汶川大地震边坡工程设施震害分析
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摘要
“5.12”汶川大地震,是建国以来最大规模的一次地震,给人民的生命财产造成了巨大的损失。地震对灾区的边坡工程设施产生了很大的破坏,初步统计在地震灾区已造成了大约一万多个震害边坡,多条公路、铁路因此受损中断,严重影响了救援人员和相关物资在第一时间的抵达灾区。因此充分总结和分析汶川地震的震害情况,对优化地震工况下的支挡结构设计,促进抗震规范的发展和修订具有重要意义。
本文首先介绍了汶川地震造成的灾害情况和对抗震规范的改进作用,归纳总结了支挡结构的抗震设计研究现状以及现行规范中的计算方法。
然后对地震灾区边坡工程设施进行广泛调研,总结分析汶川地震中支挡结构的震害情况,提出各种支挡结构的震害程度和震害模式。
分别选取重力式挡土墙,抗滑桩两种支挡结构,按现行规范进行抗震设计计算,包括不考虑地震和考虑地震两种情况下的结构的受力分析、稳定性验算等。
运用大型数值分析软件Midas/GTS对所选取挡土墙和抗滑桩进行时程分析。模型四周采用粘性边界,以加速度时程为动荷载,在此基础上研究地震发生时模型的加速度响应,位移变化以及挡墙墙后土压力变化和抗滑桩所受弯矩、剪力变化等情况。
最后将数值分析结果和与现行规范的计算结果进对比分析,再结合工程调研资料加以讨论,在此基础上,对规范的修编提出建议。
本文通过实际工程调研,结合现行抗震设计规范和利用MIDAS/GTS数值软件进行计算分析,得出了地震工况下支挡结构的一些受力和变形规律,对抗震设计规范的修订有一定的参考价值。
The "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake was the largest earthquake since the founding of our country, brought huge losses to the people's lives and property。The slope engineering facilities suffered serious damage。According to primary statistics, the earthquake has caused about more than 10,000 slope disasters, a number of roads、railways therefore be damaged or interrupted, seriously influenced the rescue workers and related supplies to arrived in the first time。So it is very important to fully sum up and analysis the damage in the WenChuan earthquake to optimize the design of retaining structures and promote the development and revision of the aseismatic design code。
First, this paper described the situation of the earthquake disaster and the effect on improvement of aseismatic code, summarized the research status on seismic design of retaining structures and the calculation method of the current codes。
Secondly, widely investigated the engineering facilities in the disaster area, analyzed the retaining structures'damage situation and summarized the seismic damage degree and damage model。
Then, calculated the stress and the stability of the gravity retaining wall and anti-slide pile by the method of the aseismatic design codes, including the situation of no earthquake and consider earthquake。
Then, established the model of the gravity retaining wall and anti-slide pile, used the numerical analysis software—MIDAS/GTS to do time history analysis。Applying viscous boundary, taking acceleration time history as dynamic input, based on these, analyzed the model's acceleration response, displacement response and the changes of the earth pressure behind the retaining wall, the changes of bending moment, shear force on the Anti-slide pile and so on。
Finally, based on contrast the numerical analysis results and the results with the current codes and combined with the investigation, maked recommendations on the revision of code。
Through practical engineering research, combined with numerical analysis and current codes, some laws about the stress and deformation in the earthquake situation were gotten, which has some reference value to the revision of aseismatic design codes。
本文首先介绍了汶川地震造成的灾害情况和对抗震规范的改进作用,归纳总结了支挡结构的抗震设计研究现状以及现行规范中的计算方法。
然后对地震灾区边坡工程设施进行广泛调研,总结分析汶川地震中支挡结构的震害情况,提出各种支挡结构的震害程度和震害模式。
分别选取重力式挡土墙,抗滑桩两种支挡结构,按现行规范进行抗震设计计算,包括不考虑地震和考虑地震两种情况下的结构的受力分析、稳定性验算等。
运用大型数值分析软件Midas/GTS对所选取挡土墙和抗滑桩进行时程分析。模型四周采用粘性边界,以加速度时程为动荷载,在此基础上研究地震发生时模型的加速度响应,位移变化以及挡墙墙后土压力变化和抗滑桩所受弯矩、剪力变化等情况。
最后将数值分析结果和与现行规范的计算结果进对比分析,再结合工程调研资料加以讨论,在此基础上,对规范的修编提出建议。
本文通过实际工程调研,结合现行抗震设计规范和利用MIDAS/GTS数值软件进行计算分析,得出了地震工况下支挡结构的一些受力和变形规律,对抗震设计规范的修订有一定的参考价值。
The "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake was the largest earthquake since the founding of our country, brought huge losses to the people's lives and property。The slope engineering facilities suffered serious damage。According to primary statistics, the earthquake has caused about more than 10,000 slope disasters, a number of roads、railways therefore be damaged or interrupted, seriously influenced the rescue workers and related supplies to arrived in the first time。So it is very important to fully sum up and analysis the damage in the WenChuan earthquake to optimize the design of retaining structures and promote the development and revision of the aseismatic design code。
First, this paper described the situation of the earthquake disaster and the effect on improvement of aseismatic code, summarized the research status on seismic design of retaining structures and the calculation method of the current codes。
Secondly, widely investigated the engineering facilities in the disaster area, analyzed the retaining structures'damage situation and summarized the seismic damage degree and damage model。
Then, calculated the stress and the stability of the gravity retaining wall and anti-slide pile by the method of the aseismatic design codes, including the situation of no earthquake and consider earthquake。
Then, established the model of the gravity retaining wall and anti-slide pile, used the numerical analysis software—MIDAS/GTS to do time history analysis。Applying viscous boundary, taking acceleration time history as dynamic input, based on these, analyzed the model's acceleration response, displacement response and the changes of the earth pressure behind the retaining wall, the changes of bending moment, shear force on the Anti-slide pile and so on。
Finally, based on contrast the numerical analysis results and the results with the current codes and combined with the investigation, maked recommendations on the revision of code。
Through practical engineering research, combined with numerical analysis and current codes, some laws about the stress and deformation in the earthquake situation were gotten, which has some reference value to the revision of aseismatic design codes。
引文
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[4]高孟潭,周本刚,潘华.5·12坟川特大地震灾害特点及其防灾启示[A].中国科协2008防灾减灾论坛特邀报告、专题报告文集[C],2008.
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[7]姚令侃,陈强.“5·12”汶川地震对线路工程抗震技术提出的新课题[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2 2009,(3)：43-50
[8]黄培敏,姚令侃.《公路工程抗震设计规范》修订的几点建议[A].第三届全国岩土与工程学术大会论文集[C].2008
[9]刘力平,雷尊宇,周富春.地震边坡稳定分析方法综述[J].重庆交通学院学报,2001.20(3)：83-88
[10]Matsuo H, O'Hara S..Lateral earth Pressure and stability of Quay walls during earthquake engineering. Proc of the Second World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Tokyo and Kyoto, July 11-18,1960. Vol. Ⅰ,165-181.
[11]中华人民共和国水利部.《水工建筑抗震设计规范》(SL203-97)[S].北京：中国水利水电出版社,1997.
[12]中国建筑科学研究院.《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB50011-2001)[S].北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[13]Seed H B, Whitman R V.Design of earth retaining structures for dynamic loads[A]. Proc.Of Specialty Conference on Lateral Stress in the Ground and Design of Earth Retaining Structure. ASCE,1970.103 — 147.
[14]Newmark N M.Effects of earthquakes on dams and embankments[J]. Geotechnique, 1965,15(2):137-161.
[15]李涛.地震土压力简化计算公式[J].铁道工程学报,1996,(1)：103-105
[16]梁波.地震条件下桥台台背主动土压力简化计算方法[J].铁道工程学报,1999,(2)：36-38
[17]陈学良,陶夏新.粘性土挡土墙地震土压力解析解[A].现代地震工程进展[C].南京：东南大学出版社,2002,218-224.
[18]薄景山,徐国栋,景立平.土边坡地震反应及其动力稳定性分析[J].地震工程与工程振动,2001,21(2)：116-120.
[19]Scott A. Ashford, Nieholas Sitar, John Lysmer, et al. Topographic effects on the seismic response of steep slopes[J]. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.1997, 87(3):701-709.
[20]ZhangChunhan, O.A. Pekau, Jin Feng,et al. Application of distinct element method in dynamic analysis of high rock slopes and blocky structures [J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,1997,16(6):385-394.
[21]Zeng X. Seismic response of gravity quay walls I Centrifuge modeling[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvirononmental Engineering,1998,124(5):406-417.
[22]Madabhushi S P G, ZengX. Seismic response of gravity quay walls Ⅱ Numerical modeling [J]. Journal ofGeotechnical and Geoenvirononmental Engineering,1998, 124(5):418-427.
[23]ZengX, Steedman R S. Rotating blockmethod for seismic displacement of gravity walls[J]. Journalofgeotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, ASCE,2001: 709-717.
[24]ZengX, Earthquake induced displacement of gravity retaining walls[A]. Third InternationalConference on RecentAdvances in Geotechnical EESD[C].1995,3: 339-342
[25]陈学良,袁一凡.挡土墙地震反应非线性波动模拟[J].地震工程与工程振动,2003(4)：9-16
[26]陈学良.挡土墙地震反应的波动模拟分析[D].哈尔滨：中国地震局工程力学研究所硕士学位论文,2001
[27]李澄宙.地震作用下加筋土挡土墙的有限元分析[J].广东土木与建筑,2001(9)：18-21
[28]Nandakumaran P. Behaviour of retaining wall under dynamic loads[Ph.D.Thesis]. Rorkee, India.1973
[29]Kawamura M, Kuribayashi E. Effect of instructions on dynamic active earth pressures. Developments in geotechnical engineering, Vol(43), Soil-structure interaction, third international Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. June, 1987.103-110
[30]于玉贞,邓丽军.抗滑桩加固边坡地震响应离心模型试验[J].岩土工程学报,2007,29(9)： 1320-1323
[31]IAEE Earthquake Resistant Regulations A World List-1992[M]. International Associations for Earthquake Engineering,1992
[32]冶金工业部建筑研究总院工程抗震研究室.九国抗震设计规范汇编[M].北京：地震出版社,1982
[33]ASHTO.美国公路桥梁设计规范[S].辛济平,万国朝,张文,鲍卫刚,等译.北京：人民交通出版社,1994
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