青少年犯罪影响因素及预防体系的研究
|
摘要
目的探讨男性青少年犯罪的主要影响因素,为开展青少年犯罪的预防提供理论依据和应对策略。
方法采用病例对照研究方法,以湖南省少管所137例男性少年犯为病例组,以同一地区的145例在校男性青少年为对照组,采用一般情况问卷及青少年生活事件量表、应付方式量表、家庭环境量表中文版、社会支持量表、人格诊断问卷进行问卷调查,采用非参数检验、两独立样本t检验和逐步判别分析对资料进行单因素及多因素分析,筛选影响青少年犯罪的主要危险因素。
结果
1.单因素分析结果表明：犯罪青少年在负性生活事件总量及部分因子(人际关系、健康适应、其它负性事件)、不成熟应付方式(自责、幻想、退避)、合理化的应付方式、家庭的矛盾性、各型人格缺陷(偏执型、分裂性、分裂型、癔病型、自恋型、边缘型、反社会型、回避型、依赖型、强迫型、被动攻击型、抑郁型)上得分及家庭破裂的比例均高于对照组,而在受教育程度、负性生活事件中学习压力因子、成熟的应付方式(解决问题、求助)、家庭环境的部分因子(亲密性、文化性、组织性)、社会支持(主观支持、客观支持、对支持的利用度)上得分均低于对照组,两组间差异有统计学意义(p<0.05)。
2.多因素分析结果表明：以有无犯罪为分类变量,进行逐步判别分析,最终发现人际关系及健康适应方面的负性生活事件、自责的应付方式、家庭环境的矛盾性、客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用度、反社会人格、强迫人格、被动攻击人格最终进入判别方程式,所得的判别方程式总正确率为92.2%。
结论
1.犯罪青少年家庭内部的矛盾性较高。
2.犯罪青少年遭遇更多的负性生活事件,遭遇不良应激时更易采取不成熟应付方式去处理问题,可寻获的有效社会支持网络薄弱。
3.人际关系及健康适应方面的负性生活事件,自责型的应付方式,家庭环境的矛盾冲突及社会支持系统薄弱,反社会、强迫、被动攻击型的人格缺陷,是识别青少年犯罪的主要危险因素。
Objective To explore the major risk factors of adolescence delinquency and provide a scientific basis for strategies of adolescence delinquency prevention.
Methods
Using a case-control study, we have made 137 cases male juveniles of Hunan juvenile correctional facilities as case group and 145 cases male students of middle school as control group, matched by gender and age. The Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List (ASLEC), Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ), Family Environment Scale-Chinese version (FES-CV), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+) and basic Questionnaire were self-reported by the subjects. Applying single factor analysis and multivariate statistical analysis to screen the risk factors of adolescence delinquency after a collection of information.
Results
Single factor analysis showed that there were statistical differences between two groups. the scores of negative life events factors (interpersonal relationship, healthy adaptation and other respects), immature coping styles (self condemn, illusion and withdraw), family conflicts, personality disorder (PND, SZT, SZD, HST, NAR, BDL, ATS, AVD, DEP, OBC, PAG and DPS) and the proportion of the breakdown of families in the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group, but the scores on factors such as of educational level, study pressures factors in the negative life events, mature coping styles (problem-solving and support-seeking), family environment (cohesion, cultural orientation and organization) and social support (subjective support, objective support, the utilization of support and total social support) are significantly lower than those of control group.
Multivariate factors analysis showed that 8 variables were selected into the discriminatory equations by the backward stepwise regression, including interpersonal relationship, healthy adaptation, self-condemn styles, family conflicts, subjective support, objective support, the utilization of support, antisocial personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder, passive aggressive personality disorder. The total accuracy of this equation was 92.2%.
Conclusions
1. Adolescence delinquent encounter more family internal contradictions.
2. Adolescence delinquent encounter more negative life events and tend to handle stress by immature cope style, but less social support.
3. The factors of interpersonal relationship, healthy adaptation, self-condemn styles, family conflicts, subjective support, objective support, the utilization of support, antisocial personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder and passive aggressive personality disorder play a significant role for adolescence delinquency.
方法采用病例对照研究方法,以湖南省少管所137例男性少年犯为病例组,以同一地区的145例在校男性青少年为对照组,采用一般情况问卷及青少年生活事件量表、应付方式量表、家庭环境量表中文版、社会支持量表、人格诊断问卷进行问卷调查,采用非参数检验、两独立样本t检验和逐步判别分析对资料进行单因素及多因素分析,筛选影响青少年犯罪的主要危险因素。
结果
1.单因素分析结果表明：犯罪青少年在负性生活事件总量及部分因子(人际关系、健康适应、其它负性事件)、不成熟应付方式(自责、幻想、退避)、合理化的应付方式、家庭的矛盾性、各型人格缺陷(偏执型、分裂性、分裂型、癔病型、自恋型、边缘型、反社会型、回避型、依赖型、强迫型、被动攻击型、抑郁型)上得分及家庭破裂的比例均高于对照组,而在受教育程度、负性生活事件中学习压力因子、成熟的应付方式(解决问题、求助)、家庭环境的部分因子(亲密性、文化性、组织性)、社会支持(主观支持、客观支持、对支持的利用度)上得分均低于对照组,两组间差异有统计学意义(p<0.05)。
2.多因素分析结果表明：以有无犯罪为分类变量,进行逐步判别分析,最终发现人际关系及健康适应方面的负性生活事件、自责的应付方式、家庭环境的矛盾性、客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用度、反社会人格、强迫人格、被动攻击人格最终进入判别方程式,所得的判别方程式总正确率为92.2%。
结论
1.犯罪青少年家庭内部的矛盾性较高。
2.犯罪青少年遭遇更多的负性生活事件,遭遇不良应激时更易采取不成熟应付方式去处理问题,可寻获的有效社会支持网络薄弱。
3.人际关系及健康适应方面的负性生活事件,自责型的应付方式,家庭环境的矛盾冲突及社会支持系统薄弱,反社会、强迫、被动攻击型的人格缺陷,是识别青少年犯罪的主要危险因素。
Objective To explore the major risk factors of adolescence delinquency and provide a scientific basis for strategies of adolescence delinquency prevention.
Methods
Using a case-control study, we have made 137 cases male juveniles of Hunan juvenile correctional facilities as case group and 145 cases male students of middle school as control group, matched by gender and age. The Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Check List (ASLEC), Coping Style Questionnaire (CSQ), Family Environment Scale-Chinese version (FES-CV), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+) and basic Questionnaire were self-reported by the subjects. Applying single factor analysis and multivariate statistical analysis to screen the risk factors of adolescence delinquency after a collection of information.
Results
Single factor analysis showed that there were statistical differences between two groups. the scores of negative life events factors (interpersonal relationship, healthy adaptation and other respects), immature coping styles (self condemn, illusion and withdraw), family conflicts, personality disorder (PND, SZT, SZD, HST, NAR, BDL, ATS, AVD, DEP, OBC, PAG and DPS) and the proportion of the breakdown of families in the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group, but the scores on factors such as of educational level, study pressures factors in the negative life events, mature coping styles (problem-solving and support-seeking), family environment (cohesion, cultural orientation and organization) and social support (subjective support, objective support, the utilization of support and total social support) are significantly lower than those of control group.
Multivariate factors analysis showed that 8 variables were selected into the discriminatory equations by the backward stepwise regression, including interpersonal relationship, healthy adaptation, self-condemn styles, family conflicts, subjective support, objective support, the utilization of support, antisocial personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder, passive aggressive personality disorder. The total accuracy of this equation was 92.2%.
Conclusions
1. Adolescence delinquent encounter more family internal contradictions.
2. Adolescence delinquent encounter more negative life events and tend to handle stress by immature cope style, but less social support.
3. The factors of interpersonal relationship, healthy adaptation, self-condemn styles, family conflicts, subjective support, objective support, the utilization of support, antisocial personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, obsessive compulsive personality disorder and passive aggressive personality disorder play a significant role for adolescence delinquency.
引文
[1]李季.中国社科院发布2010年《法治蓝皮书》[J／OL].中国新闻网.2010-2-25.http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/02-25/2137881.shtml
[2]中华人民共和国最高法院网.2009年全国法院审理青少年犯罪情况统计表[EB/OL].2010-4-8. http://220.181.27.220:8080/pub/court/qwfb/sfsj/201004/t20100408_3853.htm.
[3]揭萍,谢山河..江西省青少年违法犯罪现状及特点分析——对1997年至2006年江西省青少年违法犯罪的调查[J].江西公安专科学校学报,2007,(5)：115～118
[4]汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版)[M].北京：中国心理卫生杂志社,1999
[5]杨蕴萍,沈东郁,王久英,等.人格障碍诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)在中国应用的信效度研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志.2002,10(3)：165～168
[6]杨惠倡,王大勇,朱海燕.初入狱青年男性罪犯的人格特征研究[J].少年犯罪问题,2007,(6)：52～55
[7]景璐石,冯军,徐科,等.青少年罪犯人性观发展及相关因素[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2009,17(7)：863～864
[8]雷湘竹,蒋小霓.未成年人犯罪成因分析—以学校教育为例[J].社会科学家,2009,(10)：129～132
[9]李慧民,王黎.犯罪青少年不良行为及心理健康状况调查研究[J].中国行为医学科学,2002,11：30～31
[10]陈如,朱考金,张曙.家庭因素与未成年人犯罪的调查与分析[J].青少年犯罪问题,2009,(2)：12～15
[11]刘淑萍,李洁,雷良忻.离异家庭子女犯罪的心理特征与防范[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(24)：128～129
[12]Hollin CR, Browne D, Palmer E. Delinquency and young offenders [M]. Oxford. UK. OK; Malden. MA:BPS Blackwell,2002.14
[13]El-Sheikh M, Buckhalt JA. Parental problem drinking and children's adjustment: Attachment and family functioning as moderators and mediators of risk[J]. Journal of Family Psychology,2003,17(4):510～520
[14]汪天德,汪颖琦.家庭与青少年犯罪的关系——美国学者的理论研究与实证研究成果[J].青年研究,2000,42～49
[15]Goodyer IM, Kolvin I, Gatzanis S. The impact of recent undesirable life events on psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence[J]. Br J Psychiatry,1987, 151(5):179
[16]Dixon A, Howie P, Starling J. Psychopathology in female juvenile offenders [J]. J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2004,45(6):1150～1158
[17]张旭,章皎洁,杨曦,等.男性青少年罪犯应激与心理健康的研究[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2008,34(3)：176～178
[18]路敦跃,张丽杰.防御机制的研究进展[J].国外医学·精神病学分册,1992,19(2)：69～72
[19].Edwards JR, Cooper CL:Research in stress, coping and health-Theoretical and methodological issues[J]. Psychological Medicine,1988,8:15～20
[20]黄希庭,余华,郑涌,等.中学生应对方式的初步研究[J].心理科学,2000,23(1)：1～5
[21]徐莉萍,王小平,谢永标,等.男性少年暴力犯罪应付方式对照研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2002,10(4)：313
[22]Britvic D, Urlic 1, Definis-Gojanovic M. Juvenile perpetrators of homicides and attempted homicides--a case control study[J]. Coll Antropol,2006,30(1):143～147
[23]Pajer K, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Gardner W, et al. Women with antisocial behaviour:long-term health disability and help-seeking for emotional problems[J]. Crim Behav Ment Health,2006,16(1):29～42
[23]屈智勇,邹泓.家庭环境、父母监控与青少年犯罪[J].中国青年研究,2008,(4)：35-42
[24]Bischof GP, Stith SM, Whimey ML. Family environments of adolescent sex offenders and other juvenile delinquents[J]. Adolescence,1995,117(30):157～170
[25]Hollin CR, Browne D, Palmer E. Delinquency and young offenders [M]. Oxford. UK. OK; Maiden. MA:BPS Blackwell,2002.14
[26]盛永慧,袁家璐,翟静,等.违法犯罪少年与正常少年个性特征差异及其家庭社会因素[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(20)：84～85
[27]冯维,陈秀丽.守法少年与犯罪少年与犯罪少年家庭功能比较研究[J].中国特殊教育.2006,5：77～81
[28]王丽,李建明,李丽娜.监狱犯人早年父母教养方式的调查研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2008,(5)：566～567
[29]Moore DR, etal. Juvenile Delinquency In ThomasH. Ollendick(eds):Handbook Of Child Psychoh[M]. NewYork:Plenum Press,1983.357～384
[30]El-Sheikh M, Buckhalt JA. Parental problem drinking and children's adjustment: Attachment and family functioning as moderators and mediators of risk[J]. Journal of Family Psychology,2003,17(4):510～520
[31]Dekovic M, Janssens JM, Van As NM. Family Predictors of Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence[J]. Family Process,2003,42(2):223～235
[32]陈陈.家庭教养方式研究进程透视[J].南京师范大学学报：社会科学版,2002,47(6)：97
[33]Maccoby EE. The role of parents in the socialization of children:An historical overview[J]. Developmental Psychology,1992,28:1006～1010
[34]Updegraf KA, Helms HM, McHale SM, et al. Who's the boss? Patterns of perceived control in adolescents'friendships[J]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2004,33(5):403
[35]Shek DTL. Individual and dyadic predictors of family functioning in a Chinese context[J]. The American Journal of Family Therapy,1999,27(1):49～61
[36]吴念阳,张东昀.青少年亲子关系与心理健康的相关研究[J].心理科学,2004.4：45～49
[37]Keller PS, Cummings EM, Davies PT. The role of marital discord and parenting in relations between parental problem drinking and child adjustment[J]. J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2005,46(9):943～951
[38]DeGarmo DS, Forgatch MS. Early development of delinquency within divorced families:evaluating a randomized preventive intervention trial[J]. Dev Sci,2005,8(3): 229～239
[39]Unnever JD, Cullen FT, Travis PC. Parental Management, ADHD, and Delinquent Involvement:Reassessing Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory[J]. Justice Quarterly,2003,3(20):471～500
[40]Marie B H Yap, Grant J Devilly. The role of perceived social support in crime victimization [J]. Clinical Psychology Review,2004,24:1～14
[41]丁宇,肖凌,郭文斌,等.社会支持在生活事件—心理健康关系中的作用模型研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2005,13(3)：161～164
[42]张旭,胡泽卿,杨曦,等.男性青少年罪犯社会支持与心理健康的研究[J].神经疾病与精神卫生,2007,7(5)：336～340
[43]Ron H J Scholte, Rutger C M E Engels, aymond A T de Kemp, et al. Differential Parental Treatment, Sibling Relationships and Delinquency in Adolescence[J]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,2007,36(5):661～671
[44]邹泓.同伴关系的发展功能及影响因素[J].心理发展与教育,1998,14(2)：39～44
[45]Patterson GR, DeBaryshe BD, Ramsey E. A Developmental perspective on antisocial behavior[J]. American Psychologist,1989,44:329～335
[46]Feinberg Mark E, Gomez Brendan J, Puddy Richard W, et al. Evaluation and community prevention coalitions:validation of an integrated Web-based/technical assistance consultant model[J]. Health Educ Behav,2008,35 (1):9-21
[47]Monahan KC, Steinberg L, Cauffman E, et al. Trajecto ries of Antisocial Behavior and Psychosocial Maturity From Adolescence to Young Adulthood[J]. Developmental psychology.2009,45(6):1654～1668
[48]Momtt TE. Adolescence-limited and Life-course—ersistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy [J]. Psychological Review,1993,100(4)
[49]Robins LN. Sturdy childhood predictors of aduh antisocial behavior:Replieatiom from longitudinal studies [J]. Psychological Medicine,1978, (8)
[50]Youth violence:a report of the Surgeon General [M]. Washington, DC:United States Development of Health and Human Services.2001
[51]沈渔村.精神病学(第三版)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1993.743～755
[52]Johnson JG. Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood[J]. American journal of psychiatry,2000,157(9):1406～1412
[53]黎雪梅,况利,艾明,等.暴力犯罪者人格障碍研究[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2008,22(7)：547～552
[54]徐银芳,卢宁、张海斌.未成年罪犯人格障碍与述情障碍相关分析[J].预防医学情报杂志,2005,21(5)：531～534
[55]Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Kosterman R, et al. Preventing adolescent health-risk behavior by strengthening protection during childhood[J]. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine,1999,153:226～234
[56]Cpprg. Using the Fast Track randomized trial to the test the early-starter model of the development of serious conduct problems[J]. Development Psychopathology, 2002,14(9):25～43.
[57]Furlong M, Morrison G. The School in School Violence[J]. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,2000,8:71～82
[58]Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience:A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work[J]. Child Development,2000,71(3): 543～562
[59]Mastern AS, Ordinary magic:Resilience process in development[J]. American Psychologist,2001,56(3):227-238
[60]Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2004,86(2):320～333
[61]Anthony EJ. The syndrome of the psychologically invulnerable child. In Anthony EJ & C Koupernik (Eds), The Child in His Family:Children at Psychiatric Risk[M]. New York:Wiley,1974.529～545
[62]于肖楠,张建新.韧性(resilience)——在压力下复原和成长的机制[J].心理科学进展,2005,13(5)：658～665
[63]席居哲,桑标.心理弹性研究综述[J].健康心理学杂志,2002,10(4)：314-317
[64]李燕平.青少年研究的新趋势——恢复力研究述评[J].青年研究,2005,(3)：1～8
[65]阳毅,欧阳娜.国外关于复原力的研究综述[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2006,14(5)：539～541
[66]刘取芝,吴远.压弹：关于个体逆境适应机制的新探索.湖南师范大学教育科学学报,2005,4(2)：111～115
[67]田国秀.从抗逆力视角对“问题青少年”实施干预[J].中国青年研究,2006,(11)：5～9
[68]Masten AS. Ordinary magic:Resilience processes in development[J]. American Psychologist,2001,56(3):227～238
[69]Rutter M. Resilience re-considered:Conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. In JP Shonkoff, and SJ Meisels (Eds), Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press,2000. 651～682
[70]Rutter M. Environmentally mediated risks for psychopathology:Research strategies and findings[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,2005,44(1):3-18
[71]Werner E. Resilience in development[J]. Current Directions in Psychological Science,1995,4(3):81～85
[72]Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2002,58(3):307～321
[73]Rutter M. Psychosocial Resilience and protective mechanisms[J]. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,1987,57(3):316～331
[74]Kumpfer KL. Factors and processes contributing to resilience:The resilience framwork. In:MD Glantz & JL Johnson (Eds). Resiliency and development:Positive life adaptation[M]. New York:Kluwer Academic,1999.179～224
[75]Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2002,58(3):307～321
[76]Yates TM, Egeland B, Sroufe LA. Rethinking resilience; A developmental process perspective. In SS Luthar (Eds), Resilience and Vulnerability:Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press, 2003.243～266
[77]Wright MO. Masten AS. Resilience processes in development. In:S Goldstein, R B Brooks (Eds). Handbook of Resilience in Children[M]. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.2005.7-37
[1]李季.中国社科院发布2010年《法治蓝皮书》[J／OL].中国新闻网.2010-2-25.http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/02-25/2137881.shtml
[2]中华人民共和国最高法院网.2009年全国法院审理青少年犯罪情况统计表[EB/OL].2010-4-8. http://220.181.27.220:8080/pub/court/qwfb/sfsj/201004/t20100408_3853.htm.
[3]章皎洁,扬曦,张旭,等.男性青少年罪犯的人格特征比较研究[J].神经疾病与精神卫生,2007,7(4)：254～257
[4]揭萍,谢山河.江西省青少年违法犯罪现状及特点分析——对1997年至2006年江西省青少年违法犯罪的调查[J].江西公安专科学校学报,2007,(5)：115～118
[5]中国互联网络中心CNNIC发布《第23次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》[EB/OL].2009-1-12. http://www.cnnic.cn/html/Dir/2009/01/12/5447.htm
[6]郭开元.青少年网络违法犯罪行为的现状[J／OL].中国青少年研究网.2008-11-22. http://www.cycs.org/Article.asp?Category=1&Column=413&ID=9959
[7]张应立,陈学光.196个青少年团伙犯罪的调查和分析[J].江苏警官学院学报,2009,(6)：133～140
[8]陈卫东.我国八城市流动青少年违法犯罪状况调查[J].青少年犯罪问题,2009,(01)：26-33
[9]Demuth S, Brown SL. Family structure, family processes, and adolescent delinquency:The significance of parental absence versus parental gender[J]. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,2004,41(1):58
[10]Rutter M, Giller H, Hagell A. Antisocial behavior by young people[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998.109-134
[11]刘淑萍,李洁,雷良忻.离异家庭子女犯罪的心理特征与防范[J].中国临床康复.2005,9(24)：128～129
[12]Hollin CR, Browne D, Palmer E. Delinquency and young offenders [M]. Oxford. UK. OK; Malden. MA:BPS Blackwell,2002.14
[13]El-Sheikh M, Buckhalt JA. Parental problem drinking and children's adjustment: Attachment and family functioning as moderators and mediators of risk[J]. Journal of Family Psychology,2003,17(4):510～520
[14]方明军.青少年犯罪与家庭环境的相关研究[J].青少年犯罪研究,1996,2：60～68
[15]何剑.未成年犯罪的家庭环境研究[J].青少年犯罪问题,2000,2：15～17
[16]盛永慧,袁家璐,翟静,等.违法犯罪少年与正常少年个性特征差异及其家庭社会因素[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(20)：84～85
[17]冯维,陈秀丽.守法少年与犯罪少年与犯罪少年家庭功能比较研究[J].中国特殊教育.2006,5：77～81
[18]Palmer EJ, Hollin CR. Sociomoral reasoning, perceptions of parenting and self-reported delinquency in adolescents[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology,2001,15: 85～100
[19]于守臣,宋彦.1414名中学生心理健康状况调查[J].中国心理卫生杂志,1994,8(1)：7～8
[20]关颖.家庭教育功能的不良和缺失与未成年人犯罪[J].青少年犯罪研究,2004，1：19～28
[21]赵山明,赵汗青,张喜转.犯罪青少年家庭教养方式的特征[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(17)：3300～3302
[22]李丹.儿童发展心理学第3版[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,1994.457
[23]刘玲玲,毛健玲.犯罪青少年心理健康状况与父母教养方式的关系[J].中国学校卫生,2007,28(9)：799～800
[24]赵培庄,杨小丽,刘晓村.犯罪青少年个性特征及与父母养育方式关系[J].中国公共卫生,2007,23(2)：180～181
[25]茆正洪,谭钊安,曾彦英,等.父母养育方式与犯罪青年人格障碍形成的关系[J].中国临床康复.2005,9(24)：98～100
[26]Liable DJ, Thompson RA. Attachment and emotional understanding In preschool children[J]. Dev Psychol,1998,34(5):1038～1045
[27]刘金同,张敬悬,翟静,等.父母养育方式对个性的影响[J].中国临床心理学杂志,1995,3(2)：96
[28]Shek DTL. Perceived parental control processes, parent-Childrelational qualities, and psychological well-being in Chinese adolescents with and without economic disadvantage[J]. The Journal of Genetic Psychology,2005,166(2):171～188
[29]Maccoby EE. The role of parents in the socialization of children:An historical overview[J]. Developmental Psychology,1992,28:1006～1010
[30]Updegraf KA, Helms HM, McHale SM, etal. Who's the boss? Patterns of perceived control in adolescents'friendships[J]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2004,33(5):403
[31]谭锐,周晖.父母表露与青少年人际能力的关系研究[J].心理发展与教育,2008,24(2)：60～64
[32]Walker LJ, Taylor JH. Family interactions and the development of moral reasoning[J]. Child Development,1991,62:264～283
[33]White FA. Relationship of family socialization processes to adolescent moral thought[J]. Journal of Social Psychology,2000,140(1):75～91
[34]方晓义,林丹华,孙莉,等.亲子沟通类型与青少年社会适应的关系[J].心理发展与教育,2004,20(1)：18～22
[35]Shek DTL. Family environment an d adolescent psychological well-being, school adjustment, and problem behavior:A pioneer study in a Chinese context[J]. Journal of Genetic Psychology,1997,158(1):113～128
[36]Shek DTL. Individual and dyadic predictors of family functioning in a Chinese context[J]. The American Journal of Family Therapy,1999,27(1):49～61
[37]Schaffner L. Families on probation:Court-ordered parenting skills classes for parents of juvenile offenders[J]. Crime and Delinquency,1997,43(4):412～437
[38]Klein K, Forehand R, Armistead L, et al. Delinquency during the transition to early adulthood:Family parenting predictors from early adolescence[J]. Adolescence, 1997,32(125):61～80
[39]Marie B H Yap, Grant J Devilly. The role of perceived social support in crime victimization [J]. Clinical Psychology Review,2004,24:1～14
[40]贺寨平.国外社会支持网研究综述[J].国外社会科学,2001,(1)：76
[41]张旭,胡泽卿,杨曦,等.男性青少年违法犯罪者社会支持与心理健康的研究[J].神经疾病与精神卫生,2007,7(5)：336～340
[42]李慧民,王黎.犯罪青少年不良行为及心理健康状况调查研究[J].中国行为医学科学,2002,11：30～31
[43]雷湘竹,蒋小霓.未成年人犯罪成因分析—以学校教育为例[J].社会科学家.2009,(10)：129～132
[44]易军.浅析网络不良文化对青少负面影响[ED／OL].中国少年维权网,专家论坛.2002-7-8. http://www.smjcy.xm.fj.cn/young/dy20020930.htm
[45]网吧,青少年成长的一道坎[N].生活日报.2001-4-10
[46]Vloet TD, Herpertz S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Aetiology and life-course of conduct disorder in childhood:risk factors for the development of an antisocial personality disorder[J].Z Kinder Jugend psychiatr Psychother,2006,34(2):101～141
[47]Bailey S, Doreleijers T, Tarbuck P. Recent developments in mental health screening and assessment in juvenile justice systems[J]. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin, 2006,15(2):391～406
[2]中华人民共和国最高法院网.2009年全国法院审理青少年犯罪情况统计表[EB/OL].2010-4-8. http://220.181.27.220:8080/pub/court/qwfb/sfsj/201004/t20100408_3853.htm.
[3]揭萍,谢山河..江西省青少年违法犯罪现状及特点分析——对1997年至2006年江西省青少年违法犯罪的调查[J].江西公安专科学校学报,2007,(5)：115～118
[4]汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版)[M].北京：中国心理卫生杂志社,1999
[5]杨蕴萍,沈东郁,王久英,等.人格障碍诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)在中国应用的信效度研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志.2002,10(3)：165～168
[6]杨惠倡,王大勇,朱海燕.初入狱青年男性罪犯的人格特征研究[J].少年犯罪问题,2007,(6)：52～55
[7]景璐石,冯军,徐科,等.青少年罪犯人性观发展及相关因素[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2009,17(7)：863～864
[8]雷湘竹,蒋小霓.未成年人犯罪成因分析—以学校教育为例[J].社会科学家,2009,(10)：129～132
[9]李慧民,王黎.犯罪青少年不良行为及心理健康状况调查研究[J].中国行为医学科学,2002,11：30～31
[10]陈如,朱考金,张曙.家庭因素与未成年人犯罪的调查与分析[J].青少年犯罪问题,2009,(2)：12～15
[11]刘淑萍,李洁,雷良忻.离异家庭子女犯罪的心理特征与防范[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(24)：128～129
[12]Hollin CR, Browne D, Palmer E. Delinquency and young offenders [M]. Oxford. UK. OK; Malden. MA:BPS Blackwell,2002.14
[13]El-Sheikh M, Buckhalt JA. Parental problem drinking and children's adjustment: Attachment and family functioning as moderators and mediators of risk[J]. Journal of Family Psychology,2003,17(4):510～520
[14]汪天德,汪颖琦.家庭与青少年犯罪的关系——美国学者的理论研究与实证研究成果[J].青年研究,2000,42～49
[15]Goodyer IM, Kolvin I, Gatzanis S. The impact of recent undesirable life events on psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence[J]. Br J Psychiatry,1987, 151(5):179
[16]Dixon A, Howie P, Starling J. Psychopathology in female juvenile offenders [J]. J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2004,45(6):1150～1158
[17]张旭,章皎洁,杨曦,等.男性青少年罪犯应激与心理健康的研究[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2008,34(3)：176～178
[18]路敦跃,张丽杰.防御机制的研究进展[J].国外医学·精神病学分册,1992,19(2)：69～72
[19].Edwards JR, Cooper CL:Research in stress, coping and health-Theoretical and methodological issues[J]. Psychological Medicine,1988,8:15～20
[20]黄希庭,余华,郑涌,等.中学生应对方式的初步研究[J].心理科学,2000,23(1)：1～5
[21]徐莉萍,王小平,谢永标,等.男性少年暴力犯罪应付方式对照研究[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2002,10(4)：313
[22]Britvic D, Urlic 1, Definis-Gojanovic M. Juvenile perpetrators of homicides and attempted homicides--a case control study[J]. Coll Antropol,2006,30(1):143～147
[23]Pajer K, Stouthamer-Loeber M, Gardner W, et al. Women with antisocial behaviour:long-term health disability and help-seeking for emotional problems[J]. Crim Behav Ment Health,2006,16(1):29～42
[23]屈智勇,邹泓.家庭环境、父母监控与青少年犯罪[J].中国青年研究,2008,(4)：35-42
[24]Bischof GP, Stith SM, Whimey ML. Family environments of adolescent sex offenders and other juvenile delinquents[J]. Adolescence,1995,117(30):157～170
[25]Hollin CR, Browne D, Palmer E. Delinquency and young offenders [M]. Oxford. UK. OK; Maiden. MA:BPS Blackwell,2002.14
[26]盛永慧,袁家璐,翟静,等.违法犯罪少年与正常少年个性特征差异及其家庭社会因素[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(20)：84～85
[27]冯维,陈秀丽.守法少年与犯罪少年与犯罪少年家庭功能比较研究[J].中国特殊教育.2006,5：77～81
[28]王丽,李建明,李丽娜.监狱犯人早年父母教养方式的调查研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2008,(5)：566～567
[29]Moore DR, etal. Juvenile Delinquency In ThomasH. Ollendick(eds):Handbook Of Child Psychoh[M]. NewYork:Plenum Press,1983.357～384
[30]El-Sheikh M, Buckhalt JA. Parental problem drinking and children's adjustment: Attachment and family functioning as moderators and mediators of risk[J]. Journal of Family Psychology,2003,17(4):510～520
[31]Dekovic M, Janssens JM, Van As NM. Family Predictors of Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence[J]. Family Process,2003,42(2):223～235
[32]陈陈.家庭教养方式研究进程透视[J].南京师范大学学报：社会科学版,2002,47(6)：97
[33]Maccoby EE. The role of parents in the socialization of children:An historical overview[J]. Developmental Psychology,1992,28:1006～1010
[34]Updegraf KA, Helms HM, McHale SM, et al. Who's the boss? Patterns of perceived control in adolescents'friendships[J]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2004,33(5):403
[35]Shek DTL. Individual and dyadic predictors of family functioning in a Chinese context[J]. The American Journal of Family Therapy,1999,27(1):49～61
[36]吴念阳,张东昀.青少年亲子关系与心理健康的相关研究[J].心理科学,2004.4：45～49
[37]Keller PS, Cummings EM, Davies PT. The role of marital discord and parenting in relations between parental problem drinking and child adjustment[J]. J Child Psychol Psychiatry,2005,46(9):943～951
[38]DeGarmo DS, Forgatch MS. Early development of delinquency within divorced families:evaluating a randomized preventive intervention trial[J]. Dev Sci,2005,8(3): 229～239
[39]Unnever JD, Cullen FT, Travis PC. Parental Management, ADHD, and Delinquent Involvement:Reassessing Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory[J]. Justice Quarterly,2003,3(20):471～500
[40]Marie B H Yap, Grant J Devilly. The role of perceived social support in crime victimization [J]. Clinical Psychology Review,2004,24:1～14
[41]丁宇,肖凌,郭文斌,等.社会支持在生活事件—心理健康关系中的作用模型研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2005,13(3)：161～164
[42]张旭,胡泽卿,杨曦,等.男性青少年罪犯社会支持与心理健康的研究[J].神经疾病与精神卫生,2007,7(5)：336～340
[43]Ron H J Scholte, Rutger C M E Engels, aymond A T de Kemp, et al. Differential Parental Treatment, Sibling Relationships and Delinquency in Adolescence[J]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,2007,36(5):661～671
[44]邹泓.同伴关系的发展功能及影响因素[J].心理发展与教育,1998,14(2)：39～44
[45]Patterson GR, DeBaryshe BD, Ramsey E. A Developmental perspective on antisocial behavior[J]. American Psychologist,1989,44:329～335
[46]Feinberg Mark E, Gomez Brendan J, Puddy Richard W, et al. Evaluation and community prevention coalitions:validation of an integrated Web-based/technical assistance consultant model[J]. Health Educ Behav,2008,35 (1):9-21
[47]Monahan KC, Steinberg L, Cauffman E, et al. Trajecto ries of Antisocial Behavior and Psychosocial Maturity From Adolescence to Young Adulthood[J]. Developmental psychology.2009,45(6):1654～1668
[48]Momtt TE. Adolescence-limited and Life-course—ersistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy [J]. Psychological Review,1993,100(4)
[49]Robins LN. Sturdy childhood predictors of aduh antisocial behavior:Replieatiom from longitudinal studies [J]. Psychological Medicine,1978, (8)
[50]Youth violence:a report of the Surgeon General [M]. Washington, DC:United States Development of Health and Human Services.2001
[51]沈渔村.精神病学(第三版)[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,1993.743～755
[52]Johnson JG. Adolescent personality disorders associated with violence and criminal behavior during adolescence and early adulthood[J]. American journal of psychiatry,2000,157(9):1406～1412
[53]黎雪梅,况利,艾明,等.暴力犯罪者人格障碍研究[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2008,22(7)：547～552
[54]徐银芳,卢宁、张海斌.未成年罪犯人格障碍与述情障碍相关分析[J].预防医学情报杂志,2005,21(5)：531～534
[55]Hawkins JD, Catalano RF, Kosterman R, et al. Preventing adolescent health-risk behavior by strengthening protection during childhood[J]. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine,1999,153:226～234
[56]Cpprg. Using the Fast Track randomized trial to the test the early-starter model of the development of serious conduct problems[J]. Development Psychopathology, 2002,14(9):25～43.
[57]Furlong M, Morrison G. The School in School Violence[J]. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,2000,8:71～82
[58]Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience:A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work[J]. Child Development,2000,71(3): 543～562
[59]Mastern AS, Ordinary magic:Resilience process in development[J]. American Psychologist,2001,56(3):227-238
[60]Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2004,86(2):320～333
[61]Anthony EJ. The syndrome of the psychologically invulnerable child. In Anthony EJ & C Koupernik (Eds), The Child in His Family:Children at Psychiatric Risk[M]. New York:Wiley,1974.529～545
[62]于肖楠,张建新.韧性(resilience)——在压力下复原和成长的机制[J].心理科学进展,2005,13(5)：658～665
[63]席居哲,桑标.心理弹性研究综述[J].健康心理学杂志,2002,10(4)：314-317
[64]李燕平.青少年研究的新趋势——恢复力研究述评[J].青年研究,2005,(3)：1～8
[65]阳毅,欧阳娜.国外关于复原力的研究综述[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2006,14(5)：539～541
[66]刘取芝,吴远.压弹：关于个体逆境适应机制的新探索.湖南师范大学教育科学学报,2005,4(2)：111～115
[67]田国秀.从抗逆力视角对“问题青少年”实施干预[J].中国青年研究,2006,(11)：5～9
[68]Masten AS. Ordinary magic:Resilience processes in development[J]. American Psychologist,2001,56(3):227～238
[69]Rutter M. Resilience re-considered:Conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. In JP Shonkoff, and SJ Meisels (Eds), Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press,2000. 651～682
[70]Rutter M. Environmentally mediated risks for psychopathology:Research strategies and findings[J]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,2005,44(1):3-18
[71]Werner E. Resilience in development[J]. Current Directions in Psychological Science,1995,4(3):81～85
[72]Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2002,58(3):307～321
[73]Rutter M. Psychosocial Resilience and protective mechanisms[J]. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,1987,57(3):316～331
[74]Kumpfer KL. Factors and processes contributing to resilience:The resilience framwork. In:MD Glantz & JL Johnson (Eds). Resiliency and development:Positive life adaptation[M]. New York:Kluwer Academic,1999.179～224
[75]Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency[J]. Journal of Clinical Psychology,2002,58(3):307～321
[76]Yates TM, Egeland B, Sroufe LA. Rethinking resilience; A developmental process perspective. In SS Luthar (Eds), Resilience and Vulnerability:Adaptation in the Context of Childhood Adversities[M]. New York:Cambridge University Press, 2003.243～266
[77]Wright MO. Masten AS. Resilience processes in development. In:S Goldstein, R B Brooks (Eds). Handbook of Resilience in Children[M]. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.2005.7-37
[1]李季.中国社科院发布2010年《法治蓝皮书》[J／OL].中国新闻网.2010-2-25.http://www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2010/02-25/2137881.shtml
[2]中华人民共和国最高法院网.2009年全国法院审理青少年犯罪情况统计表[EB/OL].2010-4-8. http://220.181.27.220:8080/pub/court/qwfb/sfsj/201004/t20100408_3853.htm.
[3]章皎洁,扬曦,张旭,等.男性青少年罪犯的人格特征比较研究[J].神经疾病与精神卫生,2007,7(4)：254～257
[4]揭萍,谢山河.江西省青少年违法犯罪现状及特点分析——对1997年至2006年江西省青少年违法犯罪的调查[J].江西公安专科学校学报,2007,(5)：115～118
[5]中国互联网络中心CNNIC发布《第23次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》[EB/OL].2009-1-12. http://www.cnnic.cn/html/Dir/2009/01/12/5447.htm
[6]郭开元.青少年网络违法犯罪行为的现状[J／OL].中国青少年研究网.2008-11-22. http://www.cycs.org/Article.asp?Category=1&Column=413&ID=9959
[7]张应立,陈学光.196个青少年团伙犯罪的调查和分析[J].江苏警官学院学报,2009,(6)：133～140
[8]陈卫东.我国八城市流动青少年违法犯罪状况调查[J].青少年犯罪问题,2009,(01)：26-33
[9]Demuth S, Brown SL. Family structure, family processes, and adolescent delinquency:The significance of parental absence versus parental gender[J]. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency,2004,41(1):58
[10]Rutter M, Giller H, Hagell A. Antisocial behavior by young people[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998.109-134
[11]刘淑萍,李洁,雷良忻.离异家庭子女犯罪的心理特征与防范[J].中国临床康复.2005,9(24)：128～129
[12]Hollin CR, Browne D, Palmer E. Delinquency and young offenders [M]. Oxford. UK. OK; Malden. MA:BPS Blackwell,2002.14
[13]El-Sheikh M, Buckhalt JA. Parental problem drinking and children's adjustment: Attachment and family functioning as moderators and mediators of risk[J]. Journal of Family Psychology,2003,17(4):510～520
[14]方明军.青少年犯罪与家庭环境的相关研究[J].青少年犯罪研究,1996,2：60～68
[15]何剑.未成年犯罪的家庭环境研究[J].青少年犯罪问题,2000,2：15～17
[16]盛永慧,袁家璐,翟静,等.违法犯罪少年与正常少年个性特征差异及其家庭社会因素[J].中国临床康复,2005,9(20)：84～85
[17]冯维,陈秀丽.守法少年与犯罪少年与犯罪少年家庭功能比较研究[J].中国特殊教育.2006,5：77～81
[18]Palmer EJ, Hollin CR. Sociomoral reasoning, perceptions of parenting and self-reported delinquency in adolescents[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology,2001,15: 85～100
[19]于守臣,宋彦.1414名中学生心理健康状况调查[J].中国心理卫生杂志,1994,8(1)：7～8
[20]关颖.家庭教育功能的不良和缺失与未成年人犯罪[J].青少年犯罪研究,2004，1：19～28
[21]赵山明,赵汗青,张喜转.犯罪青少年家庭教养方式的特征[J].中国组织工程研究与临床康复,2007,11(17)：3300～3302
[22]李丹.儿童发展心理学第3版[M].上海：华东师范大学出版社,1994.457
[23]刘玲玲,毛健玲.犯罪青少年心理健康状况与父母教养方式的关系[J].中国学校卫生,2007,28(9)：799～800
[24]赵培庄,杨小丽,刘晓村.犯罪青少年个性特征及与父母养育方式关系[J].中国公共卫生,2007,23(2)：180～181
[25]茆正洪,谭钊安,曾彦英,等.父母养育方式与犯罪青年人格障碍形成的关系[J].中国临床康复.2005,9(24)：98～100
[26]Liable DJ, Thompson RA. Attachment and emotional understanding In preschool children[J]. Dev Psychol,1998,34(5):1038～1045
[27]刘金同,张敬悬,翟静,等.父母养育方式对个性的影响[J].中国临床心理学杂志,1995,3(2)：96
[28]Shek DTL. Perceived parental control processes, parent-Childrelational qualities, and psychological well-being in Chinese adolescents with and without economic disadvantage[J]. The Journal of Genetic Psychology,2005,166(2):171～188
[29]Maccoby EE. The role of parents in the socialization of children:An historical overview[J]. Developmental Psychology,1992,28:1006～1010
[30]Updegraf KA, Helms HM, McHale SM, etal. Who's the boss? Patterns of perceived control in adolescents'friendships[J]. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2004,33(5):403
[31]谭锐,周晖.父母表露与青少年人际能力的关系研究[J].心理发展与教育,2008,24(2)：60～64
[32]Walker LJ, Taylor JH. Family interactions and the development of moral reasoning[J]. Child Development,1991,62:264～283
[33]White FA. Relationship of family socialization processes to adolescent moral thought[J]. Journal of Social Psychology,2000,140(1):75～91
[34]方晓义,林丹华,孙莉,等.亲子沟通类型与青少年社会适应的关系[J].心理发展与教育,2004,20(1)：18～22
[35]Shek DTL. Family environment an d adolescent psychological well-being, school adjustment, and problem behavior:A pioneer study in a Chinese context[J]. Journal of Genetic Psychology,1997,158(1):113～128
[36]Shek DTL. Individual and dyadic predictors of family functioning in a Chinese context[J]. The American Journal of Family Therapy,1999,27(1):49～61
[37]Schaffner L. Families on probation:Court-ordered parenting skills classes for parents of juvenile offenders[J]. Crime and Delinquency,1997,43(4):412～437
[38]Klein K, Forehand R, Armistead L, et al. Delinquency during the transition to early adulthood:Family parenting predictors from early adolescence[J]. Adolescence, 1997,32(125):61～80
[39]Marie B H Yap, Grant J Devilly. The role of perceived social support in crime victimization [J]. Clinical Psychology Review,2004,24:1～14
[40]贺寨平.国外社会支持网研究综述[J].国外社会科学,2001,(1)：76
[41]张旭,胡泽卿,杨曦,等.男性青少年违法犯罪者社会支持与心理健康的研究[J].神经疾病与精神卫生,2007,7(5)：336～340
[42]李慧民,王黎.犯罪青少年不良行为及心理健康状况调查研究[J].中国行为医学科学,2002,11：30～31
[43]雷湘竹,蒋小霓.未成年人犯罪成因分析—以学校教育为例[J].社会科学家.2009,(10)：129～132
[44]易军.浅析网络不良文化对青少负面影响[ED／OL].中国少年维权网,专家论坛.2002-7-8. http://www.smjcy.xm.fj.cn/young/dy20020930.htm
[45]网吧,青少年成长的一道坎[N].生活日报.2001-4-10
[46]Vloet TD, Herpertz S, Herpertz-Dahlmann B. Aetiology and life-course of conduct disorder in childhood:risk factors for the development of an antisocial personality disorder[J].Z Kinder Jugend psychiatr Psychother,2006,34(2):101～141
[47]Bailey S, Doreleijers T, Tarbuck P. Recent developments in mental health screening and assessment in juvenile justice systems[J]. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin, 2006,15(2):391～406