [J]. Science,2000,290:521-523.
Callaway RM, Cipollini D, Barto K, Thelen GC, Hallett SG, Prati D, Stinson K, Klironomos J. Novel weapons:invasive plant suppresses fungal mutualists in America but not in its native Europe [J]. Ecology,2008,89(4):1043-1055.
Callaway RM, Ridenour WM. Novel weapons:invasive success and the evolution of increased competitive ability [J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2004, 2:436-443.
Cappuccino N, Arnason JT. Novel chemistry of invasive exotic plants [J]. Biology Letters, 2006,2:189-93.
Carol EL. Evolutionary genetics of invasive species [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2002,17(8):386-391.
Carral EV. Trends in allelopathy research over six-year period. In:Allelopathy From Molecules to Ecosystems,2002, pp.299-304. Science Publishers, Enfield (NH), USA
Carroll SP, Loye JE, Dingle H, Mathieson M, Famula TR, Zalucki MP. And the beak shall inherit-evolution in response to invasion [J]. Ecology Letters,2005,8:944-951.
Choi SZ, Choi SU, Lee KR. Pytochemical constituents of the aerial parts from Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantean [J]. Archives of Pharmacal Research,2004,27(2):164-168.
Cipollini KA, McClain GA, Cipollini D. Separating above-and belowground effects of Alliaria petiolata and Lonicera maackii on the performance of Impatiens capensis [J]. The American Midland Naturalist Journal,2008,160:117-128.
Clinton WJ, Executive Order on Invasive Species [Z],1999.
Colautti RI, Maron JL, Barret SCH. Common garden comparisons of native and introduced plant populations:latitudinal clines can obscure evolutionary inferences [J]. Evolutionary Applications,2009,187-199.
Crawley MJ, Harvey PH, Purvis A. Comparative ecology of the native and alien floras of the British Isles [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London)-Biology, 1996,351:1251-1259.
Cripps MG, Hinz HL, McKenney JL, Price WJ, Schwarzlander M. No evidence for an 'evolution of increased competitive ability'for the invasive Lepidium draba [J]. Basic and Applied Ecology,2009,10:103-112.
Cripps MG, Schwarzlander M, McKenney JL, Hinz HL, Price WJ. Biogeographical comparison of the arthropod herbivore communities associated-with Lepidium draba in its native, expanded and introduced ranges [J]. Journal of Biogeography,2006,33: 2107-2119.
Cronk QCB, Fuller JL. Plant Invaders:the Threat to Natural Ecosystems [M]. Earthscan Publications,2001, London, UK.
Daehler CC. Performance comparisons of cooccurring native and alien invasive plants: implications for conservation and restoration [J]. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics,2003,34:183-211.
Daehler CC, Strong DR. Predicition and biological invasions [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1993,8:380.
Dalton BR. The occurrence and behavior of plant phenolic acids in soil environment and their potential involvement in allelochemical interference interactions: methodological limitations in establishing conclusive proof of allelopathy. In Principles and Practices in Plant Ecology:Allelochemical Interactions. Eds. Inderjit, Dakshini K M M and C L Foy.,1999, pp.57-74. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
del Moral R. On the variability of chlorogenic acid concentration [J]. Oecologia,1972,9: 289-300.
DeWalt SJ, Denslow JS, Ickes K. Natural enemy release facilitates habitat expansion of the invasive tropical shrub Clidemia hirta [J]. Ecology,2004,85:471-483.
Dietz H, Steinlein T, Winterhalter P, Ullmann I. Role of allelopathy as a possible factor associated with the rising of dominance of Bunias orientalis L. (Brassicaceae) in some native plant assemblages [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1996,22:1797-1811.
Dunbar KR, Facelli JM. The impact of a novel invasive species, Orbea variegata (African carrion flower), on the chenopod shrublands of South Australia [J]. Journal of Arid Environments,1999,41:37-48.
Dwyer JF, Nowak DJ, Noble MH, Sisinni SM. Connecting People with Ecosystems in the 21st Century:An Assessment of Our Nation's Urban Forests.U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.2000.
Einhellig FA. Interactions involving allelopathy in cropping systems [J]. Agronomy Journal, 1996,88:886-893.
Ellstrand NC, Schierenbeck KA. Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants [J]? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA,2000, 97:7043-7050.
Elton CS, The ecology of invasions by animals and plants [M]. London:Methuen,1958.
Facon B, Jarne P, Pointier JP, David P. Hybridization and invasiveness in the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata:hybrid vigour is more important than increase in genetic variance [J]. Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2005,18:524.
Feng YL, Auge H, Ebeling SK. Invasive Buddleja davidii allocates more nitrogen to its photosynthetic machinery than five native woody species [J]. Oecologia,2007,153: 501-510.
Feng YL, Fu GL, Zheng YL. Specific leaf area relates to the differences in leaf construction cost, photosynthesis, nitrogen allocation and use efficiencies between invasive and noninvasive alien congeners [J]. Planta,2008,228:383-390.
Feng YL, Leia YB, Wang RF, Callaway RM, Valiente-Banuet A, Inderjit, Lia YP, Zheng YL. Evolutionary tradeoffs for nitrogen allocation to photosynthesis versus cell walls in an invasive plant [J]. The National Academy of Sciences of the USA,2009,106(6): 1853-1856.
Figen MT. Saponins versus plant fungal pathogens [J]. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology,2006,5:13-17.
Fitter A. Making allelopathy respectable [J]. Science,2003,301:1337-1338.
Fuerst EP, Putman AR. Separating the competitive and allelopathic components of interference:theoretical principles [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,1983,9:937-944.
Furubayashi A, Hiradate S, Fujii Y. Role of catechol structure in the adsorption and transformation reactions of L-dopa in soils [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33(2): 239-250.
Genton BJ, Kotanen PM, Cheptou PO, Adolphe C, Shykoff JA. Enemy release but no evolutionary loss of defence in a plant invasion:an inter-continental reciprocal transplant experiment [J]. Oecologia,2005,146:404-414
Goldberg DE. Competitive ability:definitions, contingency and correlated traits [J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,1996,351:1377-1385.
Gomez-Aparicio L, Canham CD. Neighbourhood analyses of the allelopathic effects of the invasive tree Ailanthus altissima in temperate forests [J]. Journal of Ecology,2008, 96:447-458.
Gopal B, Goel U. Competition and allelopathy in aquatic communities [J]. Botanical Review [J],1993,59:155-210.
Gordon DR. Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida [J]. Ecological Applications,1998,8:975-989.
Grace JB. On the relationship between plant traits and competitive ability. In:Perspectives on Plant Competition (eds. J.B. Grace & D. Tilman) [M],1990, pp.51-65. Academic Press, New York.
Grayer RJ. Methods in Plants Biochemistry, Vol.1:Plant Phenolics, Ed. J. B.,1989.
Guo J, Cui GY. Ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction of total phenols from Solidago canadensis L. [J]. Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboration,2010,27(1),335-338.
Gurevitch J, Padilla DK. Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions [J]? Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2004,19:470-474.
Halama P, van Haluwyn C. Antifungal activities of certain lichen extracts [J]. Cryptogamie Mycologie,1997,18:169-171.
Hall AB, Blum U, Fites RC. Stress modification of allelopathy of Helianthus annuus L. debris on seed germination [J]. American Journal of Botany,1982,69:776-783.
Harborne JB, ed.. Methods in plant biochemistry. I. Plant phenolics. Academic Press, London,1989a.
Harborne JB. General procedures and measurements of total phenolics [J]. Journal of Botany,1989b,1-28.
Harborne J. Phytochemical Methods [M], Chapman and Hall, London,1973, p 212.
He WM, Feng YL, Ridenour WM, Thelen GC, Pollock JL, Diaconu A, Callaway RM. Novel weapons and invasion:biogeographic differences in the competitive effects of Centaurea maculosa and its root exudate (±)-catechin [J]. Oecologia,2009,159:803-815.
Henery ML, Bowman G, Mraz P, Treier UA, Gex-Fabry E, Schaffner U, Miiller-Scharer H. Evidence for a combination of pre-adapted traits and rapid adaptive change in the invasive plant Centaurea stoebe [J]. Journal of Ecology,2010,98:800-813.
Herms DA, Mattson WJ. Plant growth and defense [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1994, 9:488.
Hertling UM, Lubke RA. Assessing the potential for biological invasion-the case of Ammophila arenaria in South Africa [J]. South African Journal of Science,2000,96: 520-527.
Hierro JL, Callaway RM. Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion [J]. Plant and Soil,2003, 256:29-39
Hierro J, Maron LJL, Callaway RMA. A biogeographical approach to plant invasions:the importance of studying exotics in their introduced and native range [J]. Journal of Ecology,2005,93(1):5-15.
Hinz HL, Schwarzlaender M. Comparing invasive plants from their native and exotic range:what can we learn for biological control [J]? Weed Technology,2004,18: 1533-1541.
Hobbs RJ, Mooney HA. Invasive species in a changing world:the interactions between global change and invasives. Invasive alien species:a new synthesis [M] (ed. by H.A. Mooney, R.N. Mack, J.A. McNeely, L.E. Neville, PJ. Schei and J.K. Waage),2005, pp. 310-331. Island Press, Washington DC, USA.
Hollingsworth ML, Bailey JP. Evidence for massive clonal growth in the invasive weed Fallopia japonica (Japanese knotweed) [J]. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society,2000, 133:463-472.
Holt RD. Predation, apparent competition, and the structure of prey communities [J]. Theoretical Population Biology,1977,12:197-229.
Holt RD. Spatial heterogeneity, indirect interactions, and the coexistence of prey species [J]. American Naturalist],1984,124:377-406.
Holt RD, Lawton JH. The ecological consequences of shared natural enemies [J]. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic,1994,25:495-520.
Huang PM, Wang MC, Wang MK. Catalytic transformation of phenolic compounds in the soil. In:Principles and Practices in Plant Ecology:Allelochemical Interactions [M]. Eds. Inderjit, K M M Dakshini and C L Foy.,1999, pp.287-306. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Huang W, Siemann E, Wheeler GS, Zou J, Carrillo J, Ding JQ. Resource allocation to defence and growth are driven by different responses to generalist and specialist herbivory in an invasive plant [J]. Journal of Ecology,2010,98:1157-1167.
Huey RB. Using invasive species to study evolution:case studies with Drosophila and Salmon. In:Species Invasions:Insights into Ecology, Evolution and Biogeography [M] (Sax, D.F. et al, eds),2005, pp.139-164, Sinauer Associates
Hull-Sanders HM, Johnson RH, Owen HA, Meyer GA. Effects of polyploidy on secondary chemistry, physiology, and performance of native and invasive genotypes of Solidago Gigantea (Asteraceae) [J]. American Journal of Botany,2009,96:762-770.
Inderjit. Plant phenolics in allelopathy [J]. Botanical Review,1996,62:186-202.
Inderjit. The ecology of biological invasions:past, present and future. In:Invasive Plants: Ecological and Agricultural Aspects (Inderjit ed), pp.19-43, Birkhauser Verlag [M], 2005.
Inderjit, Callaway RM, Vivanco JM. Can plant biochemistry contribute to understanding of invasion ecology [J]? Trends in Plant Science,2006,11(12):574-580.
Inderjit, Callaway RM. Experimental designs for the study of allelopathy [J]. Plant and Soil,2003,256:1-11.
Inderjit, Dakshini KMM. Allelopathic effect of Pluchea lanceolata (Asteraceae) on characteristics of four soils and tomato and mustard growth [J]. American Journal of Botany,1994,81:799-804.
Inderjit, del Moral R. Is separating resource competition from allelopathy realistic [J]? Botanical Review,1997,63:221-227.
Inderjit, Keating KI. Allelopathy:principles, procedures, processes, and promises for biological control [J]. Advances in Agronomy,1999,67:141-231.
Inderjit, Nilsen ET. Bioassays and field studies for allelopathy in terrestrial plants: progress and problems [J]. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,2003,22:221-238
Inderjit, Nishimura H. Effect of the anthraquinones emodin and physcion on availability of selected soil inorganic ions [J]. Annals of Applied Biology,1999,135:425-429.
Inderjit, Pollock JL, Callaway RM, Holben W. Phytotoxic effects of (±)-catechin in vitro, in soil, and in the field [J]. PLoS One,2008a,3(7):e2536.
Inderjit, Seastedt TR, Callaway RM, Pollock JL, Kaur J. Allelopathy and plant invasions: traditional, congeneric, and biogeographical approaches [J]. Biological Invasions, 2008b,10:875-890.
Inderjit, Weiner J. Plant allelochemical interference or soil chemical ecology [J]? Perspect in Plant Ecolgy,2001,4:4-12.
Inderjit, Weston LA. Are laboratory bioassays for allelopathy suitable for prediction of field responses [J]? Journal of Chemical Ecology,2000,26:2111-2118.
Inose Y, Miyase T, Ueno A. Studies on the constituents of Solidago virga-aurea L. III. Structures of Solidago saponins in the herb [J]. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin,1991, 39(8):2037-2042.
Jackson JR, Willemsen RW. Allelopathy in the first stages of secondary succession on the piedmont of New Jersey [J]. American Journal of Botany,1976,63(7):1015-1023.
Jakobs G, Weber E, Edwards PJ. Introduced plants of the invasive Solidago gigantean (Asteraceae) are larger and grow denser than conspecifics in the native range [J]. Diversity and Distributions,2004,10:11-19.
Jarchow ME, Cook BJ. Allelopathy as a mechanism for the invasion of Typha angustifolia [J]. Plant Ecology,2009,204:113-124.
Jensen LB, Courtois B, Shen L. Locating genes controlling allelopathic effects against bamyardgrass in upland rice [J]. Agronomy Journal,2001,93:21-26.
Jilani G, Mahmood S, Chaudhry AN, Hassan I, Akram M. Allelochemicals:sources, toxicity and microbial transformation in soil-a review [J]. Annals of microbiology, 2008,58(3):351-357.
Joshi J, Vrieling K. The enemy release and EICA hypothesis revisited:incorporating the fundamental difference between specialist and generalist herbivores [J]. Ecology Letters,2005,8:704-14.
Kaminsky R. The microbial origin of the allelopathic potential of Adenostoma fasciculatum H.& A [J]. Ecological Monographs,1981,51:365-382.
Kasali AA, Ekundayo O, Paul C, Konig WA. epi-Cubebanes from Solidago canadensis [J]. Phytochemistry,2002,59(8):805-810.
Kaur H, Kaur R, Kaur S, Baldwin IT, Inderjit. Taking ecological function seriously:soil microbial communities can obviate allelopathic effects of released metabolites [J]. Plos One,2009,4(3):e4700.
Keane RM., Crawley MJ. Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2002,17:164-170.
Kong CH, Wang P, Gu Y, Xu XH, Wang ML. Fate and impact on microorganisms of rice allelochemicals in paddy soil [J]. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry,2008,56: 5043-5049.
Krogmeier MJ, Bremmer JM. Effects of phenolic acids on seed germination and seedling growth in soil [J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,1989,8:116-122.
Lam J. Polyacetylenes of Solidago virgaurea: Their seasonal variation and NMR long-range spin coupling constants [J]. Phytochemistry,1971,10(3):647-653.
Langenheim JH. Higher plant terpenoids:a phytocentric overview of their ecological roles [J]. Jourcal of Chemical Ecology,1994,20:1223-1280.
Lau JA, Puliafico KP, Kopshever JA, Steltzer H, Jarvis EP, Schwarzla'nder M, Strauss SY, Hufbauer RA. Inference of allelopathy is complicated by effects of activated carbon on plant growth [J]. New Phytologist,2008,178(2):412-423.
Lavergne S, Molofsky J. Increased genetic variation and evolutionary potential drive the success of an invasive grass [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U. S. A., 2007,104:3883-3888.
Lee CE. Evolutionary genetics of invasive species [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2002, 17:386-391.
Leger EA, Rice KJ. Invasive California poppies (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) grow larger than native individuals under reduced competition [J]. Ecology Letters,2003,6: 257-264.
Lerdau M, Guenther A, Monson R. Plant production and emission of volatile, organic compounds [J]. Bioscience,1997,47:373.
Liang GL, Lin SY, Liu D. Quantitative determination of total saponins in polygalae by spectrophotometry [J]. Progress in Model Biomedicine,2008,8:104-106.
Lovett JV. Allelopathy and self-defence in plant [J]. Australian Weeds,1982,2:33-35.
Lu T, Menelaou MA, Vargas D, Fronczek FR, and Fischer NH. Polyacetylenes and diterpenes from Solidago canadensis [J]. Phytochemistry,1993,32(6):1483-1488.
Lu T, Vargas D, Franzblau S, Fischer NH. Diterpenes from Solidago rugosa [J]. Phytochemistry,1995,38(2):451-456.
Mahall BE, Callaway RM. Root communication mechanisms and intracommunity distributions of two Mojave desert shrubs [J]. Ecology,1992,73:2145-2151.
Maillet J, Lopez-Garcia C. What criteria are relevant for predicting the invasive capacity of a new agricultural weed? The case of invasive American species in France [J]. Weed Research,2000,40(1):11-26.
Mallik AU, Pellissier F. Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus on spruce regeneration:testing the notion of coevolutionary significance of allelopathy [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2000,26:2197-2209.
Maron JL, Vila M, Bommarco R, Elmendore S, Beardsleys P. Rapid Evolution of an invasive plant [J]. Ecological Monographs,2004,74(2):261-280.
Massimo P. Evolution of phenotypic plasticity:where are we going now [J]?Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2005,20(9):481-486.
McKenney JL, Cripps MG, Price WJ; Hinz HL, Schwarzlander M. No difference in competitive ability between invasive North American and native European Lepidium draba populations [J]. Plant Ecology,2007,193:293-303.
Meyer J. Observations on the reproductive biology of Miconia calvescens DC (Melastomataceae), an alien invasive tree on the island of Tahiti (South Pacific Ocean) [J]. Biotropica,1998,30:609-624.
Mooney HA, Cleland EE. The evolutionary impact of invasive species [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U. S. A,2001,98:5446-5451.
Mooney HR, McNeely MJ, Neville L, Schei P, Waage J, eds. Invasive Alien Species:A New Synthesis [M],2005, Island Press
Miiller C, Martens N. Testing predictions of the'evolution of increased competitive ability'hypothesis for an invasive crucifer [J]. Evolutionary Ecology,2005,19:533-50.
Miiller-Scharer H, Schafmer U, Steinger T. Evolution in invasive plants:implications for biological control [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2004,19(8):417-422.
Newman EI. Allelopathy:adaptation or accident? In:Harborne JB (ed) Biochemical aspects of plant and animal coevolution [M]. Academic Press, New York, NY,1978,435
Nilsson MC, Zackrisson O, Sterner O, Wallstedt O. Characterisation of the differential interference effects of two boreal dwarf shrub species [J]. Oecologia,2000,123(1): 122-128.
Nilsson MC. Separation of allelopathy and resource competition by the boreal dwarf shrub Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup [J]. Oecologia,1994,98:1-7.
Papp I, Apati P, Andrasek V, Blazovics A, Balazs A, Kursinszki L, Kite GC, Houghton PJ and Kery A. LC-MS analysis of antioxidant plant phenoloids [J]. Chromatographia, 2004,60:93-100.
Pellissier F. The role of soil community in plant population dynamics:is allelopathy a key component [J]? Trend in Ecology & Evolution,1998,13:407.
Perrings C, Williamson M, Dalmazzone S (eds). The Economics of Biological Invasions [M], Edward Elgar,2000, Cheltenham.
Perry LG, Thelen GC, Ridenour WM, Callaway RM, Paschke MW, Vivanco JM. Concentrations of the allelochemical (±)-catechin in Centaurea maculosa soils [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007,33:2337-2344.
Prati D, Bossdorf O. Allelopathic inhibition of germination by Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) [J]. American Journal of Botany,2004,91(2):285-288.
Prentis PJ, Wilson JRU, Dormontt EE, Richardson DM, and Lowe AJ. Adaptive evolution in invasive species [J]. Trends in Plant Science,2008,13:288-94.
Pysek P, Richardson DM. Traits associated with invasiveness in alien plants:where do we stand? In:Biological Invasions (ed W. Nentwig), pp.97-126 [M]. Springer-Verlag,2007, Berlin & Heidelberg, Germany.
Qu YL, Yu CG, Wang B, Yang LY. Determination of total flavones from the Solidago canadensis by microwave-assisted extraction and absorption spectroscopy [J]. Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University (Natural Science),2010,29(1),39-43.
Quesne PWL, Honkan V, Onan KD, Morrowa PA, and Tonkyna D. Oxidized kaurene derivatives from leaves of Solidago missouriensis and Solidago rigida [J]. Phytochemistry, 1985,24(8):1785-1787.
Rabotnov TA. Importance of the evolutionary approach to the study of allelopathy [J]. Ekologia,1982,3:5-8(translated from Russian)
Rambuda TD, Johnson SD. Breeding systems of invasive alien plants in South Africa: does Baker's rule apply [J]? Diversity and Distributions,2004,10:409-416.
Reigosa MJ, Pazos-Malvido E. Phytotoxic Effects of 21 plant secondary metabolites on Arabidopsis thaliana germination and root growth [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2007, 33:1456-1466.
Rejmanek M, Richardson DM. What attributes make some plant species more invasive [J]? Ecology,1996,77:1655-1661.
Reznicek G, Jurenitsch J, Freiler M, Korhammer S, Haslinger E, Hiller K, and Kubelka W. Isolation and structure elucidation of further saponins from Solidago canadensis [J]. Planta Medicine,1992,58(1):94-98.
Reznicek G, Jurenitsch J, Michl G. The first structurally confirmed saponin from Solidago gigantean:structure elucidation by modem NMR techniques [J]. Tetrahedron Letters, 1989,30(31):4097-4100.
Reznick DN, Ghalambor CK. The population ecology of contemporary adaptations whatempirical studies reveal abort the conditions that promote adaptive evolution [J]. Genetica,2001,112:183-198.
Rice EL. Allelopathy [M]. Academic Press,1974, New York.
Rice EL. Allelopathy [M]. Academic Press Inc. The University of Okalahoma, Norman Oklahoma New York,1984.
Rice SA, Bazzaz FA. Growth consequences of plasticity of plant traits in response to light conditions [J]. Oecologia,1989,78:508-512.
Rich EL. Investigation of allelopathy in invasive introduced tree species, Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) [D]. Drexel University,2004, PA
Richards CL, Bossdorf O, Muth NZ, Gurevitch j, Pigliucci M. Jack of all trades, master of some? On the role of phenotypic plasticity in plant invasions [J]. Ecology Letters,2006, 9:981-993.
Ridenour WM, Callaway RM. The relative importance of allelopathy in interference:the effects of an invasive weed on a native bunchgrass [J]. Oecologia,2001,126:444-450.
Ridenour WM, Vivanco JM, Feng Y, Horiuchi J, Callaway RM. No evidence for tradeoffs: Centaurea plants from America are better competitors and defenders than plants from the native range [J]. Ecological Monographs,2008,78:369-386.
Robinson T. Metabolism and function of alkaloids in plants. Science,1974,184:430-435.
Sakai AK, Allendorf FW, Holt JS, Lodge DM, Molofsky J, With KA, Baughman.S, Cabin RJ, Cohen JE, Ellstrand NC, McCauley DE, O'Neil P, Parker IM, Thompson JN, Weller SG. The population biology of invasive weeds [J]. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics,2001,32:305-332.
Sax DF, Stachowicz JJ, Brown JH, Bruno JF, Dawson MN, Gaines SD, Grosberg RK, Hastings A, Holt RD, Mayfield MM, O'Connor MI, and Rice WR. Ecological and evolutionary insights from species invasions [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2007, 22 (9):466-471.
Schmid B, Miao SL, Bazazz FA. Effects of simulated root herbivory and fertilizer application on growth and biomass allocation in the clonal perennial Solidago canadensis [J]. Oecologia,1990,84:9-15.
Shea K, Chesson P. Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,2002,17:170-176.
Siemann E, Rogers WE. Genetic differences in growth of an invasive tree species [J]. Ecology Letters,2001,4:514-518.
Siemann E, Rogers WE. Increased competitive ability of an invasive tree may be limited by an invasive beetle [J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,13:1503-1507.
Siemann E, Rogers WE. Reduced resistance of invasive varieties of the alien tree Sapium sebiferum to a generalist herbivore [J]. Oecologia,2003b,135:451-457.
Siemens DH, Garner SH, Mitchell-Olds T, Callaway RM. Cost of defense in the context of plant competition:Brassica rapa may grow and defend [J]. Ecology,2002,83:505-517.
Simms EL, Rausher MD. Costs and benefits of plant resistance to herbivory [J]. American Naturalists,1987,130:570-581.
Sinkkonen A. Density-dependent chemical interference-an extension of the biological response model [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2001,27:1513-1523.
Stamp N. Out of the quagmire of plant defense hypotheses [J]. Quarterly Review of Biology,2003,78:23-55.
Stark S, Kytoviita MM, Neumann AB. The phenolic compounds in Cladonia lichens are not antimicrobial in soils [J]. Oecologia,2007,152:299-306.
Stinson KA, Campbell A, Powell JR, Wolfe BE, Callaway RM, Thelen GC, Hallett SG, Prati D, and Klironomos JN. Invasive plant invasion suppresses growth of native tree seedlings by disrupting below-ground mutualisms [J]. Public Library of Science Biology Plos Biology,2006,4(5):727-731.
Stoll P, Weiner J. A neighborhood view of interactions among individual plants. In:The Geometry of Ecological Interactions:Simplifying Spatial Complexity [M], eds. Dieckmann U, Law R & Metz JAJ,2000,11-27 [M].
Tang CS, Cai WF, Kohl K, Nishimoto RK. Plant stress and allelopathy. In:Allelopathy: Organisms, Processes, and Applications. Eds. Inderjit, K M M Dakshini and F A Einhellig. pp.142-157. American Chemical Society, Washington,1995.
Thiem B, Wesolowska M, Skrzypezak L. Phenolic compounds in two Solidago species from vitro culture [J]. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica,2001,58(4):277-281.
Thijs H, Shann JR, Weidenhamer JD. The effect of phytotoxins on competitive outcome in a model system [J]. Ecology.1994,75:1959-1964.
Thompson JN. Rapid evolution as an ecological process [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 1998,13:329-332.
Thompson K, Hodgson JG, Rich CG. Native and alien invasive plants:more of the same [J]? Ecography,1995,18:390-402.
Tilman D. Resource competition and community structure. In:Monographs in Population Biology, Princeton University Press,1982, Princeton, NJ
Tori M, Katto A, Sono M. Nine new clerodane diterpenoids from rhizomes of Solidago altissima [J]. Phytochemistry,1999,52(3):487-493.
Turkington R, Mehrhoff LA. The role of competition in structuring pasture communities. In:Perspectives on Plant Competition (eds J.B. Grace & D. Tilman),1991,307-340. Academic Press, San Diego.USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Database,2005.
van der Putten WH. How to be invasive [J]. Nature,2002,417:32-33.
van Kleunen M, Schmid B. No evidence for evolutionary increased competitive ability (EICA) in the invasive plant Solidago canadensis [J]. Ecology,2003,84:2824-2831.
Via R, Mundina M, Tomi F. Composition and antifugal activity of the essential oil of Solidago chilens [J]. Planta Medica,2002,68(2):164-167.
Vila M, Gomez A, Maron JL. Are alien plants more competitive than their native conspecifics? A test using Hypericum perforatum L [J]. Oecologia,2003,137:211-215.
Vila M, Weiner J. Are invasive plant species better competitors than native plant species?-evidence from pair-wise experiments [J]. Oikos,2004,105:229-238.
Vivanco JM, Bais HP, Stermitz FR, Thelen GC, Callaway RM. Biogeographical variation in community response to root allelochemistry:novel weapons and exotic invasion [J]. Ecology Letters,2004,7:285-292.
Waller GR, Kumari D, Freedman J, Freedman N, Chou CH. Caffeine autotoxiry in Coffea arabica. In:Putnam, A. R. and C. S. Tang (ed). The Science of Allelopathy. John Willey and Sons, N.Y.,1986,243-269.
Wang P, Liang WJ, Kong CH, Jiang Y, Zhang MX, Zhang CX. Chemical mechanism of exotic weed invasion [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(4):707-711.
Wardle DA, Nilsson MC, Gallet C, Zackrisson O. An ecosystem-level perspective of allelopathy [J]. Biological Reviews,1998,73:301-319.
Waterman PG, Mole S. Extrinsic factors influencing production of secondary metabolites in plants.107-134. In:Insect-Plant Interactions, Volume 1, edited by E. A. Bernays. Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press,1989.
Watkinson AR. Reply from A.R. Watkinson [J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1998,13: 407.
Weinig C, Delph LF. Phenotypic plasticity early in life constrains developmental responses later [J]. Evolution,2001,55(5):930-936.
Weir TL. The role of allelopathy and mycorrhizal associations in biological invasions [J]. Allelopathy Journal,2007,20 (1):43-50.
Weir TL, Bais HP, Vivanco JM. Intraspecific and interspecific interactions mediated by a phytotoxin, (-)-catechin, secreted by the roots of Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed) [J]. Journal of Chemical Ecology,2003,29:2379-2394.
Whitney KD, Gabler CA. Rapid evolution in introduced species, invasive traits and recipient communities:challenges for predicting invasive potential [J]. Diversity and Distributions,2008,14:569-580.
Whittaker RH, Feeny PP. Allelochemicals:chemical interactions between species [J]. Science,1971,171:757-770.
Wiliamson M. Biological invasions [M]. Chapman and Hall, London,1996
Williams JL, Auge H, Maron JL. Different gardens, different results:native and introduced populations exhibit contrasting phenotypes across common gardens [J]. Oecologia,2008,157:239-248.
Williamson MH, Fitter A. The characters of successful invaders [J]. Biological Conservation, 1996a,78:163-170.
Williamson MH, Fitter A. The Varying Success of Invaders [J]. Ecology,1996b,77: 1661-1666.
Willis AJ, Memmott J, Forrester RI. Is there evidence for the post-invasion evolution of increased size among invasive plant species [J]? Ecology Letters,2000,3:275-283.
Willis AJ, Thomas MB, Lawton JH. Is the increased vigour of invasive weeds explained by a trade-off between growth and herbivore resistance [J]? Oecologia,1999,120: 632-640.
Willis RJ. Juglans spp., juglone and allelopathy [J]. Allelopathy Journal,2000,7:1-55.
Willis RJ. The historical bases of the concept of allelopathy [J]. Journal of the History of Biology,1985,18:71-102.
Wixted KL, McGraw JB. Competitive and allelopathic effects of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) on American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) [J]. Plant Ecology,2010, 208:347-357.
Wolfe LM. Why alien invaders succeed:support for the escape-from-enemy hypothesis [J]. American Naturalist,2002,160:705-711.
Wolfe LM, Blair AC, Penna BM. Does intraspecific hybridization contribute to the evolution of invasiveness? An experimental test [J]. Biological Invasions,2007,9: 515-521.
Wu H, Pratley J, Ma W, Haig T. Quantitative trait loci and molecular markers associated with wheat allelopathy [J]. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2003,107:1477-1481.
Wurst S, van Beersum S. The impact of soil organism composition and activated carbon on grass-legume competition [J]. Plant and Soil,2009,314:1-9.
Yang RY, Mei LX, Tang JJ, Chen X. Allelopathic effects of invasive Solidago canadensis L. on germination and root growth of native Chinese plants [J]. Allelopathy Journal,2007, 19:241-248.
Yoshikawa S, Inubushi K. Characteristics of microbial biomass and soil organic matter in newly reclaimed wetland rice soils [J]. Biology and Fertility of Soils,1995,19(4): 292-296.
Zhang JS, Li B, Chen JK, Zhou TS. Chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of volatile oil from Solidago canadensis L. [J]. Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science). 2006,45:412-415.
Zhang Q, Yang RY, Tang JJ, Chen X. Competition interaction bertween invasice Solidago canadensis and native Kummerowia striata in lead contaminated soil [J]. Botanical Studies,2008,49:385-391.
Zhang Q, Yao LJ, Yang RY, Tang JJ, Chen X. Potential allelopathic effects of an invasive species Solidago canadensis in the mycorrhizae of native plant species [J]. Allelopathy Journal,2007,20:71-78.
Zhang SS, Jin YL, Tang JJ, Chen X. The invasive plant Solidago canadensis L. suppresses local soil pathogens through allelopathy [J]. Applied Soil Ecology,.2009,41:215-222.