电针不同穴位对去卵巢大鼠HPO轴影响的实验研究
|
摘要
更年期综合征是指妇女在绝经前后由于卵巢功能衰退、内分泌发生变化所引起的一系列躯体和精神心理的症候群。临床表现为烘热汗出,精神倦怠,烦躁易怒,头晕头痛,耳鸣心悸,失眠健忘,腰背酸痛,手足心热,或伴有月经紊乱等症状。近年来,由于人口老龄化趋势以及社会压力增加等诸多因素的影响,其发病率呈上升趋势。
现代医学应用雌激素替代治疗女性更年期综合征有着几十年的历史,至今仍为首选方法。但近几年随着其各种副作用的相关报道越来越多,寻求更为安全有效的治疗方法逐渐引起人们的关注,并成为研究热点。针灸治疗更年期综合征疗效确切,不良反应少,显示了很好的前景。但临床选穴、配穴主要依据医生的主观判断,穴位应用繁杂多变,缺乏客观标准和依据。
本实验通过观察电针太溪、三阴交、关元三个不同穴位对去卵巢大鼠血清E2、FSH、LH、GnRH的影响,评价电针疗法对更年期下丘脑-垂体-卵巢(HPO)轴的调节作用,并探讨腧穴主治作用的特异性,为穴位的临床选择和应用提供实验依据。
主要实验结果如下：
1与正常组对比,模型组大鼠血清E2水平显著降低(p<0.01),FSH、LH、GnRH水平明显升高(p<0.01；p<0.01；p<0.01)。
2与模型组相比,各穴位组电针治疗后,E2水平显著升高(p<0.05；p<0.05；p<0.05)；FSH、LH、GnRH水平明显降低(p<0.05；p<0.05；p<0.05)。
3三个电针组之间进行对比,血清E2含量无显著差异(p>0.05)；EA三阴交组与EA关元组FSH、LH含量无显著差异(p>0.05),两组FSH含量均明显低于EA太溪组(p<0.05),EA关元组LH含量显著低于EA太溪组(p<0.05)；EA三阴交组与EA关元组GnRH含量无显著性差异(p>0.05),但均明显低于EA太溪组(p<0.05)。
结论：
1电针可有效调节HPO轴功能,抑制去卵巢大鼠雌激素水平的下降和促性腺激素水平的升高。
2电针不同穴位对HPO轴功能的调节作用不完全相同,证明了腧穴作用具有一定的特异性。三阴交、关元的作用较太溪穴更为明显,但三阴交和关元穴的作用强度未见明显差异。
3更年期综合征的产生和发展涉及肝、脾、肾多个脏腑,并与冲任关系密切。由三阴交、关元的穴位特性以及本研究结果显示,治疗本病应从多脏腑、多经脉考虑,先后天并重,在临床选穴方面应注重交会穴的使用。
Climacteric syndrome is a series of physical and psychological syndromes, which is caused by ovarian failure and endocrine disorder of women before and after menopause. Clinical manifestations are hectic fever with sweating, fatigue, listlessness, irritability, dizziness, headache, tinnitus, palpitation, insomnia, amnesia, lower back pain, burning sensation of hands and feet, menstrual disorder and so on. In recent years, due to aging of the population trends, the increasing social pressure and many other factors, the incidence rate of climacteric syndrome tends to increase.
The application of hormone replacement therapy has a history of several decades in modern medicine, and today it is still the first choice for climacteric syndrome. However, in recent years, there are more and more reports on its various side effects. Therefore, to find safe and effective treatment gradually attracts people's attention and becomes the research hotspot. Acupuncture is a kind of effective therapy for climacteric syndrome with less adverse reactions, and has very good prospects. But the selection of acupoints in clinical is primarily based on subjective judgments of doctors. The application of acupoints is complex, variable, and is lack of objective criteria and evidence.
In this experiment, we have observed the influences of the levels of E2、FSH、LH and GnRH by EA at Taixi(KI 3), Sanyinjiao(SP 6), Guanyuan(RN 4) points in ovariectomized rats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the regulatory effects of EA on HPO axis, investigate the specificity of acupoints and provide experimental evidences for acupoints selection and application in clinical practice.
Main result are as following:
1 In comparison with the normal group, E2 level in serum of the model group was significantly lower (p<0.01), the levels of FSH、LH and GnRH increased obviously(p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.01).
2 Compared with the model group, E2 level increased remarkably in each EA group (p<0.05; p<0.05; p<0.05); FSH、LH、GnRH levels decreased markedly (p<0.05; p<0.05; p<0.05).
3 Comparison between the three groups, the serum E2 content was not significantly different (p>0.05); there were no obvious differences in the FSH、LH levels between EA Sanyinjiao group and EA Guanyuan group(p>0.05), FSH levels in both groups were remarkably lower than EA Taixi group(p<0.05), LH level in EA Guanyuan group was lower than EA Taixi group greatly(p<0.05); there was no apparently difference between EA Sanyinjiao group and EA Guanyuan group in GnRH content (p>0.05), but in both groups it was notably lower than EA Taixi group (p<0.05).
Conclusions:
1 EA could increase low estrogen level, inhibit elevated gonadotropin levels in ovariectomized rats and has benign regulation to disorganized HPO axis.
2 The regulatory effect on the HPO axis of different acupoints is not identical. The role of acupoints has a certain specificity. Sanyinjiao and Guanyuan have the similar effect, which is obviously stronger than Taixi.
3 The origination and development of climacteric syndrome involves in multiple organs, such as the liver, spleen and kidney, and is closely related with the Chong and Ren Meridians. The characteristics of Sanyinjiao, Guanyuan, and the results of this study can suggest that multiple organs, meridians, both innate and acquired fuctions should be considered all together, and in clinical acupoints election we should pay more attention to crossing acupoints for treatment of this disease.
现代医学应用雌激素替代治疗女性更年期综合征有着几十年的历史,至今仍为首选方法。但近几年随着其各种副作用的相关报道越来越多,寻求更为安全有效的治疗方法逐渐引起人们的关注,并成为研究热点。针灸治疗更年期综合征疗效确切,不良反应少,显示了很好的前景。但临床选穴、配穴主要依据医生的主观判断,穴位应用繁杂多变,缺乏客观标准和依据。
本实验通过观察电针太溪、三阴交、关元三个不同穴位对去卵巢大鼠血清E2、FSH、LH、GnRH的影响,评价电针疗法对更年期下丘脑-垂体-卵巢(HPO)轴的调节作用,并探讨腧穴主治作用的特异性,为穴位的临床选择和应用提供实验依据。
主要实验结果如下：
1与正常组对比,模型组大鼠血清E2水平显著降低(p<0.01),FSH、LH、GnRH水平明显升高(p<0.01；p<0.01；p<0.01)。
2与模型组相比,各穴位组电针治疗后,E2水平显著升高(p<0.05；p<0.05；p<0.05)；FSH、LH、GnRH水平明显降低(p<0.05；p<0.05；p<0.05)。
3三个电针组之间进行对比,血清E2含量无显著差异(p>0.05)；EA三阴交组与EA关元组FSH、LH含量无显著差异(p>0.05),两组FSH含量均明显低于EA太溪组(p<0.05),EA关元组LH含量显著低于EA太溪组(p<0.05)；EA三阴交组与EA关元组GnRH含量无显著性差异(p>0.05),但均明显低于EA太溪组(p<0.05)。
结论：
1电针可有效调节HPO轴功能,抑制去卵巢大鼠雌激素水平的下降和促性腺激素水平的升高。
2电针不同穴位对HPO轴功能的调节作用不完全相同,证明了腧穴作用具有一定的特异性。三阴交、关元的作用较太溪穴更为明显,但三阴交和关元穴的作用强度未见明显差异。
3更年期综合征的产生和发展涉及肝、脾、肾多个脏腑,并与冲任关系密切。由三阴交、关元的穴位特性以及本研究结果显示,治疗本病应从多脏腑、多经脉考虑,先后天并重,在临床选穴方面应注重交会穴的使用。
Climacteric syndrome is a series of physical and psychological syndromes, which is caused by ovarian failure and endocrine disorder of women before and after menopause. Clinical manifestations are hectic fever with sweating, fatigue, listlessness, irritability, dizziness, headache, tinnitus, palpitation, insomnia, amnesia, lower back pain, burning sensation of hands and feet, menstrual disorder and so on. In recent years, due to aging of the population trends, the increasing social pressure and many other factors, the incidence rate of climacteric syndrome tends to increase.
The application of hormone replacement therapy has a history of several decades in modern medicine, and today it is still the first choice for climacteric syndrome. However, in recent years, there are more and more reports on its various side effects. Therefore, to find safe and effective treatment gradually attracts people's attention and becomes the research hotspot. Acupuncture is a kind of effective therapy for climacteric syndrome with less adverse reactions, and has very good prospects. But the selection of acupoints in clinical is primarily based on subjective judgments of doctors. The application of acupoints is complex, variable, and is lack of objective criteria and evidence.
In this experiment, we have observed the influences of the levels of E2、FSH、LH and GnRH by EA at Taixi(KI 3), Sanyinjiao(SP 6), Guanyuan(RN 4) points in ovariectomized rats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the regulatory effects of EA on HPO axis, investigate the specificity of acupoints and provide experimental evidences for acupoints selection and application in clinical practice.
Main result are as following:
1 In comparison with the normal group, E2 level in serum of the model group was significantly lower (p<0.01), the levels of FSH、LH and GnRH increased obviously(p<0.01; p<0.01; p<0.01).
2 Compared with the model group, E2 level increased remarkably in each EA group (p<0.05; p<0.05; p<0.05); FSH、LH、GnRH levels decreased markedly (p<0.05; p<0.05; p<0.05).
3 Comparison between the three groups, the serum E2 content was not significantly different (p>0.05); there were no obvious differences in the FSH、LH levels between EA Sanyinjiao group and EA Guanyuan group(p>0.05), FSH levels in both groups were remarkably lower than EA Taixi group(p<0.05), LH level in EA Guanyuan group was lower than EA Taixi group greatly(p<0.05); there was no apparently difference between EA Sanyinjiao group and EA Guanyuan group in GnRH content (p>0.05), but in both groups it was notably lower than EA Taixi group (p<0.05).
Conclusions:
1 EA could increase low estrogen level, inhibit elevated gonadotropin levels in ovariectomized rats and has benign regulation to disorganized HPO axis.
2 The regulatory effect on the HPO axis of different acupoints is not identical. The role of acupoints has a certain specificity. Sanyinjiao and Guanyuan have the similar effect, which is obviously stronger than Taixi.
3 The origination and development of climacteric syndrome involves in multiple organs, such as the liver, spleen and kidney, and is closely related with the Chong and Ren Meridians. The characteristics of Sanyinjiao, Guanyuan, and the results of this study can suggest that multiple organs, meridians, both innate and acquired fuctions should be considered all together, and in clinical acupoints election we should pay more attention to crossing acupoints for treatment of this disease.
引文
[1]刘惠喜.妇产科学[M].北京：北京医科大学出版社,2001,238-240.
[2]Almeida OP, Lautenschlager N, Vasikaram S, et al. Association between physiological serum concentration of estrogen and the mental health of community-dwelling postmenopausal women age 70 years and over. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005,13(2):142-149.
[3]Burkhardt MS, Foster JK, Laws SM, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy may improve memory functioning in the absence of APOE epsilon4. J Alzheimers Dis 2004,6(3):221-228.
[4]刘宏洋,孙远征.针灸治疗围绝经期综合征的概况.针灸临床杂志,2008,24(1),50-51.
[5]Brodowska A, Laszczy ska M, Starczewski A.Apoptosis in ovarian cells in postmenopausal women. Folia Histochem Cytobiol.2007;45(2):99-105.
[6]Brodowska A, Starczewski A, Laszczynska M, Szydlowska I. Ovarian androgenesis in women after menopause. Pol Merkuriusz Lek,2005;19:90-93.
[7]Markstrom E, Svensson ECh, Shao R, Svanberg B, Biling H. Survival factors regulating ovarian apoptosis-dependence on follicle differentation. Reproduction,2002;123:23-30.
[8]Tilly JL. Oocyte apoptosis:prevention strategies, and implications for female aging and the menopause. Ann Endocrinol,2003; 64:82-84.
[9]Faddy MJ,Gosden RG, Gougeon A, et al. Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in midlife:implications for forecasting menopause. Hum Reprod, 1992;7:1342.
[10]林守清,林萍,姜玉新,等.绝经后卵巢和子宫萎缩及血雌二醇降低的观察.中华妇产科杂志.1997,9：524.
[11]乐杰主编.妇产科学(第6版).北京：人民卫生出版社出版,2004,5：349-350.
[12]刘晶,邹伟,安利佳.从现代衰老学说谈地黄的抗衰老作用研究进展.辽宁中医杂志,2008,35(6)：952-954.
[13]Buckler H. The menopause transition:endocrine changes and clinical symptoms. J Br Menopause Soc,2005;11:61-65.
[14]Casella M, Manfredi S, Andreassi MG, Vassalle C, Prontera C, Simi S, Maffei S. Hormone replacement therapy:one-year follow up of DNA damage. Mutat Res, 2005;585:14-20.
[15]Menopause:evidence-based practice. BestPractRes Clin Obstet Gynaecol[J]. 2006,20(6):799-839.
[16]Overlie I Morkrid L Andersson AM et al. Inhibin A and B as markers of menopause: a five-year prospective longitudinal study of hormonal changes during the menopausal transition. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.2005;84 (3):281-285.
[17]赵海涛.中等强度体育舞蹈对更年期妇女雌激素及血脂水平的影响.中国临床康复,2006,10(10)：29-31.
[18]Estrogen and androgen hormone therapy and well-being in surgically postmenopausal women. J Womens Health(Larchmt),2006,15(8):898-908.
[19]Kinon BJ, Gilmore JA, Liu H, et al. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients treated with conventional antipsychotic medications or risperidone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003,28 Suppl 2:55-68.
[20]Berlanga C, Mendieta D, Alva G, et al. Failure of tibolone to potentiate the pharmacological effect of fluoxetine in postmenopausal major depression. J Womens Health(Larchmt) 2003,12 (1):33-39.
[21]蔡丽莺.针灸治疗围绝经期综合征概况.安徽中医学院学报,2008,27(1),62-64.
[22]Villablanca AC&Hanley MR.17 β-estradiol stimulates substance P receptor gene ex pression.Molecular Cell Endocrinology,1997,135:109-17.
[23]谢启文.现代神经内分泌学.北京：人民卫生出版社,2000,p.90-4.
[24]周寿康,任惠民,赵伟等.雌／孕激素对垂体黄体生成素(LH)细胞形态学影响.生殖与避孕,2001,21(5)：269-76.
[25]罗晓梅.绝经期潮热与5-羟色胺[J].国外医学妇产学分册,2003,30(6)：394-395.
[26]申春悌,张华强,朱雄华等.400例更年期综合征临床证候辨证标准现场调查分析.中国中西医结合杂志,2004,24(6)：517.
[27]Schmidt P J, Murphy J,Haq N, et al.Basal plasma hormone levels in depressed perimenopausal women [J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology,2002,27 (8):907.
[28]李文玲,郭新宇,张金玉等.绝经期妇女激素替代治疗前后血清瘦素水平,第一军医大学学报,2002,22：7.
[29]Tufano A, Marzo P, Enrini R Anthropometric, hormonal and biochemical differences in lean and obese women before and aftermenopausel[J]. Endocrinol Invest,2004,27 (7):648.
[30]Bechlioulis A, Naka KK, Papanikolaou 0, et al. Menopause and hormone therapy: from vascular endothelial function to cardiovascular disease[J]. Hellenic J Cardiol,2009,50(4):303-315.
[31]Kearney PM,WheltonM, Reynolds K, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet,2005,365(9455):217-223.
[32]张雨田,杨秀生.围绝经高血压的预防.中国临床实用医学,2007,1(5)：61.
[33]Pechere, Bert schi A, BurnierM. Female sex hormones, salt and blood pressure regulation[J]. Am JHypertens,2004,1(10):994-1001.
[34]彭丽晨.更年期后妇女血液流变性改变[J].微循环学杂志,2004,10(1)：37.
[35]彭丽晨.更年期综合征患者性激素水平及血液流变学的临床观察[J].中国血液流变学杂志.2003,13(1)：68.
[36]Woodward M, Rumley A, Tuns tall Pedoe-H, et al. Associations of blood rheology and interleukin-6 with cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascalar disease [J]. Br J Haematol.1999,104:246.
[37]Mary S. The choice of hormone replacement therapy or statin therapy in the treatment of hyperlipidemic postmentopausal women. Atherosclerosis Supplements,2002,3:53-56.
[38]Shinozaki K, Kashiwagi A, Masada M, et al. Molecular mechanisms of impaired endothelial function associated with insulin resistance. Curr Drug Cardiovasc Haematol Disord,2004,4:1-11.
[39]彭洁敏,周建华.更年期妇女动态心电图ST-T改变的临床评价[J].中华心血管病杂志,2000,28(6)：463.
[40]董玉兰,陈耀星,王子旭等.阻断交感神经对小鼠胚胎植入和子宫局部免疫的影响.解剖学报,2006,37(6)：705-709.
[41]王艺娟,陈耀星,李国平等.雌二醇和孕酮对卵巢摘除大鼠子宫内肥大细胞数量分布的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2008,39(7)：962-966
[42]王滨,刘宏艳,王红.更年乐对更年期综合征网络机制影响的实验研究[J].江苏中医药,2002,23(10)：56-57
[43]Ryan-Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP,et al. Soy isoflavones modulate immune function in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr.2006;83(5):1118-25.
[44]张雅萍,王秀霞.坤宁安丸对更年期综合征患者生殖内分泌-免疫功能的影响[J].中医药信息,2001,18(3)：52-54.
[45]Ryan-Borchers T A, Park J S, Chew B P, et al. Soy isoflavones modulate immune function in healthy postmenopausal women [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2006,83(5): 1118-1125.
[46]张莹雯.更年平调液对老年雌性大鼠一氧化氮、性激素、超氧化物歧化酶的影响[J].武汉大学学报.医学版,2003,24(2)：133-135.
[47]Ozturk 0, Gumuslu S. Changes in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, copper, zinc-super-oxide dismutase and catalase activities, glutathione and its metabolizing enzymes, and lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes with age[J]. Exp Gerontol,2004;39:211 216.
[48]方玉荣,王立金,周昕.围绝经期妇女血清性激素水平与自由基、血脂含量的变化.实用妇产科杂志,2004,20(3)：151-152.
[49]齐绍霞,小剂量雌激素预防围绝经期骨质疏松症的临床观察,中国骨质疏松杂志,2008,14(7)：517-518.
[50]年华,徐玲玲,马明华.仙汤对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的作用,第二军医大学学报.2007；28(3)：277-280.
[51]李瑾,尹大庆,朱玲,等.正常人腰椎正侧位骨密度测定结果分析[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2002,8(2)：121-122.
[52]Carson DS. Menopause and Osteoporosis the role of RRT[J].So JAM Pharm Assoc (wash),1996, NS36 (4):234-242.
[53]Someawa Yoshia, i ChiguchiMik, i Ishibashi Tomko et al. Soy Intake Related to Menopausal Symptoms, Serum Lipids, and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Japanese Women. Soy Products and Bone Mass,2001,97 (1):109-15.
[54]Lacey JV, Mink PJ, Lubin JH et al. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer. JAMA,2002,288:334-341.
[55]Irene L, George C, Leon A, et al. Endogenous sex steroids and bone mineral density in healthy Greek postmenopausal women[J]. J Bone Miner Metab,2006,24 (1):65-71.
[56]PansiniF, CervellatiC, GuarientoA, et al.Oxidative stress, body fat composition, and endocrine status in pre-and postmenopausal women[J]. Menopause, 2008,15(1):112-118.
[57]BayramogluM, Sozay S, KaratasM, et al. Relationships between muscle strength and bone mineral density of three body regions in sedentary postmenopausal women[J]. Rheumato Int,2005,25(7):513-517.
[58]LeDonneM, MetroD, AnoldoR, etal. Body composition estimated by bioimpedance analysis in Sicilian climacteric women [J]. MinervaGineco,1 2008,60 (4): 311-316.
[59]Segal NA, Torner JC, YangM, etal. Musclemass ismore strongly related to hip bone mineral density than is quadriceps strength or lower activity level in adults over age 50 year[J]. JClin Densitom,2008,11(4):503-510.
[60]Li S, WagnerR, Holm K, et al. Relationship between soft tissue body composition and bone mass in perimenopausal women [J]. Maturitas,2004,47(2): 99-105.
[61]McInnes KJ, Corbould A, Simpson ER, et al. Regulation of AMPK and lipogenesis by androgens contributes to visceral obesity in an estrogen deficient state [J]. Endocrinology,2006; 12(147):5907-5913.
[62]Clegg DJ, Brown LM,Woods SC,et al.Gonadal hormones determine sensitivity to central leptin and insulin [J]. Diabetes,2006; 5(5):978-987.
[63]BadmanMK, Flier JS. The Gut and energy balance:visceral alliesin the obesity wars [J]. Science,2005; 3(307):1909-1914.
[64]陈蕾,贾伟平,陆俊茜,等.上海市成人代谢综合征流行调查[J].中华心血管杂志,2003,31(12)：909-912.
[65]Cho GJ, Lee JH, Park HT, et al. Postmenopausal status according to years since menopause as an independent risk factor for the metabolic syndrome. Menopause.2008; 15 (3):524-529.
[66]Chedraui P, Hidalgo L, Chavez D, et al. Quality of life among postmenopausal Ecuadorian women participating in a metabolic syndrome screening program. Maturitas.2007; 56(1):45-53.
[67]Ding QF,Hayashi T,Zhang XJ,et al.Risks of CHD identified by different criteria of metabolic syndrome and related changes of adipocytokines in elderly postmenopausal women. J Diabetes Complications.2007; 21(5):315-319.
[68]金婧,阮祥燕,华琳.绝经妇女体成分与代谢综合征组分的相关性.中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2010,14(2)：360-364.
[69]Shi H,Cleqq DJ. Sex differences in the regulation of body weight. Physiol Behav,2009; 97(2):199-204.
[70]Cameron AJ,Magliano DJ,Zimmet PZ,et al.The Metabolic Syndrome in Australia:Prevalence using four definitions. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2007; 77(3):471-478.
[71]Silva HG,Mendonca LM, Conceicao FL, et al. Influence of obesity on bone density in postmenopausal women. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.2007; 51(6):943-949.
[72]Lobo RA. Metabolic syndrome after menopause and the role of hormones.Maturitas.2008; 60(1):10-18.
[73]Deibert P, K?nig D, Vitolins MZ, et al. Effect of a weight loss intervention on anthropometric measures and metabolic risk factors in pre-versus postmenopausal women. Nutr J.2007; 25(6):31.
[74]Phillips GB, Jing T, Heymsfield SB. Does insulin resistance,visceral adiposity, or a sex hormone alteration underlie the metabolic syndrome? Studies in women.Metabolism.2008; 57(6):838-844.
[75]Rossi R, Nuzzo A, Oriqliani G, et al.Metabolic syndrome affects cardiovascular risk profile and response to treatment in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Hypertension.2008; 52(5):865-872.
[76]Tufano A, Marzo P, Enrini R, et al. Anthropometric, hormonal and biochemical differences in lean and obese women before and after menopause.J Endocrinol Invest.2004; 27:648-653.
[77]Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue:their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Rev,2000,21:697-738.
[78]Robert S, Mary N, Brenda G. Small LDL and Its clinical Importance as a new CAD risk factor:A female case study.Prog Cardiovasc Nurs,2002,17:167-173.
[79]U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy for the primary prevention of chronic condition. Recommendations and rationale. U. S. Preventive Services Task Force.American Family Physician.2003;67(2):358-364.
[80]Illanes E, Bustos L, Lagos Xet al. Associated factors to depressive symptoms and somatic symptoms in climactericwomen in the city Temuco. RevMed Chi,1 2002, 130 (8):885.
[81]郭锡永,王悦,吴飞.更年期妇女抑郁症状的发生现状及其相关因素的研究.中国妇幼保健,2002,17(2)：100.
[82]Rajewska J, Rybakowski JK. Depression in premenopausal women:gonadal hormones and serotonergic system assessed by D-fenflura-mine challenge test. Prog Neuropsycho- pharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2003,27 (4):705.
[83]张巍,郭锡永,刘景英.更年期妇女抑郁症状与血清孕激素、叶酸、五羟色胺的相关性研究.中国妇幼保健,2006,21(17)：2433-2435.
[84]张驰,周永,杨凤池,等.更年期妇女睡眠质量及相关因素分析研究,中国全科医学,2006,9(1)：37-41.
[85]Pan H A, Wu M H, Hsu C C, et al. The perception of menopause among women in Taiwan [J]. Maturi tas,2002,41 (4):269-274.
[86]Miller E H. Women and insomnia[J]. Clin Cornerstone,2004, (6Suppl1B): S8-S18.
[87]Kloss J D, Tweedy K, Gilrain K. Psychological factors associated with sleep disturbance among perimenopausa women[J]. Behav Sleep Med,2004,2 (4):177-190.
[88]李楠,郑洪新.话说天癸本质,吉林中医药.2007,27(4)：7-8.
[89]张新平.浅论“天癸” 的本质及其与生殖的关系.川北医学院学报,2007,22(4)：362-363.
[90]郭冰心,黄丽,张莹.中西医结合治疗更年期综合征.内蒙古中医药,2003,16(2)：24.
[91]袁立霞,刘刚.从肝论治妇女更年期综合征.山东中医杂志,2007,26(7)：439-440.
[92]周焕凤.从肝肾论治妇女更年期综合征36例.陕西中医,2005,22(11)：658.
[93]张雪莲.更年期综合征诊治.实用中医内科杂志,2005,15(1)：41.
[94]李力,任婕,杜彩凤,等.更年期综合征中医证候及证候要素分布特点的文献分析[J].中华中医药杂志,2008,23(3)194.
[1]陈文君,寿依群,李建华,等.应用功能性磁共振成像技术探讨针刺三阴交对脑功能的调节作用.中华物理医学与康复杂志,2007,29(11)：774-778.
[2]龚萍,张明敏,江利明,等.针刺三阴交的PET脑功能研究.中国中西医结合杂志,2006,26(2)：119-122.
[3]刘俊岭,陈淑萍,高永辉.电针不同穴位对大鼠子宫平滑肌电活动的影响.针刺研究,2007,32(4)：237-242.
[4]蔡虹,周金山,刘俊玲,等.电针对晚孕大鼠子宫平滑肌的作用.中国中医基础医学杂志,2007,13(8)：616-618.
[5]陈淑萍,高永辉,刘俊岭.电针不同穴位对孕鼠子宫肌电图变化的影响.中国针灸,2008,28(8)：601-606.
[6]何丹娟,黄光英,张明敏.针刺后三里、三阴交对胚泡着床障碍大鼠子宫VEGF表达的影响.微循环学,2008,18(4)：8-10.
[7]秦正玉,胡玲,夏晓红,等.电针三阴交对围绝经期综合征患者生殖内分泌影响的随机对照研究,针刺研究.2007,32(4)：255-299.
[8]周军,秦正玉,李伟莉,等.电针三阴交治疗围绝经期综合征临床观察.中国针灸,2006,26(9)：617-620.
[9]骆玉兰.六味地黄丸配合三阴交穴位注射生脉注射液治疗围绝经期综合征疗效观察.河北中医,2006,28(3)：197-198.
[10]胡智海,王毅,沈鸿斌.针刺“气海”与“三阴交”对胰岛素抵抗型多囊卵巢综合征内分泌调整作用的对比研究.针灸临床杂志,2009,25(4)：1-5.
[11]吴素玲.针灸三阴交穴治疗产后型高泌乳素血症32例.四川中医,2002,20(11)：75.
[12]聂发华,单志芳.穴位注射治疗月经过少46例.新疆中医药,2009,27(4)：29-30.
[13]刘爱芹,刘明.三阴交穴位注射治疗崩漏68例.上海针灸杂志,2006,25(12)：8.
[14]杨保法.针刺三阴交对改变高校女子运动员月经周期的实验研究,中国民间疗法,2007,15(5)：45.
[15]刘亚丽.三阴交穴位注射维生素K3治疗原发性痛经临床观察.辽宁中医杂志,2005,32(11)：1185-1186.
[16]潘放鸣.对女青年原发性痛经针刺三阴交穴治护效果之分析.中华实用中西医杂志,2007,20(21)：1850-1852.
[17]丁玉梅,马晓勇.温针三阴交穴治疗原发性痛经,中国针灸,2009,29(11)：883.
[18]Wong CL, Lai KY, Tse HM., Effects of SP6 acupressure on pain and menstrual distress in young women with dysmenorrhea. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010,16(2)：64-69.
[19]李贇.悬灸三阴交治疗胎位不正临床观察.上海针灸杂志,2006,25(12)：11-12.
[20]黄惜专.穴位注射山莨菪碱预防人工流产综合征.中华现代妇产科学杂志,2005,2(6)：539-540.
[21]王新宇.针刺对广泛性子宫切除术后膀胱功能影响的研究.针刺研究,2007,32(2)：132-135.
[22]邓颖辉,厉群,李秀敏,等.黄芪注射液三阴交注射治疗动力性尿潴留的研究.中国实用护理杂志,2006,22(7)：3-4.
[23]胡芬棠,刘建国.针刺三阴交穴治疗脑血管意外后尿潴留疗效观察.中国针灸2001,21(8)：479.
[24]杨怡.穴位注射三阴交治疗小儿遗尿.中国针灸,2001,21(12)：729.
[25]周奇志,彭晓华,吴巧凤,等.电针对焦虑大鼠室旁核促肾上腺皮质素释放激素及其Ⅰ型受体mRNA表达的影响.针刺研究,2008,33(6)：372-376.
[26]徐海洋,周奇志,王薇,等.电针对慢性情绪应激焦虑模型大鼠行为学影响的研究.四川中医,2007,25(5)：97-98.
[27]韩毳,李晓泓,李学武.电针“百会”、“三阴交”穴对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠HPA轴的影响.北京中医药大学学报,2001,24(3)：74-75.
[28]王东红,姬孟艳.醒脑开窍针刺法治疗脑外伤性失语46例.陕西中医,2003,24(3)：255-256.
[29]李权英.三阴交配合神门穴加减治疗失眠40例.长春中医药大学学报.2009,25(4)：550.
[30]彭良.针刺交会穴治疗不寐症85例.陕西中医,2009,30(7)：883-884.
[31]庄礼兴,徐世芬.穴位埋线治疗抑郁性神经症47例临床观察.广州中医药大学学报,2009,26(1)：38-40.
[32]王艳波,张秋菊.针刺治疗癫证29例临床疗效观察.针灸临床杂志,2001,17(10)：9
[33]焦伟,许新霞,席军生.针刺埋线治疗多发性抽动秽语综合征32例.四川中医,2003,21(8)：83-84.
[34]秦明,叶文广,姚庆林,等.电针对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃电活动与延髓神经元和星状胶质细胞可塑性的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志.2009.17(2)：77-80.
[35]赵保民,黄裕新,郝悦.电针“足三里”和“三阴交”调节大鼠胃酸分泌的作用比较.针刺研究,2001,26(4)：279-283.
[36]王毅,朱艺荣,施丹华.针刺推拿治疗胃下垂68例.福建中医药,2005,36(5)：21-22.
[37]刘建华.穴位注射治疗腹部术后肠胀气152例效果观察.山东医药,2006,46(8)：80.
[38]严桂珍,郑家铿,许少峰,等.针灸“三阴交”穴择时治疗对脾阳虚家兔免疫功能的影 响.中国针灸,2001,21(12)：735-737.
[39]赖敏,王淑美,汪莹,等.电针不同穴组对胃癌大鼠术后免疫功能的影响.针刺研究,2008,33(4)：245-249.
[40]潘华山.针灸三阴交穴对小白鼠运动能力与某些免疫指标的影响.广州体育学院,2005,25(4)：34-36.
[41]赵宁侠,郭瑞林,任秦有,等.艾灸三阴交穴对健康人血液流变学及红细胞聚集指数的影响.云南中医学院学报,2006,26(4)：31-32.
[42]方剑乔,马桂芝,梁宜.电针足三里、三阴交穴治疗大鼠胶原性关节炎及其部分血液流变学机制.浙江中医药大学学报,2008,32(5)：652-654.
[43]王颖,王耀斌,任宝琴.针刺三阴交对脉管炎之微循环皮肤温度的影响.辽宁中医杂志.1999,26(4)：175-176.
[44]李娇,孟凡迅,张俊芳,等.针刺大鼠后三里与三阴交对热水甩尾痛阈的影响.四川中医,2007,25(5)：17-18.
[45]霍俊杰.针刺单穴三阴交治疗跟痛症25例.中国中医药信息杂志,2002,9(12)：51.
[46]龚萍,张明敏,王棋.针刺三阴交对痛经患者脑葡萄糖代谢的影响.中国针灸,2006,26(1)：51-55.
[47]周金山,晋志高,陶之理.关元一级感觉神经元在脊神经节的节段分布,上海针灸杂志,2001,20(3)：40-41.
[48]周金山,晋志高,陶之理.三阴交穴及子宫一级感觉神经元在脊神经节的节段分布(经穴脏腑相关的机理研究)[J].美国综合医学杂志,2000,2(6).
[49]王少军,朱兵.卵巢-体表的相关性与经穴关系的研究.中国针灸,2007,27(10)：761-765.
[50]刘巧玲,安晓飞,吴根诚.电针对关元穴区初级感觉传入神经元节段分布的影响.针刺研究.2006,31(1)：50-53.
[51]张凤,冯异,周瑞,等.正常和病理状态下“关元”穴的中枢神经束路示踪研究及电针的影响.针刺研究,2008,33(3)：147-153.
[52]李晓泓,解秸萍,张露芬,等.逆灸关元穴对自然围绝经期大鼠下丘脑雌激素受体α和促肾上腺激素释放激素及血浆促肾上腺激素的调节[J].中国临床康复,2006,10(7)：18-120.
[53]王洪彬,李晓泓,何玉伟等,逆针灸关元穴对自然更年期大鼠ACTH、NE和5-HT含量的影响,北京中医药大学学报,2008,31(12)：826-829.
[54]胡玲,汪惠丽,高忻洙,等.电针“关元”与“三阴交”对围绝经期模型大鼠性激素及下丘脑p-EP调整作用的比较.中国针灸,2004；24(9)：649.
[55]段淑香,李亚东,李健男,等.针刺对围绝经期雌性大鼠血清雌二醇、睾酮、促性腺激 素水平的影响[J].针灸临床杂志,2006,22(11)：44-45.
[56]王少军,朱兵,晋志高.电针对动情周期不同阶段大鼠GnRH免疫反应表达的研究.中国针灸,2007,27(4)：273-278.
[57]王少军,谭连红,马春红.电针不同穴位及穴位组合对去势雌鼠下丘脑GnRH、GPR54、 Kiss-1 mRNA表达的影响.中国中医基础医学杂志,2009,15(12)：936-938.
[58]常小荣,艾坤,刘梨,等.电针足三里关元对佐剂性关节炎大鼠β-内啡肽ACTH的影响.中华中医药学刊,2009,27(4)：685-687.
[59]李晓梅,张薇.针刺配合中频电脑理疗治疗卵巢囊肿30例.陕西中医,2005,26(5)：448.
[60]顾小燕,王静.隔姜灸关元治疗原发性痛经疗效观察.中国全科医学,2006,9(10)：847.
[61]徐玉英,徐凤云.艾灸关元穴治疗功能性子宫出血63例体会.甘肃中医,2001,14(5)：55-56.
[62]王科,王红娥.艾灸关元穴配合凯格氏锻炼治疗子宫脱垂14例.中国针灸,2005,25(11)：759.
[63]何学斌,吴耀,罗济民,等.针灸对气虚大鼠红细胞免疫功能影响的实验研究[J].针刺研究,2003；8(3)：189-191.
[64]陈雄华,刘又香.针灸“足三里”“关元”穴对阳虚大鼠免疫功能影响的比较研究.中国针灸,2000,(9)：555-557.
[65]郑雪峰,聂焱,王志强.艾灸关元穴对化疗后低白细胞模型大鼠外周血象影响的实验研究.湖北中医杂志,2009,31(5)：5-6.
[66]何玉伟,李晓泓,张露芬.自然更年期大鼠IL-2、TNF、TGF和IL-2R mRNA变化及逆针关元穴对其影响的研究.中国中医药信息杂志,2008,4(15)：26-28.
[67]李晓泓,王洪彬,徐莉莉,等.逆针灸“关元”穴对更年期大鼠脾脏热休克蛋白70及其mRNA表达和血清白介素-2、肿瘤坏死因子-α含量的影响.针刺研究,2009,34(2)：83-88.
[68]高希言,王燕.艾灸强壮要穴对衰老小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].河南中医,2005,25(11)：24-26.
[69]谢甦,李丽红,吕明庄.艾灸关元、足三里对衰老小鼠免疫功能影响的实验研究[J].贵阳中医学院学报,2003,25(2)：44-46.
[70]陈永,申晓亮,周曼丽,等.针灸强壮要穴对大鼠免疫功能的影响[J].上海针灸杂志,2006,25(10)：48-50.
[71]王俊华,陈邦国,尹晶,等.电针关元穴对脊髓损伤后尿潴留模型大鼠逼尿肌兴奋性的影响,湖北中医学院学报,2009,11(4)：6-8.
[72]张晓明,陈邦国,尹晶.电针关元穴对脊髓不完全损伤大鼠尿动力学的影响. 2009,11(3)：9-11.
[73]伍洁华,马洁霞,冯翠银.艾灸关元穴治疗产后尿潴留32例疗效观察.现代中西医结合杂志,2002,11(19)：1908-1909.
[74]傅云其.关元穴深斜刺治疗尿潴留症的手法及机理分析——附86例临床观察.中医药学刊,2006,24(12)：2336.
[75]甘召华,盛英丽.温针灸关元穴对截瘫尿潴留病人的影响.护理研究,2005,19(9)：1936.
[76]赵月玲.关元穴注射治疗术后癃闭36例.辽宁中医杂志,2004,31(4)：340.
[77]廖玉琴.山莨菪碱局封关元穴治疗泌尿系感染12例.现代中西医结合杂志,2007,16(23)：3345.
[78]王伏声,马乃篪,李勇,等.灸关元穴治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的临床观察.中国中医基础医学杂志,2009,15(8)：617-618.
[79]潘凤军,黄翠玲,王萍乐.按揉加艾灸关元穴治疗虚寒型慢性泄泻35例.内蒙古中医药,2005(s1)：36.
[80]武玉响,毕研松.关元穴注射治疗急性胃肠炎96例疗效观察.时珍国医国药,2001,12(2)：146.
[81]唐泗明,黄安清.艾灸关元穴治疗直肠脱垂57例分析[J].山西中医,2009,25(1)：25.
[82]翟景慧,李晓泓,张露芬,等.“逆针”与“逆灸”对去卵巢大鼠血脂水平的影响[J].针刺研究,2005,30(2)：80-82.
[83]张露芬,李晓泓,张慧,等.逆针关元穴对自然围绝经期大鼠血脂的调节作用[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(23)：132-133.
[84]解秸萍,李晓泓,张露芬,等.“逆灸”调节大鼠更年期血脂、体重的效应规律[J].北京中医药大学学报,2006,29(1)：67-70.
[85]常宁,富玲,原银栋,等.去势成年雌性大鼠骨质疏松模型血清NO和NOS的水平及其意义.中国骨质疏松杂志,2003,10(2)：135.
[86]叶刚,杨皓庄,张穗梅.雌、孕激素对去势雌大鼠血清N0、心肌NOS活性的影响.医学临床研究,2002,19(3)：200.
[87]解秸萍,李晓泓,张露芬等,逆灸“关元”穴对大鼠更年期血浆、子宫一氧化氮合酶的影响,针刺研究,2006,31(6)：351-354.
[88]张慧,张露芬,李晓泓,等.逆针关元穴对自然围绝经期大鼠超氧化物歧化酶和一氧化氮合酶活性的调节[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(31)：147-149.
[89]李晓泓,宋晓琳,张露芬.逆灸关元穴对自然更年期大鼠子宫HSP70、HSP70 mRNA、SOD、 NOS的影响.中华中医药杂志,2010,25(1)：46-49.
[90]张淑芬,李亚东,高洪泉,等.针刺足三里和关元穴对老年大鼠脑心肾组织中一氧化氮合酶和抗氧化系统的影响[J].中国临床康复,2006,10(7)：113-115.
[91]朱梅,祖国美,吕强,等.针刺老年大鼠“足三里”、“关元”穴区对肝脏抗衰老的实验研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2004,20(7)：48-49.
[92]刘跃光,郑海兴.针刺老年大鼠“足三里”、“关元”穴对肝NO、GSH-PX、LIP含量影响的实验研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2004,20(8)：51-52.
[93]丛树园,李亚东,李健男,等.针刺老年雌性大鼠足三里、关元穴对脑组织抗氧化影响的实验研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2006,22(9)：47-49.
[94]陈尚杰,朱芬,刘波.刺激健康青年太溪穴和假穴的功能磁共振研究,中国康复,2009,24(5)：308-309.
[95]魏建子,沈雪勇,周钰.气虚患者太渊太溪穴伏安特性,辽宁中医杂志,2007,34(5)：547-550.
[96]周钰.健康人月经前后太冲、太溪穴位伏安特性观察.陕西中医,2005,26(5)：442-443.
[97]潘海燕,王永德,单秋华,等.电针太溪、阴谷对慢性肾脏病患者肾动脉血流的即刻效应.山东中医杂志,2008,27(5)：320-322.
[98]Bessho H.用多普勒彩色流量定位技术评估针刺对肾血流量的影响.国外医学中医中药分册.2001,23(1)：53.
[99]魏北星,金春兰,陈文琴.针刺健侧太溪穴治疗急性踝关节外侧副韧带损伤的对照观察.中国针灸,2004,24(4)：248-250.
[100]王宗江.太溪穴位注射治疗足跟痛25例.上海针灸,2009,28(8)：472.
[101]李峥,朱蜀云,李翔.针刺太溪穴治疗外伤后痉挛性斜颈15例.中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(2)：60.
[102]房晓宇,唐勇,王中铎,等,针刺太溪穴治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍疗效观察,上海针灸杂志,2009,28(2)：75-76.
[1]Arencibia JM, SchallyAV. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone as an autocrine growth factor in ES-2ovarian cancer cell line[J]. International Journal ofOncology,2000,16:1009-1013.
[2]Vander EM, Horvath TL, Wiegant VM, et al. Evidence for a direct neuronal pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system:combined tracing and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies. J Comp Neurol,1997; 384 (8):569.
[3]Mallick HN, Kumar VM. Gating of the dorsal penile nerve inputs by norepinephrine at the medial preoptic area in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol,2005; 49(3):325.
[4]SilerK, Theresa M, Grayson M, et al. GnRH and its anologues bind the human placental receptor [J].Journalof the Society for Gynecologic Investigation,2001,8(4):233-238.
[5]Huang W Q, Yao B, Sun L, et al. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies of GnRH and its receptor[J]. Life Science,2001,68 (15):1727-1734.
[6]Wang L, Xie L P, HuangW Q, et al. Presence of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and its mRNA in rat pancreas [J]. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,2001,172 (1-2):185-191.
[7]Chen H F, Jeung E B, Stephenson M, etal. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells express gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH), GnRH receptor, and interleukin-2 receptor gamma-chain messenger ribonucleic acids thatare regulated by GnRH in vitro[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,1999,84:743-750.
[8]StanislausD, PinterJH, JanovickJA, etal. Mechanismsmediating multiple physiological responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone[J]. Molecular and Cellular Endocronology,1998,114:1-10.
[9]肖杰文,李学伟,朱砺.促性腺激素释放激素受体的结构及其生物学功能.生理科学进展,2008,39(2)：175.
[10]张萍.促性腺激素释放激素系统与妇科肿瘤的研究进展.上海第二医科大学学报,2005,125(5)：535-536.
[11]沈皓,蔡德培,陈伯英.补肾中药对下丘脑-垂体促性腺机能的影响.中西医结合学报,2004,2(1),54.
[12]李忠仁.实验针灸学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2003,154-231.
[13]Ebling FJ. The neuroendocrine timing of puberty. Reproduction, 2005;129(6):675.
[14]Smith MJ, Jennes L. Neural signals that regulate GnRH neurones directly during the oestrous cycle. J Reproduction,2001; 122(1):1.
[15]Irahara M, Tamura T, Matuzaki T, et al. Orexin a suppresses the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone via beta endorphin. J Biochem Biophys Res, 2001;281(1):232.
[16]VincentP. Glial-neuronal-endothelial interactions are involved in the control of GnRH secrection [J]. JNeuroendocrin,2002,14.
[17]金晓航,黄威权.促性腺激素释放激素免疫调节作用的研究进展.生理科学进,2000,31(2)：169-172.
[18]徐苓.老年妇女内分泌变化.中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2002,18(12)：721.
[19]李美芝.妇科内分泌学[M].北京：人民军医出版社,2000.35-40,199-214.
[20]葛秦生,孙亦彬,刘士廉,等.临床生殖内分泌学[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2001,186-192,386-401.
[21]何淑莹,申玉华,尤昭玲.多囊卵巢综合症LH及FSH的研究现状.中医药导报,2005,11(8)：82-84.
[22]刘春杰,纪凤兰,董立珉等.二仙汤对更年期肾阳虚大鼠的影响.长春中医学院学报,2006,22(1)：61-62.
[23]王洪珍,陈霁,李彩红.绝经后妇女血脂代谢的变化及激素替代治疗的影响.江苏大学学报(医学版),2006,16(2)：151-1531.
[24]吴金,陈炳海,庄锦珊.不同中医证型围绝经综合征妇女身心症状、抑郁情绪和血清性激素水平差异.中国临床康复,2006,10(9)：22-24.
[25]Li Sun, Yuanzhen Peng, SharrowAC, et al. FSH directly regulates bone mass. Cell,2006,125:247-260.
[26]Seibel MJ, Dunstan CR, Zhou H, et al. Sex steroids, not FSH, influence bone mass. Cell,2006,127:1079.
[27]肖炜,邓虹珠,马云.益妇宁软胶囊治疗更年期综合征的实验研究.中国中药杂志,2003,28(3)：253-257.
[28]Garrido-Gracia JC, Bellido C, Aguilar R, et al. Protein kinase C cross-talk with gonadotrope progesterone receptor is involved in GnRH-induced LH secretion. J Physiol Biochem,2006,62(1):35-42.
[29]王少军,朱兵,晋志高.电针对动情周期不同阶段大鼠GnRH免疫反应表达的研究.中 国针灸,2007,27(4),277.
[30]Stearns V, Hayes D F. Approach to menopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2002,3 (2):179.
[31]Yun-Jun Ruan, Jian Qiu, Sai-Zhu Wu, et al. Effects of estrogen and its receptor on the production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells, Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation,2004,8(6):1150-1151.
[32]Stefano GB, Prevot V, Beauvillain JC, et al. Cell-surface estrogen receptors mediate calcium-dependent nitric oxide release in human endothelia[J]. Circulation,2000,101:1594-1597.
[33]Barton M, Cremer J, Mugge A.17Beta-estradiol acutely improves endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin in isolated human coronary arteries[J].Eur J Pharmacol,1998,362:73-76.
[34]Shaw L, Taggart MJ, Austin C. Mechanisms of 17 beta-oestradiol induced vasodilatation in isolated pressurized rat small arteries[J]. Cr J Pharmacol,2000,129:555-565.
[35]RazandiM, PedramA, Levin ER. Estrogen signalstothe preservation of endothelial cell form and function[J]. J Biol Chem,2000,275:38540-38546.
[36]Sudoh N, Toba K, AkishitaM,et al. Estrogen preventsoxidative stressinduced endothelial cell apoptosis in rats[J].Circulation,2001,103:724-729.
[37]Stein DG. Brain damage, sex hormones and recovery:a newrole for progesterone and estrogen[J]. TrendsNeurosci,2001,7:386.
[38]Burger HG, Dudley E, Mamers P, eta.l Early follicular phase serum FSH as a function of age:the role of inhibin B, inhibin A and estradiol. Climacteric, 2000; 3(1):17.
[39]Vaninetti S, Baccarelli A, Romoli R, et al. Effectof aging on serum gonadotropin levels in healthy subjects and patientswith nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Europ J Endocri,2000; 142:144.
[40]CarswellHV, Dominiczak AF, Macrae IM. Estrogen status affects sensitivity to focal cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Am J PhysiolHeartCire Physiol,2000,278:290.
[41]Wang Q, Santizo R, Baughman VL, et a.1 Estrogen provides neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia through perfusion-independent mechanisms in rats[J]. Stroke,1999,30 (3):630.
[42]Dubal DB, shughrue PJ, Wilson ME, et a.l Estradiol modulates bcl-2 in cerebral ischemia:a potential role for estrogen receptors[J]. Jneurosci,1999, 19(15):6385.
[43]李露斯,王兴华,范文辉.雌二醇对慢性脑缺血去卵巢大鼠脑病理改变的影响[J].第三军医大学学报,2002,24(12)：1391-1393.
[44]汪艳丽,季其仁,肖玲玲等.围绝经期、绝经后妇女性激素水平的变化及其与糖、脂代谢的关系.安徽医学,2005,26(1)：27-28.
[45]PaulS. Cooke, Afia. Role of Estrogens in Adipocyte Development and Function[J]. Exp Biol Med,2004,229:1127-1135.
[46]Bausero P, Ben-Mahdi M, Mazucatelli J, et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor is modulated in vascular muscle cells by estradiol, tamoxifen, and hypoxia[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2000,279:2033-2042.
[47]Wagner JD, Thomas MJ, Williams JK, et al. Insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in ovariectomized monkeys with estradiol alone or combined with nomegestrol acetate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1998,83(3):896.
[48]王方杰,王吉昕.胰岛素抵抗与糖尿病、肥胖、冠心病、脂代谢异常的相关性.实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2005,13(1)：53-55.
[49]吴雪清,李海鹰,叶碧绿等.尼尔雌醇对绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的改善作用.中国老年学杂志,2002,22(1)：20-22.
[50]Sribastava M, Deal C. Osteoporosis in elderly:prevention and treatment[J]. Clin Geriatr Med 2002,18(3):529-555.
[51]Li NH,Ou PZ,ZhuHM, et al. Comparasion study on risk factors of osteopenia in the middle-aged and elderly men women population[J]. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu(Chin J Clin Rehabil) 2002,6(3):382-383.
[52]郑碧琼,闫福华,骆凯,等.雌激素对正常及骨质疏松症大鼠骨髓基质细胞增殖分化的影响.中国骨质疏松杂志,2007,13(1)：22-25.
[53]邹世恩,张绍芬.雌激素对成骨细胞和破骨细胞凋亡的调节机制.现代妇产科进展,2006,15(7)：547-548.
[54]苏汝堃,刘兴漠,邓颖辉.骨质疏松患者472例X线表现及骨密度分析[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(2)：4355.
[55]amada M, Irahara M,Maegawa M,et al.Transient increase in thelevels of T-helper 1 cytokines in postmenopausal women and the effects of hormone replacement. Therapy Gynecol and Obstet Invest,2001,52:82.
[56]哈灵侠,张绍芬,谢倩,等.更年期大鼠血清雌二醇水平与脾细胞凋亡的增龄性改变.复旦学报(医学版),2004,31(2)：155-157.
[57]Kanda N, Tamaki K. Estrogen enhances immunoglobulin production by human PBM CS. J Allergy Clin Immunol,1999,103:282.
[58]Jehn-Hsiahn Y. Hormone replacement therapy reverses the decrease in natural killer cytotoxicity but does not reverse the decreases in the T-cell subpopulation or interferon-gamma production in postmenopausal women[J]. Fertil Steril,2000,74 (2):261-267.
[59]Jenkins JK, Suwannaroj S, Elbourne KB, et al.17-beta estradiol alters Jurkat lymphocyte cell cycling and induces apoptosis through suppression of Bcl-2 and cyclin A[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2001,1(11):1897-1911.
[60]Zajchowski S, Hoffman-Goetz L. Supraphysiological level of estrogen exposure in vivo increases lymphoid cell death in mice[J].Life Sci,2000,66(15):1451-1459.
[61]Miller EH. Women and insomnia. Clin Cornerstone,2004, (6 Suppl 1B):S8.
[62]Moe KE. Reproductive hormones, aging, and sleep. Semin Reprod Endocrinol, 1999,17 (4):339.
[63]NetzerN C, Eliasson A H, StrohlK P. Women with sleep apnea have lower levels of sex hormones. Sleep Breath,2003,7 (1):25.
[64]PoloK P, Erkkola R, Ir jala K et al. Effect of short-term transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on sleep:a randomized, double-blind crossover trial in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril,1999,71 (5):873.
[65]Raikkonen K, Mattbews KA, Kuller LH. The relationship between psychological risk attributes and the metabolic syndrome in healthy women:antecedent or consequence? Metabolism,2002,51(12):1573-1577.
[66]Crawford SL, Johannes CB, Stellato RK. Assessment of digit preference in self-reported year at menopause:chioce of an appropriate reference distribution. Am J Epidemiol 2002,156 (7):676-683.
[67]吴小立,张晋碚,温盛霖等.围绝经期情绪障碍与雌二醇相关性的探讨.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2005,31(6)：455-457.
[68]金海涛.绝经期妇女雌激素水平与常见身心症状的相关性,中国临床康复,2005,9(28)：64-66.
[69]Jarkova NB, Martenyi F, Masanauskaite D, et al. Mood effect of raloxifene in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2002,42 (1):71-75.
[1]Uebelhack R, Blohmer JU, Graubaum HJ, Busch R,Gruenwald J, Wernecke KD. Black cohosh and St. John's wort for climacteric complaints:a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol.2006; 107(2 Pt 1):247-255.
[2]Heger M, Ventskovskiy BM, Borzenko I, KneisKC,Rettenberger R, Kaszkin-Bettag M, Heger PW. Efficacy and safety of a special extract of Rheum rhaponticum(ERr 731) in perimenopausal women with climacteric complaints:a 12-week randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause.2006; 13(5):744-759.
[3]徐苓.性激素替代治疗的历史现状和展望[J].中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2004,20(8)：450.
[4]中华医学会妇产科学会绝经学组.HRT的临床应用指南(2003)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2004,39(4)：286-287.
[5]PinesA, SturdeeDW, BirkbauserMH, et a.l IMS updated recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy[J]. Climacteric,2007,10(3):181-194.
[6]Hill DA, Weiss NS, Beresford SA, et al. Continuous combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of endometrial cancer [J]. Am J Obtet Gynecol, 2002,183:1456-1461.
[7]Humphries K, Gill S. Risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapys:the evidence speaks [J]. CMAJ,2003,168:1001-1010.
[8]Kuller LH. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease. Implications of the results of theWomen's Health Initiative. ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Bio,1 2003,23:11-16.
[9]Manson JE, Hsia J, JohnsonKC, eta.1 Estrogen plusprogestin and the risk of coronary heartdisease. N Engl JMed,2003,349:523-534.
[10]Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, et a.1 Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women:the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized tria.1 JAMA,2003,289:2673-2684.
[11]Farquhar CM, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, et al. Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005,3:CD004143.
[12]夏晓红,胡玲.秦正玉,等.电针三阴交治疗围绝经期综合征多中心随机对照研究.针刺研究,2008,33(4)：262-266.
[13]张皓.针刺干预后更年期综合征患者临床症状及β-内啡肽的改变[J].中国临床康 复.2006,10(31)：1-3.
[14]张奇芳,姜恩魁,齐艳红.侧脑室注射芹菜素对情期雌性大鼠生殖轴影响的研究.锦州医学院学报,2006,27(1)：41-43.
[15]Danuta Wrona et al. Neural-immune interaction. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 172 (2006):38-58.
[16]武骏,徐立,马红.宁心红杞胶囊对雌性老龄大鼠垂体-卵巢轴功能的影响.南京中医药大学学报,2007,23(1)：33-35.
[17]Aimaretti G, Ambrosio MR, Di Somma C, et al. Traumati brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage are conditions a high risk for hypopituitarism: screening study at 3 months after the brain injury. Clinical Endocrinology,2004, 61(3):320-326.
[18]BondanelliM, De Marinis L, Ambrosio MR, et al. Occurrence of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma,2004,21(6):685-696.
[19]赵向东,史雪茹,施洪,等.134例更年期妇女血清促卵泡激素、促黄体激素、雌二醇变化的相关性研究.实用诊断与治疗杂志,2004,18(2)：87-89.
[20]Liu ZC, Sun FM, Yan RH. Clinical study on female obesity complicated with climacteric syndrome treated by acupuncture. Zhong Guo Zhong Xi Yi J ie He Za Zhi,2004;24(6):491.
[21]Chang R, Chung PH, Rosenwaks Z. Role of acupuncture in the treatment of female infertility. Fertil Steril,2002;78(6):1149-1153.
[22]程洁,李忠仁.针灸治疗围绝经期综合征选穴规律的研究.南京中医药大学学报,2010,26(1)：21-23.
[2]Almeida OP, Lautenschlager N, Vasikaram S, et al. Association between physiological serum concentration of estrogen and the mental health of community-dwelling postmenopausal women age 70 years and over. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2005,13(2):142-149.
[3]Burkhardt MS, Foster JK, Laws SM, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy may improve memory functioning in the absence of APOE epsilon4. J Alzheimers Dis 2004,6(3):221-228.
[4]刘宏洋,孙远征.针灸治疗围绝经期综合征的概况.针灸临床杂志,2008,24(1),50-51.
[5]Brodowska A, Laszczy ska M, Starczewski A.Apoptosis in ovarian cells in postmenopausal women. Folia Histochem Cytobiol.2007;45(2):99-105.
[6]Brodowska A, Starczewski A, Laszczynska M, Szydlowska I. Ovarian androgenesis in women after menopause. Pol Merkuriusz Lek,2005;19:90-93.
[7]Markstrom E, Svensson ECh, Shao R, Svanberg B, Biling H. Survival factors regulating ovarian apoptosis-dependence on follicle differentation. Reproduction,2002;123:23-30.
[8]Tilly JL. Oocyte apoptosis:prevention strategies, and implications for female aging and the menopause. Ann Endocrinol,2003; 64:82-84.
[9]Faddy MJ,Gosden RG, Gougeon A, et al. Accelerated disappearance of ovarian follicles in midlife:implications for forecasting menopause. Hum Reprod, 1992;7:1342.
[10]林守清,林萍,姜玉新,等.绝经后卵巢和子宫萎缩及血雌二醇降低的观察.中华妇产科杂志.1997,9：524.
[11]乐杰主编.妇产科学(第6版).北京：人民卫生出版社出版,2004,5：349-350.
[12]刘晶,邹伟,安利佳.从现代衰老学说谈地黄的抗衰老作用研究进展.辽宁中医杂志,2008,35(6)：952-954.
[13]Buckler H. The menopause transition:endocrine changes and clinical symptoms. J Br Menopause Soc,2005;11:61-65.
[14]Casella M, Manfredi S, Andreassi MG, Vassalle C, Prontera C, Simi S, Maffei S. Hormone replacement therapy:one-year follow up of DNA damage. Mutat Res, 2005;585:14-20.
[15]Menopause:evidence-based practice. BestPractRes Clin Obstet Gynaecol[J]. 2006,20(6):799-839.
[16]Overlie I Morkrid L Andersson AM et al. Inhibin A and B as markers of menopause: a five-year prospective longitudinal study of hormonal changes during the menopausal transition. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.2005;84 (3):281-285.
[17]赵海涛.中等强度体育舞蹈对更年期妇女雌激素及血脂水平的影响.中国临床康复,2006,10(10)：29-31.
[18]Estrogen and androgen hormone therapy and well-being in surgically postmenopausal women. J Womens Health(Larchmt),2006,15(8):898-908.
[19]Kinon BJ, Gilmore JA, Liu H, et al. Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients treated with conventional antipsychotic medications or risperidone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003,28 Suppl 2:55-68.
[20]Berlanga C, Mendieta D, Alva G, et al. Failure of tibolone to potentiate the pharmacological effect of fluoxetine in postmenopausal major depression. J Womens Health(Larchmt) 2003,12 (1):33-39.
[21]蔡丽莺.针灸治疗围绝经期综合征概况.安徽中医学院学报,2008,27(1),62-64.
[22]Villablanca AC&Hanley MR.17 β-estradiol stimulates substance P receptor gene ex pression.Molecular Cell Endocrinology,1997,135:109-17.
[23]谢启文.现代神经内分泌学.北京：人民卫生出版社,2000,p.90-4.
[24]周寿康,任惠民,赵伟等.雌／孕激素对垂体黄体生成素(LH)细胞形态学影响.生殖与避孕,2001,21(5)：269-76.
[25]罗晓梅.绝经期潮热与5-羟色胺[J].国外医学妇产学分册,2003,30(6)：394-395.
[26]申春悌,张华强,朱雄华等.400例更年期综合征临床证候辨证标准现场调查分析.中国中西医结合杂志,2004,24(6)：517.
[27]Schmidt P J, Murphy J,Haq N, et al.Basal plasma hormone levels in depressed perimenopausal women [J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology,2002,27 (8):907.
[28]李文玲,郭新宇,张金玉等.绝经期妇女激素替代治疗前后血清瘦素水平,第一军医大学学报,2002,22：7.
[29]Tufano A, Marzo P, Enrini R Anthropometric, hormonal and biochemical differences in lean and obese women before and aftermenopausel[J]. Endocrinol Invest,2004,27 (7):648.
[30]Bechlioulis A, Naka KK, Papanikolaou 0, et al. Menopause and hormone therapy: from vascular endothelial function to cardiovascular disease[J]. Hellenic J Cardiol,2009,50(4):303-315.
[31]Kearney PM,WheltonM, Reynolds K, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet,2005,365(9455):217-223.
[32]张雨田,杨秀生.围绝经高血压的预防.中国临床实用医学,2007,1(5)：61.
[33]Pechere, Bert schi A, BurnierM. Female sex hormones, salt and blood pressure regulation[J]. Am JHypertens,2004,1(10):994-1001.
[34]彭丽晨.更年期后妇女血液流变性改变[J].微循环学杂志,2004,10(1)：37.
[35]彭丽晨.更年期综合征患者性激素水平及血液流变学的临床观察[J].中国血液流变学杂志.2003,13(1)：68.
[36]Woodward M, Rumley A, Tuns tall Pedoe-H, et al. Associations of blood rheology and interleukin-6 with cardiovascular risk factors and prevalent cardiovascalar disease [J]. Br J Haematol.1999,104:246.
[37]Mary S. The choice of hormone replacement therapy or statin therapy in the treatment of hyperlipidemic postmentopausal women. Atherosclerosis Supplements,2002,3:53-56.
[38]Shinozaki K, Kashiwagi A, Masada M, et al. Molecular mechanisms of impaired endothelial function associated with insulin resistance. Curr Drug Cardiovasc Haematol Disord,2004,4:1-11.
[39]彭洁敏,周建华.更年期妇女动态心电图ST-T改变的临床评价[J].中华心血管病杂志,2000,28(6)：463.
[40]董玉兰,陈耀星,王子旭等.阻断交感神经对小鼠胚胎植入和子宫局部免疫的影响.解剖学报,2006,37(6)：705-709.
[41]王艺娟,陈耀星,李国平等.雌二醇和孕酮对卵巢摘除大鼠子宫内肥大细胞数量分布的影响.畜牧兽医学报,2008,39(7)：962-966
[42]王滨,刘宏艳,王红.更年乐对更年期综合征网络机制影响的实验研究[J].江苏中医药,2002,23(10)：56-57
[43]Ryan-Borchers TA, Park JS, Chew BP,et al. Soy isoflavones modulate immune function in healthy postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr.2006;83(5):1118-25.
[44]张雅萍,王秀霞.坤宁安丸对更年期综合征患者生殖内分泌-免疫功能的影响[J].中医药信息,2001,18(3)：52-54.
[45]Ryan-Borchers T A, Park J S, Chew B P, et al. Soy isoflavones modulate immune function in healthy postmenopausal women [J]. Am J Clin Nutr,2006,83(5): 1118-1125.
[46]张莹雯.更年平调液对老年雌性大鼠一氧化氮、性激素、超氧化物歧化酶的影响[J].武汉大学学报.医学版,2003,24(2)：133-135.
[47]Ozturk 0, Gumuslu S. Changes in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, copper, zinc-super-oxide dismutase and catalase activities, glutathione and its metabolizing enzymes, and lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes with age[J]. Exp Gerontol,2004;39:211 216.
[48]方玉荣,王立金,周昕.围绝经期妇女血清性激素水平与自由基、血脂含量的变化.实用妇产科杂志,2004,20(3)：151-152.
[49]齐绍霞,小剂量雌激素预防围绝经期骨质疏松症的临床观察,中国骨质疏松杂志,2008,14(7)：517-518.
[50]年华,徐玲玲,马明华.仙汤对去卵巢大鼠骨质疏松的作用,第二军医大学学报.2007；28(3)：277-280.
[51]李瑾,尹大庆,朱玲,等.正常人腰椎正侧位骨密度测定结果分析[J].中国骨质疏松杂志,2002,8(2)：121-122.
[52]Carson DS. Menopause and Osteoporosis the role of RRT[J].So JAM Pharm Assoc (wash),1996, NS36 (4):234-242.
[53]Someawa Yoshia, i ChiguchiMik, i Ishibashi Tomko et al. Soy Intake Related to Menopausal Symptoms, Serum Lipids, and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Japanese Women. Soy Products and Bone Mass,2001,97 (1):109-15.
[54]Lacey JV, Mink PJ, Lubin JH et al. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer. JAMA,2002,288:334-341.
[55]Irene L, George C, Leon A, et al. Endogenous sex steroids and bone mineral density in healthy Greek postmenopausal women[J]. J Bone Miner Metab,2006,24 (1):65-71.
[56]PansiniF, CervellatiC, GuarientoA, et al.Oxidative stress, body fat composition, and endocrine status in pre-and postmenopausal women[J]. Menopause, 2008,15(1):112-118.
[57]BayramogluM, Sozay S, KaratasM, et al. Relationships between muscle strength and bone mineral density of three body regions in sedentary postmenopausal women[J]. Rheumato Int,2005,25(7):513-517.
[58]LeDonneM, MetroD, AnoldoR, etal. Body composition estimated by bioimpedance analysis in Sicilian climacteric women [J]. MinervaGineco,1 2008,60 (4): 311-316.
[59]Segal NA, Torner JC, YangM, etal. Musclemass ismore strongly related to hip bone mineral density than is quadriceps strength or lower activity level in adults over age 50 year[J]. JClin Densitom,2008,11(4):503-510.
[60]Li S, WagnerR, Holm K, et al. Relationship between soft tissue body composition and bone mass in perimenopausal women [J]. Maturitas,2004,47(2): 99-105.
[61]McInnes KJ, Corbould A, Simpson ER, et al. Regulation of AMPK and lipogenesis by androgens contributes to visceral obesity in an estrogen deficient state [J]. Endocrinology,2006; 12(147):5907-5913.
[62]Clegg DJ, Brown LM,Woods SC,et al.Gonadal hormones determine sensitivity to central leptin and insulin [J]. Diabetes,2006; 5(5):978-987.
[63]BadmanMK, Flier JS. The Gut and energy balance:visceral alliesin the obesity wars [J]. Science,2005; 3(307):1909-1914.
[64]陈蕾,贾伟平,陆俊茜,等.上海市成人代谢综合征流行调查[J].中华心血管杂志,2003,31(12)：909-912.
[65]Cho GJ, Lee JH, Park HT, et al. Postmenopausal status according to years since menopause as an independent risk factor for the metabolic syndrome. Menopause.2008; 15 (3):524-529.
[66]Chedraui P, Hidalgo L, Chavez D, et al. Quality of life among postmenopausal Ecuadorian women participating in a metabolic syndrome screening program. Maturitas.2007; 56(1):45-53.
[67]Ding QF,Hayashi T,Zhang XJ,et al.Risks of CHD identified by different criteria of metabolic syndrome and related changes of adipocytokines in elderly postmenopausal women. J Diabetes Complications.2007; 21(5):315-319.
[68]金婧,阮祥燕,华琳.绝经妇女体成分与代谢综合征组分的相关性.中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2010,14(2)：360-364.
[69]Shi H,Cleqq DJ. Sex differences in the regulation of body weight. Physiol Behav,2009; 97(2):199-204.
[70]Cameron AJ,Magliano DJ,Zimmet PZ,et al.The Metabolic Syndrome in Australia:Prevalence using four definitions. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2007; 77(3):471-478.
[71]Silva HG,Mendonca LM, Conceicao FL, et al. Influence of obesity on bone density in postmenopausal women. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol.2007; 51(6):943-949.
[72]Lobo RA. Metabolic syndrome after menopause and the role of hormones.Maturitas.2008; 60(1):10-18.
[73]Deibert P, K?nig D, Vitolins MZ, et al. Effect of a weight loss intervention on anthropometric measures and metabolic risk factors in pre-versus postmenopausal women. Nutr J.2007; 25(6):31.
[74]Phillips GB, Jing T, Heymsfield SB. Does insulin resistance,visceral adiposity, or a sex hormone alteration underlie the metabolic syndrome? Studies in women.Metabolism.2008; 57(6):838-844.
[75]Rossi R, Nuzzo A, Oriqliani G, et al.Metabolic syndrome affects cardiovascular risk profile and response to treatment in hypertensive postmenopausal women. Hypertension.2008; 52(5):865-872.
[76]Tufano A, Marzo P, Enrini R, et al. Anthropometric, hormonal and biochemical differences in lean and obese women before and after menopause.J Endocrinol Invest.2004; 27:648-653.
[77]Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue:their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocrine Rev,2000,21:697-738.
[78]Robert S, Mary N, Brenda G. Small LDL and Its clinical Importance as a new CAD risk factor:A female case study.Prog Cardiovasc Nurs,2002,17:167-173.
[79]U. S. Preventive Services Task Force. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy for the primary prevention of chronic condition. Recommendations and rationale. U. S. Preventive Services Task Force.American Family Physician.2003;67(2):358-364.
[80]Illanes E, Bustos L, Lagos Xet al. Associated factors to depressive symptoms and somatic symptoms in climactericwomen in the city Temuco. RevMed Chi,1 2002, 130 (8):885.
[81]郭锡永,王悦,吴飞.更年期妇女抑郁症状的发生现状及其相关因素的研究.中国妇幼保健,2002,17(2)：100.
[82]Rajewska J, Rybakowski JK. Depression in premenopausal women:gonadal hormones and serotonergic system assessed by D-fenflura-mine challenge test. Prog Neuropsycho- pharmacol Biol Psychiatry,2003,27 (4):705.
[83]张巍,郭锡永,刘景英.更年期妇女抑郁症状与血清孕激素、叶酸、五羟色胺的相关性研究.中国妇幼保健,2006,21(17)：2433-2435.
[84]张驰,周永,杨凤池,等.更年期妇女睡眠质量及相关因素分析研究,中国全科医学,2006,9(1)：37-41.
[85]Pan H A, Wu M H, Hsu C C, et al. The perception of menopause among women in Taiwan [J]. Maturi tas,2002,41 (4):269-274.
[86]Miller E H. Women and insomnia[J]. Clin Cornerstone,2004, (6Suppl1B): S8-S18.
[87]Kloss J D, Tweedy K, Gilrain K. Psychological factors associated with sleep disturbance among perimenopausa women[J]. Behav Sleep Med,2004,2 (4):177-190.
[88]李楠,郑洪新.话说天癸本质,吉林中医药.2007,27(4)：7-8.
[89]张新平.浅论“天癸” 的本质及其与生殖的关系.川北医学院学报,2007,22(4)：362-363.
[90]郭冰心,黄丽,张莹.中西医结合治疗更年期综合征.内蒙古中医药,2003,16(2)：24.
[91]袁立霞,刘刚.从肝论治妇女更年期综合征.山东中医杂志,2007,26(7)：439-440.
[92]周焕凤.从肝肾论治妇女更年期综合征36例.陕西中医,2005,22(11)：658.
[93]张雪莲.更年期综合征诊治.实用中医内科杂志,2005,15(1)：41.
[94]李力,任婕,杜彩凤,等.更年期综合征中医证候及证候要素分布特点的文献分析[J].中华中医药杂志,2008,23(3)194.
[1]陈文君,寿依群,李建华,等.应用功能性磁共振成像技术探讨针刺三阴交对脑功能的调节作用.中华物理医学与康复杂志,2007,29(11)：774-778.
[2]龚萍,张明敏,江利明,等.针刺三阴交的PET脑功能研究.中国中西医结合杂志,2006,26(2)：119-122.
[3]刘俊岭,陈淑萍,高永辉.电针不同穴位对大鼠子宫平滑肌电活动的影响.针刺研究,2007,32(4)：237-242.
[4]蔡虹,周金山,刘俊玲,等.电针对晚孕大鼠子宫平滑肌的作用.中国中医基础医学杂志,2007,13(8)：616-618.
[5]陈淑萍,高永辉,刘俊岭.电针不同穴位对孕鼠子宫肌电图变化的影响.中国针灸,2008,28(8)：601-606.
[6]何丹娟,黄光英,张明敏.针刺后三里、三阴交对胚泡着床障碍大鼠子宫VEGF表达的影响.微循环学,2008,18(4)：8-10.
[7]秦正玉,胡玲,夏晓红,等.电针三阴交对围绝经期综合征患者生殖内分泌影响的随机对照研究,针刺研究.2007,32(4)：255-299.
[8]周军,秦正玉,李伟莉,等.电针三阴交治疗围绝经期综合征临床观察.中国针灸,2006,26(9)：617-620.
[9]骆玉兰.六味地黄丸配合三阴交穴位注射生脉注射液治疗围绝经期综合征疗效观察.河北中医,2006,28(3)：197-198.
[10]胡智海,王毅,沈鸿斌.针刺“气海”与“三阴交”对胰岛素抵抗型多囊卵巢综合征内分泌调整作用的对比研究.针灸临床杂志,2009,25(4)：1-5.
[11]吴素玲.针灸三阴交穴治疗产后型高泌乳素血症32例.四川中医,2002,20(11)：75.
[12]聂发华,单志芳.穴位注射治疗月经过少46例.新疆中医药,2009,27(4)：29-30.
[13]刘爱芹,刘明.三阴交穴位注射治疗崩漏68例.上海针灸杂志,2006,25(12)：8.
[14]杨保法.针刺三阴交对改变高校女子运动员月经周期的实验研究,中国民间疗法,2007,15(5)：45.
[15]刘亚丽.三阴交穴位注射维生素K3治疗原发性痛经临床观察.辽宁中医杂志,2005,32(11)：1185-1186.
[16]潘放鸣.对女青年原发性痛经针刺三阴交穴治护效果之分析.中华实用中西医杂志,2007,20(21)：1850-1852.
[17]丁玉梅,马晓勇.温针三阴交穴治疗原发性痛经,中国针灸,2009,29(11)：883.
[18]Wong CL, Lai KY, Tse HM., Effects of SP6 acupressure on pain and menstrual distress in young women with dysmenorrhea. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2010,16(2)：64-69.
[19]李贇.悬灸三阴交治疗胎位不正临床观察.上海针灸杂志,2006,25(12)：11-12.
[20]黄惜专.穴位注射山莨菪碱预防人工流产综合征.中华现代妇产科学杂志,2005,2(6)：539-540.
[21]王新宇.针刺对广泛性子宫切除术后膀胱功能影响的研究.针刺研究,2007,32(2)：132-135.
[22]邓颖辉,厉群,李秀敏,等.黄芪注射液三阴交注射治疗动力性尿潴留的研究.中国实用护理杂志,2006,22(7)：3-4.
[23]胡芬棠,刘建国.针刺三阴交穴治疗脑血管意外后尿潴留疗效观察.中国针灸2001,21(8)：479.
[24]杨怡.穴位注射三阴交治疗小儿遗尿.中国针灸,2001,21(12)：729.
[25]周奇志,彭晓华,吴巧凤,等.电针对焦虑大鼠室旁核促肾上腺皮质素释放激素及其Ⅰ型受体mRNA表达的影响.针刺研究,2008,33(6)：372-376.
[26]徐海洋,周奇志,王薇,等.电针对慢性情绪应激焦虑模型大鼠行为学影响的研究.四川中医,2007,25(5)：97-98.
[27]韩毳,李晓泓,李学武.电针“百会”、“三阴交”穴对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠HPA轴的影响.北京中医药大学学报,2001,24(3)：74-75.
[28]王东红,姬孟艳.醒脑开窍针刺法治疗脑外伤性失语46例.陕西中医,2003,24(3)：255-256.
[29]李权英.三阴交配合神门穴加减治疗失眠40例.长春中医药大学学报.2009,25(4)：550.
[30]彭良.针刺交会穴治疗不寐症85例.陕西中医,2009,30(7)：883-884.
[31]庄礼兴,徐世芬.穴位埋线治疗抑郁性神经症47例临床观察.广州中医药大学学报,2009,26(1)：38-40.
[32]王艳波,张秋菊.针刺治疗癫证29例临床疗效观察.针灸临床杂志,2001,17(10)：9
[33]焦伟,许新霞,席军生.针刺埋线治疗多发性抽动秽语综合征32例.四川中医,2003,21(8)：83-84.
[34]秦明,叶文广,姚庆林,等.电针对糖尿病胃轻瘫大鼠胃电活动与延髓神经元和星状胶质细胞可塑性的影响.中国中西医结合消化杂志.2009.17(2)：77-80.
[35]赵保民,黄裕新,郝悦.电针“足三里”和“三阴交”调节大鼠胃酸分泌的作用比较.针刺研究,2001,26(4)：279-283.
[36]王毅,朱艺荣,施丹华.针刺推拿治疗胃下垂68例.福建中医药,2005,36(5)：21-22.
[37]刘建华.穴位注射治疗腹部术后肠胀气152例效果观察.山东医药,2006,46(8)：80.
[38]严桂珍,郑家铿,许少峰,等.针灸“三阴交”穴择时治疗对脾阳虚家兔免疫功能的影 响.中国针灸,2001,21(12)：735-737.
[39]赖敏,王淑美,汪莹,等.电针不同穴组对胃癌大鼠术后免疫功能的影响.针刺研究,2008,33(4)：245-249.
[40]潘华山.针灸三阴交穴对小白鼠运动能力与某些免疫指标的影响.广州体育学院,2005,25(4)：34-36.
[41]赵宁侠,郭瑞林,任秦有,等.艾灸三阴交穴对健康人血液流变学及红细胞聚集指数的影响.云南中医学院学报,2006,26(4)：31-32.
[42]方剑乔,马桂芝,梁宜.电针足三里、三阴交穴治疗大鼠胶原性关节炎及其部分血液流变学机制.浙江中医药大学学报,2008,32(5)：652-654.
[43]王颖,王耀斌,任宝琴.针刺三阴交对脉管炎之微循环皮肤温度的影响.辽宁中医杂志.1999,26(4)：175-176.
[44]李娇,孟凡迅,张俊芳,等.针刺大鼠后三里与三阴交对热水甩尾痛阈的影响.四川中医,2007,25(5)：17-18.
[45]霍俊杰.针刺单穴三阴交治疗跟痛症25例.中国中医药信息杂志,2002,9(12)：51.
[46]龚萍,张明敏,王棋.针刺三阴交对痛经患者脑葡萄糖代谢的影响.中国针灸,2006,26(1)：51-55.
[47]周金山,晋志高,陶之理.关元一级感觉神经元在脊神经节的节段分布,上海针灸杂志,2001,20(3)：40-41.
[48]周金山,晋志高,陶之理.三阴交穴及子宫一级感觉神经元在脊神经节的节段分布(经穴脏腑相关的机理研究)[J].美国综合医学杂志,2000,2(6).
[49]王少军,朱兵.卵巢-体表的相关性与经穴关系的研究.中国针灸,2007,27(10)：761-765.
[50]刘巧玲,安晓飞,吴根诚.电针对关元穴区初级感觉传入神经元节段分布的影响.针刺研究.2006,31(1)：50-53.
[51]张凤,冯异,周瑞,等.正常和病理状态下“关元”穴的中枢神经束路示踪研究及电针的影响.针刺研究,2008,33(3)：147-153.
[52]李晓泓,解秸萍,张露芬,等.逆灸关元穴对自然围绝经期大鼠下丘脑雌激素受体α和促肾上腺激素释放激素及血浆促肾上腺激素的调节[J].中国临床康复,2006,10(7)：18-120.
[53]王洪彬,李晓泓,何玉伟等,逆针灸关元穴对自然更年期大鼠ACTH、NE和5-HT含量的影响,北京中医药大学学报,2008,31(12)：826-829.
[54]胡玲,汪惠丽,高忻洙,等.电针“关元”与“三阴交”对围绝经期模型大鼠性激素及下丘脑p-EP调整作用的比较.中国针灸,2004；24(9)：649.
[55]段淑香,李亚东,李健男,等.针刺对围绝经期雌性大鼠血清雌二醇、睾酮、促性腺激 素水平的影响[J].针灸临床杂志,2006,22(11)：44-45.
[56]王少军,朱兵,晋志高.电针对动情周期不同阶段大鼠GnRH免疫反应表达的研究.中国针灸,2007,27(4)：273-278.
[57]王少军,谭连红,马春红.电针不同穴位及穴位组合对去势雌鼠下丘脑GnRH、GPR54、 Kiss-1 mRNA表达的影响.中国中医基础医学杂志,2009,15(12)：936-938.
[58]常小荣,艾坤,刘梨,等.电针足三里关元对佐剂性关节炎大鼠β-内啡肽ACTH的影响.中华中医药学刊,2009,27(4)：685-687.
[59]李晓梅,张薇.针刺配合中频电脑理疗治疗卵巢囊肿30例.陕西中医,2005,26(5)：448.
[60]顾小燕,王静.隔姜灸关元治疗原发性痛经疗效观察.中国全科医学,2006,9(10)：847.
[61]徐玉英,徐凤云.艾灸关元穴治疗功能性子宫出血63例体会.甘肃中医,2001,14(5)：55-56.
[62]王科,王红娥.艾灸关元穴配合凯格氏锻炼治疗子宫脱垂14例.中国针灸,2005,25(11)：759.
[63]何学斌,吴耀,罗济民,等.针灸对气虚大鼠红细胞免疫功能影响的实验研究[J].针刺研究,2003；8(3)：189-191.
[64]陈雄华,刘又香.针灸“足三里”“关元”穴对阳虚大鼠免疫功能影响的比较研究.中国针灸,2000,(9)：555-557.
[65]郑雪峰,聂焱,王志强.艾灸关元穴对化疗后低白细胞模型大鼠外周血象影响的实验研究.湖北中医杂志,2009,31(5)：5-6.
[66]何玉伟,李晓泓,张露芬.自然更年期大鼠IL-2、TNF、TGF和IL-2R mRNA变化及逆针关元穴对其影响的研究.中国中医药信息杂志,2008,4(15)：26-28.
[67]李晓泓,王洪彬,徐莉莉,等.逆针灸“关元”穴对更年期大鼠脾脏热休克蛋白70及其mRNA表达和血清白介素-2、肿瘤坏死因子-α含量的影响.针刺研究,2009,34(2)：83-88.
[68]高希言,王燕.艾灸强壮要穴对衰老小鼠免疫功能的影响[J].河南中医,2005,25(11)：24-26.
[69]谢甦,李丽红,吕明庄.艾灸关元、足三里对衰老小鼠免疫功能影响的实验研究[J].贵阳中医学院学报,2003,25(2)：44-46.
[70]陈永,申晓亮,周曼丽,等.针灸强壮要穴对大鼠免疫功能的影响[J].上海针灸杂志,2006,25(10)：48-50.
[71]王俊华,陈邦国,尹晶,等.电针关元穴对脊髓损伤后尿潴留模型大鼠逼尿肌兴奋性的影响,湖北中医学院学报,2009,11(4)：6-8.
[72]张晓明,陈邦国,尹晶.电针关元穴对脊髓不完全损伤大鼠尿动力学的影响. 2009,11(3)：9-11.
[73]伍洁华,马洁霞,冯翠银.艾灸关元穴治疗产后尿潴留32例疗效观察.现代中西医结合杂志,2002,11(19)：1908-1909.
[74]傅云其.关元穴深斜刺治疗尿潴留症的手法及机理分析——附86例临床观察.中医药学刊,2006,24(12)：2336.
[75]甘召华,盛英丽.温针灸关元穴对截瘫尿潴留病人的影响.护理研究,2005,19(9)：1936.
[76]赵月玲.关元穴注射治疗术后癃闭36例.辽宁中医杂志,2004,31(4)：340.
[77]廖玉琴.山莨菪碱局封关元穴治疗泌尿系感染12例.现代中西医结合杂志,2007,16(23)：3345.
[78]王伏声,马乃篪,李勇,等.灸关元穴治疗慢性非细菌性前列腺炎的临床观察.中国中医基础医学杂志,2009,15(8)：617-618.
[79]潘凤军,黄翠玲,王萍乐.按揉加艾灸关元穴治疗虚寒型慢性泄泻35例.内蒙古中医药,2005(s1)：36.
[80]武玉响,毕研松.关元穴注射治疗急性胃肠炎96例疗效观察.时珍国医国药,2001,12(2)：146.
[81]唐泗明,黄安清.艾灸关元穴治疗直肠脱垂57例分析[J].山西中医,2009,25(1)：25.
[82]翟景慧,李晓泓,张露芬,等.“逆针”与“逆灸”对去卵巢大鼠血脂水平的影响[J].针刺研究,2005,30(2)：80-82.
[83]张露芬,李晓泓,张慧,等.逆针关元穴对自然围绝经期大鼠血脂的调节作用[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(23)：132-133.
[84]解秸萍,李晓泓,张露芬,等.“逆灸”调节大鼠更年期血脂、体重的效应规律[J].北京中医药大学学报,2006,29(1)：67-70.
[85]常宁,富玲,原银栋,等.去势成年雌性大鼠骨质疏松模型血清NO和NOS的水平及其意义.中国骨质疏松杂志,2003,10(2)：135.
[86]叶刚,杨皓庄,张穗梅.雌、孕激素对去势雌大鼠血清N0、心肌NOS活性的影响.医学临床研究,2002,19(3)：200.
[87]解秸萍,李晓泓,张露芬等,逆灸“关元”穴对大鼠更年期血浆、子宫一氧化氮合酶的影响,针刺研究,2006,31(6)：351-354.
[88]张慧,张露芬,李晓泓,等.逆针关元穴对自然围绝经期大鼠超氧化物歧化酶和一氧化氮合酶活性的调节[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(31)：147-149.
[89]李晓泓,宋晓琳,张露芬.逆灸关元穴对自然更年期大鼠子宫HSP70、HSP70 mRNA、SOD、 NOS的影响.中华中医药杂志,2010,25(1)：46-49.
[90]张淑芬,李亚东,高洪泉,等.针刺足三里和关元穴对老年大鼠脑心肾组织中一氧化氮合酶和抗氧化系统的影响[J].中国临床康复,2006,10(7)：113-115.
[91]朱梅,祖国美,吕强,等.针刺老年大鼠“足三里”、“关元”穴区对肝脏抗衰老的实验研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2004,20(7)：48-49.
[92]刘跃光,郑海兴.针刺老年大鼠“足三里”、“关元”穴对肝NO、GSH-PX、LIP含量影响的实验研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2004,20(8)：51-52.
[93]丛树园,李亚东,李健男,等.针刺老年雌性大鼠足三里、关元穴对脑组织抗氧化影响的实验研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2006,22(9)：47-49.
[94]陈尚杰,朱芬,刘波.刺激健康青年太溪穴和假穴的功能磁共振研究,中国康复,2009,24(5)：308-309.
[95]魏建子,沈雪勇,周钰.气虚患者太渊太溪穴伏安特性,辽宁中医杂志,2007,34(5)：547-550.
[96]周钰.健康人月经前后太冲、太溪穴位伏安特性观察.陕西中医,2005,26(5)：442-443.
[97]潘海燕,王永德,单秋华,等.电针太溪、阴谷对慢性肾脏病患者肾动脉血流的即刻效应.山东中医杂志,2008,27(5)：320-322.
[98]Bessho H.用多普勒彩色流量定位技术评估针刺对肾血流量的影响.国外医学中医中药分册.2001,23(1)：53.
[99]魏北星,金春兰,陈文琴.针刺健侧太溪穴治疗急性踝关节外侧副韧带损伤的对照观察.中国针灸,2004,24(4)：248-250.
[100]王宗江.太溪穴位注射治疗足跟痛25例.上海针灸,2009,28(8)：472.
[101]李峥,朱蜀云,李翔.针刺太溪穴治疗外伤后痉挛性斜颈15例.中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(2)：60.
[102]房晓宇,唐勇,王中铎,等,针刺太溪穴治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍疗效观察,上海针灸杂志,2009,28(2)：75-76.
[1]Arencibia JM, SchallyAV. Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone as an autocrine growth factor in ES-2ovarian cancer cell line[J]. International Journal ofOncology,2000,16:1009-1013.
[2]Vander EM, Horvath TL, Wiegant VM, et al. Evidence for a direct neuronal pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system:combined tracing and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies. J Comp Neurol,1997; 384 (8):569.
[3]Mallick HN, Kumar VM. Gating of the dorsal penile nerve inputs by norepinephrine at the medial preoptic area in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol,2005; 49(3):325.
[4]SilerK, Theresa M, Grayson M, et al. GnRH and its anologues bind the human placental receptor [J].Journalof the Society for Gynecologic Investigation,2001,8(4):233-238.
[5]Huang W Q, Yao B, Sun L, et al. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies of GnRH and its receptor[J]. Life Science,2001,68 (15):1727-1734.
[6]Wang L, Xie L P, HuangW Q, et al. Presence of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and its mRNA in rat pancreas [J]. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology,2001,172 (1-2):185-191.
[7]Chen H F, Jeung E B, Stephenson M, etal. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells express gonadotropin releasing hormone(GnRH), GnRH receptor, and interleukin-2 receptor gamma-chain messenger ribonucleic acids thatare regulated by GnRH in vitro[J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,1999,84:743-750.
[8]StanislausD, PinterJH, JanovickJA, etal. Mechanismsmediating multiple physiological responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone[J]. Molecular and Cellular Endocronology,1998,114:1-10.
[9]肖杰文,李学伟,朱砺.促性腺激素释放激素受体的结构及其生物学功能.生理科学进展,2008,39(2)：175.
[10]张萍.促性腺激素释放激素系统与妇科肿瘤的研究进展.上海第二医科大学学报,2005,125(5)：535-536.
[11]沈皓,蔡德培,陈伯英.补肾中药对下丘脑-垂体促性腺机能的影响.中西医结合学报,2004,2(1),54.
[12]李忠仁.实验针灸学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2003,154-231.
[13]Ebling FJ. The neuroendocrine timing of puberty. Reproduction, 2005;129(6):675.
[14]Smith MJ, Jennes L. Neural signals that regulate GnRH neurones directly during the oestrous cycle. J Reproduction,2001; 122(1):1.
[15]Irahara M, Tamura T, Matuzaki T, et al. Orexin a suppresses the pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone via beta endorphin. J Biochem Biophys Res, 2001;281(1):232.
[16]VincentP. Glial-neuronal-endothelial interactions are involved in the control of GnRH secrection [J]. JNeuroendocrin,2002,14.
[17]金晓航,黄威权.促性腺激素释放激素免疫调节作用的研究进展.生理科学进,2000,31(2)：169-172.
[18]徐苓.老年妇女内分泌变化.中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2002,18(12)：721.
[19]李美芝.妇科内分泌学[M].北京：人民军医出版社,2000.35-40,199-214.
[20]葛秦生,孙亦彬,刘士廉,等.临床生殖内分泌学[M].北京：科学技术文献出版社,2001,186-192,386-401.
[21]何淑莹,申玉华,尤昭玲.多囊卵巢综合症LH及FSH的研究现状.中医药导报,2005,11(8)：82-84.
[22]刘春杰,纪凤兰,董立珉等.二仙汤对更年期肾阳虚大鼠的影响.长春中医学院学报,2006,22(1)：61-62.
[23]王洪珍,陈霁,李彩红.绝经后妇女血脂代谢的变化及激素替代治疗的影响.江苏大学学报(医学版),2006,16(2)：151-1531.
[24]吴金,陈炳海,庄锦珊.不同中医证型围绝经综合征妇女身心症状、抑郁情绪和血清性激素水平差异.中国临床康复,2006,10(9)：22-24.
[25]Li Sun, Yuanzhen Peng, SharrowAC, et al. FSH directly regulates bone mass. Cell,2006,125:247-260.
[26]Seibel MJ, Dunstan CR, Zhou H, et al. Sex steroids, not FSH, influence bone mass. Cell,2006,127:1079.
[27]肖炜,邓虹珠,马云.益妇宁软胶囊治疗更年期综合征的实验研究.中国中药杂志,2003,28(3)：253-257.
[28]Garrido-Gracia JC, Bellido C, Aguilar R, et al. Protein kinase C cross-talk with gonadotrope progesterone receptor is involved in GnRH-induced LH secretion. J Physiol Biochem,2006,62(1):35-42.
[29]王少军,朱兵,晋志高.电针对动情周期不同阶段大鼠GnRH免疫反应表达的研究.中 国针灸,2007,27(4),277.
[30]Stearns V, Hayes D F. Approach to menopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2002,3 (2):179.
[31]Yun-Jun Ruan, Jian Qiu, Sai-Zhu Wu, et al. Effects of estrogen and its receptor on the production of nitric oxide in vascular endothelial cells, Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation,2004,8(6):1150-1151.
[32]Stefano GB, Prevot V, Beauvillain JC, et al. Cell-surface estrogen receptors mediate calcium-dependent nitric oxide release in human endothelia[J]. Circulation,2000,101:1594-1597.
[33]Barton M, Cremer J, Mugge A.17Beta-estradiol acutely improves endothelium-dependent relaxation to bradykinin in isolated human coronary arteries[J].Eur J Pharmacol,1998,362:73-76.
[34]Shaw L, Taggart MJ, Austin C. Mechanisms of 17 beta-oestradiol induced vasodilatation in isolated pressurized rat small arteries[J]. Cr J Pharmacol,2000,129:555-565.
[35]RazandiM, PedramA, Levin ER. Estrogen signalstothe preservation of endothelial cell form and function[J]. J Biol Chem,2000,275:38540-38546.
[36]Sudoh N, Toba K, AkishitaM,et al. Estrogen preventsoxidative stressinduced endothelial cell apoptosis in rats[J].Circulation,2001,103:724-729.
[37]Stein DG. Brain damage, sex hormones and recovery:a newrole for progesterone and estrogen[J]. TrendsNeurosci,2001,7:386.
[38]Burger HG, Dudley E, Mamers P, eta.l Early follicular phase serum FSH as a function of age:the role of inhibin B, inhibin A and estradiol. Climacteric, 2000; 3(1):17.
[39]Vaninetti S, Baccarelli A, Romoli R, et al. Effectof aging on serum gonadotropin levels in healthy subjects and patientswith nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Europ J Endocri,2000; 142:144.
[40]CarswellHV, Dominiczak AF, Macrae IM. Estrogen status affects sensitivity to focal cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats[J]. Am J PhysiolHeartCire Physiol,2000,278:290.
[41]Wang Q, Santizo R, Baughman VL, et a.1 Estrogen provides neuroprotection in transient forebrain ischemia through perfusion-independent mechanisms in rats[J]. Stroke,1999,30 (3):630.
[42]Dubal DB, shughrue PJ, Wilson ME, et a.l Estradiol modulates bcl-2 in cerebral ischemia:a potential role for estrogen receptors[J]. Jneurosci,1999, 19(15):6385.
[43]李露斯,王兴华,范文辉.雌二醇对慢性脑缺血去卵巢大鼠脑病理改变的影响[J].第三军医大学学报,2002,24(12)：1391-1393.
[44]汪艳丽,季其仁,肖玲玲等.围绝经期、绝经后妇女性激素水平的变化及其与糖、脂代谢的关系.安徽医学,2005,26(1)：27-28.
[45]PaulS. Cooke, Afia. Role of Estrogens in Adipocyte Development and Function[J]. Exp Biol Med,2004,229:1127-1135.
[46]Bausero P, Ben-Mahdi M, Mazucatelli J, et al.Vascular endothelial growth factor is modulated in vascular muscle cells by estradiol, tamoxifen, and hypoxia[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2000,279:2033-2042.
[47]Wagner JD, Thomas MJ, Williams JK, et al. Insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in ovariectomized monkeys with estradiol alone or combined with nomegestrol acetate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab,1998,83(3):896.
[48]王方杰,王吉昕.胰岛素抵抗与糖尿病、肥胖、冠心病、脂代谢异常的相关性.实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2005,13(1)：53-55.
[49]吴雪清,李海鹰,叶碧绿等.尼尔雌醇对绝经后女性2型糖尿病患者胰岛素抵抗的改善作用.中国老年学杂志,2002,22(1)：20-22.
[50]Sribastava M, Deal C. Osteoporosis in elderly:prevention and treatment[J]. Clin Geriatr Med 2002,18(3):529-555.
[51]Li NH,Ou PZ,ZhuHM, et al. Comparasion study on risk factors of osteopenia in the middle-aged and elderly men women population[J]. Zhongguo Linchuang Kangfu(Chin J Clin Rehabil) 2002,6(3):382-383.
[52]郑碧琼,闫福华,骆凯,等.雌激素对正常及骨质疏松症大鼠骨髓基质细胞增殖分化的影响.中国骨质疏松杂志,2007,13(1)：22-25.
[53]邹世恩,张绍芬.雌激素对成骨细胞和破骨细胞凋亡的调节机制.现代妇产科进展,2006,15(7)：547-548.
[54]苏汝堃,刘兴漠,邓颖辉.骨质疏松患者472例X线表现及骨密度分析[J].中国临床康复,2004,8(2)：4355.
[55]amada M, Irahara M,Maegawa M,et al.Transient increase in thelevels of T-helper 1 cytokines in postmenopausal women and the effects of hormone replacement. Therapy Gynecol and Obstet Invest,2001,52:82.
[56]哈灵侠,张绍芬,谢倩,等.更年期大鼠血清雌二醇水平与脾细胞凋亡的增龄性改变.复旦学报(医学版),2004,31(2)：155-157.
[57]Kanda N, Tamaki K. Estrogen enhances immunoglobulin production by human PBM CS. J Allergy Clin Immunol,1999,103:282.
[58]Jehn-Hsiahn Y. Hormone replacement therapy reverses the decrease in natural killer cytotoxicity but does not reverse the decreases in the T-cell subpopulation or interferon-gamma production in postmenopausal women[J]. Fertil Steril,2000,74 (2):261-267.
[59]Jenkins JK, Suwannaroj S, Elbourne KB, et al.17-beta estradiol alters Jurkat lymphocyte cell cycling and induces apoptosis through suppression of Bcl-2 and cyclin A[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2001,1(11):1897-1911.
[60]Zajchowski S, Hoffman-Goetz L. Supraphysiological level of estrogen exposure in vivo increases lymphoid cell death in mice[J].Life Sci,2000,66(15):1451-1459.
[61]Miller EH. Women and insomnia. Clin Cornerstone,2004, (6 Suppl 1B):S8.
[62]Moe KE. Reproductive hormones, aging, and sleep. Semin Reprod Endocrinol, 1999,17 (4):339.
[63]NetzerN C, Eliasson A H, StrohlK P. Women with sleep apnea have lower levels of sex hormones. Sleep Breath,2003,7 (1):25.
[64]PoloK P, Erkkola R, Ir jala K et al. Effect of short-term transdermal estrogen replacement therapy on sleep:a randomized, double-blind crossover trial in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril,1999,71 (5):873.
[65]Raikkonen K, Mattbews KA, Kuller LH. The relationship between psychological risk attributes and the metabolic syndrome in healthy women:antecedent or consequence? Metabolism,2002,51(12):1573-1577.
[66]Crawford SL, Johannes CB, Stellato RK. Assessment of digit preference in self-reported year at menopause:chioce of an appropriate reference distribution. Am J Epidemiol 2002,156 (7):676-683.
[67]吴小立,张晋碚,温盛霖等.围绝经期情绪障碍与雌二醇相关性的探讨.中国神经精神疾病杂志,2005,31(6)：455-457.
[68]金海涛.绝经期妇女雌激素水平与常见身心症状的相关性,中国临床康复,2005,9(28)：64-66.
[69]Jarkova NB, Martenyi F, Masanauskaite D, et al. Mood effect of raloxifene in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2002,42 (1):71-75.
[1]Uebelhack R, Blohmer JU, Graubaum HJ, Busch R,Gruenwald J, Wernecke KD. Black cohosh and St. John's wort for climacteric complaints:a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol.2006; 107(2 Pt 1):247-255.
[2]Heger M, Ventskovskiy BM, Borzenko I, KneisKC,Rettenberger R, Kaszkin-Bettag M, Heger PW. Efficacy and safety of a special extract of Rheum rhaponticum(ERr 731) in perimenopausal women with climacteric complaints:a 12-week randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Menopause.2006; 13(5):744-759.
[3]徐苓.性激素替代治疗的历史现状和展望[J].中国实用妇科与产科杂志,2004,20(8)：450.
[4]中华医学会妇产科学会绝经学组.HRT的临床应用指南(2003)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2004,39(4)：286-287.
[5]PinesA, SturdeeDW, BirkbauserMH, et a.l IMS updated recommendations on postmenopausal hormone therapy[J]. Climacteric,2007,10(3):181-194.
[6]Hill DA, Weiss NS, Beresford SA, et al. Continuous combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of endometrial cancer [J]. Am J Obtet Gynecol, 2002,183:1456-1461.
[7]Humphries K, Gill S. Risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapys:the evidence speaks [J]. CMAJ,2003,168:1001-1010.
[8]Kuller LH. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease. Implications of the results of theWomen's Health Initiative. ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Bio,1 2003,23:11-16.
[9]Manson JE, Hsia J, JohnsonKC, eta.1 Estrogen plusprogestin and the risk of coronary heartdisease. N Engl JMed,2003,349:523-534.
[10]Wassertheil-Smoller S, Hendrix SL, Limacher M, et a.1 Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women:the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized tria.1 JAMA,2003,289:2673-2684.
[11]Farquhar CM, Marjoribanks J, Lethaby A, et al. Long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2005,3:CD004143.
[12]夏晓红,胡玲.秦正玉,等.电针三阴交治疗围绝经期综合征多中心随机对照研究.针刺研究,2008,33(4)：262-266.
[13]张皓.针刺干预后更年期综合征患者临床症状及β-内啡肽的改变[J].中国临床康 复.2006,10(31)：1-3.
[14]张奇芳,姜恩魁,齐艳红.侧脑室注射芹菜素对情期雌性大鼠生殖轴影响的研究.锦州医学院学报,2006,27(1)：41-43.
[15]Danuta Wrona et al. Neural-immune interaction. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 172 (2006):38-58.
[16]武骏,徐立,马红.宁心红杞胶囊对雌性老龄大鼠垂体-卵巢轴功能的影响.南京中医药大学学报,2007,23(1)：33-35.
[17]Aimaretti G, Ambrosio MR, Di Somma C, et al. Traumati brain injury and subarachnoid haemorrhage are conditions a high risk for hypopituitarism: screening study at 3 months after the brain injury. Clinical Endocrinology,2004, 61(3):320-326.
[18]BondanelliM, De Marinis L, Ambrosio MR, et al. Occurrence of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma,2004,21(6):685-696.
[19]赵向东,史雪茹,施洪,等.134例更年期妇女血清促卵泡激素、促黄体激素、雌二醇变化的相关性研究.实用诊断与治疗杂志,2004,18(2)：87-89.
[20]Liu ZC, Sun FM, Yan RH. Clinical study on female obesity complicated with climacteric syndrome treated by acupuncture. Zhong Guo Zhong Xi Yi J ie He Za Zhi,2004;24(6):491.
[21]Chang R, Chung PH, Rosenwaks Z. Role of acupuncture in the treatment of female infertility. Fertil Steril,2002;78(6):1149-1153.
[22]程洁,李忠仁.针灸治疗围绝经期综合征选穴规律的研究.南京中医药大学学报,2010,26(1)：21-23.