双折射光子晶体光纤压力传感器的研究
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摘要
光纤技术是信息技术领域的重要前沿,光子晶体光纤是基于光子晶体技术发展起来的新一代光纤,它具有传统光纤所无法比拟的光学性质,如无截止单模传输、灵活的色散特性、可控的非线性、以及高双折射效应等。近年来,基于光子晶体光纤的压力传感器已成为研究的热点。
本文首先提出了一种新型高双折射光子晶体光纤,该光纤包层为二氧化硅介质中按三角形格子排列的空气孔,在纤芯中心移去空气孔,而在芯区上下各引入2个大空气孔,并在芯区填入聚碳酸酯。然后应用平面波展开法分析了这种保偏光子晶体光纤的模式和双折射,并对该种光纤结构参数进行了优化。结果表明,提高近芯区大空气孔直径可以有效提高双折射。在此基础上,用有限元方法研究了横向压力对光子晶体光纤传输特性的影响。结果表明,横向压力使光子晶体光纤的双折射发生变化,从而导致入射线偏振光X,Y两个偏振传输模式的相位差发生变化,通过检测偏振光两个方向的相位差就可以感知到外界环境压力的变化大小。本文还通过改变光纤的结构参数来分析光子晶体光纤双折射随压力变化的影响因素,通过一系列的仿真对比得到压力敏感度最大的光纤结构参数。
最后,设计了一种基于双折射光子晶体光纤的压力传感器,并对该传感器具体结构组成和材料参数选择进行了讨论,通过对比已有的几种干涉型光子晶体光纤压力传感器,分析了本文提出的压力传感器的优缺点,介绍了双折射光子晶体光纤压力传感器在智能安全监测中的应用。
Optical fiber technology is an important frontier area of information technology, Photonic Crystal Fibers is a new generation of optical fiber developed based on photonic crystal technology. It have the optical property what the traditional fiber can’t compared with, such as free single mode transmission, controlled dispersion, high birefringence and can be modified micro-structural design and so on. In recent years, photonic crystal fiber sensor has become a research hotspot.
In this paper, a new type of high birefringence photonic crystal fiber is proposed. The cladding of the fiber is made of silica dioxide medium with air holes arranged as triangular lattice, two large air holes are introduced both above and below the core area, and the core area is filled with Polycarbonate (PC). First of all, the mode and the birefringence of the polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber are analyzed by plane wave expansion method, and the influence of structural parameters of the fiber on the birefringence is researched. Results show that the enlargement of large air hole diameter can effectively enhance the birefringence.Based on the study of the birefringence properties of photonic crystal fiber, Finite element method was used to analyze the pressure affecting on the photonic crystal fiber transmission characteristics. The results showed that the birefringence of photonic crystal fiber was changed by the pressure what leading to the phase of two polarization modes changed, the pressure sensing can be achieved by the measurement of phase. By analysing the factors of pressure sensor with changing the structural parameters, we obtained the fiber structural parameters of Large pressure sensitivity through a series of simulations.
Finally, a photonic crystal fiber pressure sensor was designed, and the specific structure of the sensor components and material parameters were discussed.The advantages and disadvantages of the pressure sensor were analyzed by comparing several existing photonic crystal interferometric fiber pressure sensor.Pressure sensors in environmental monitoring applications were introduced at last.
本文首先提出了一种新型高双折射光子晶体光纤,该光纤包层为二氧化硅介质中按三角形格子排列的空气孔,在纤芯中心移去空气孔,而在芯区上下各引入2个大空气孔,并在芯区填入聚碳酸酯。然后应用平面波展开法分析了这种保偏光子晶体光纤的模式和双折射,并对该种光纤结构参数进行了优化。结果表明,提高近芯区大空气孔直径可以有效提高双折射。在此基础上,用有限元方法研究了横向压力对光子晶体光纤传输特性的影响。结果表明,横向压力使光子晶体光纤的双折射发生变化,从而导致入射线偏振光X,Y两个偏振传输模式的相位差发生变化,通过检测偏振光两个方向的相位差就可以感知到外界环境压力的变化大小。本文还通过改变光纤的结构参数来分析光子晶体光纤双折射随压力变化的影响因素,通过一系列的仿真对比得到压力敏感度最大的光纤结构参数。
最后,设计了一种基于双折射光子晶体光纤的压力传感器,并对该传感器具体结构组成和材料参数选择进行了讨论,通过对比已有的几种干涉型光子晶体光纤压力传感器,分析了本文提出的压力传感器的优缺点,介绍了双折射光子晶体光纤压力传感器在智能安全监测中的应用。
Optical fiber technology is an important frontier area of information technology, Photonic Crystal Fibers is a new generation of optical fiber developed based on photonic crystal technology. It have the optical property what the traditional fiber can’t compared with, such as free single mode transmission, controlled dispersion, high birefringence and can be modified micro-structural design and so on. In recent years, photonic crystal fiber sensor has become a research hotspot.
In this paper, a new type of high birefringence photonic crystal fiber is proposed. The cladding of the fiber is made of silica dioxide medium with air holes arranged as triangular lattice, two large air holes are introduced both above and below the core area, and the core area is filled with Polycarbonate (PC). First of all, the mode and the birefringence of the polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber are analyzed by plane wave expansion method, and the influence of structural parameters of the fiber on the birefringence is researched. Results show that the enlargement of large air hole diameter can effectively enhance the birefringence.Based on the study of the birefringence properties of photonic crystal fiber, Finite element method was used to analyze the pressure affecting on the photonic crystal fiber transmission characteristics. The results showed that the birefringence of photonic crystal fiber was changed by the pressure what leading to the phase of two polarization modes changed, the pressure sensing can be achieved by the measurement of phase. By analysing the factors of pressure sensor with changing the structural parameters, we obtained the fiber structural parameters of Large pressure sensitivity through a series of simulations.
Finally, a photonic crystal fiber pressure sensor was designed, and the specific structure of the sensor components and material parameters were discussed.The advantages and disadvantages of the pressure sensor were analyzed by comparing several existing photonic crystal interferometric fiber pressure sensor.Pressure sensors in environmental monitoring applications were introduced at last.
引文
[1]Y.L.Hoo,W.Jin,H.L.Ho,D.N.Wang.Measurement of Gas Diffusion Coefficient Using Photonic Crystal Fiber[J].Photonics Technology Letters,2003,15(10):1434~1435.
[2] Stanislav Konorov,Aleksei Zheltikov,Michael Scalora.Photonic-crystal fiber as a multifunctional optical sensor and sample collector[J].Optics Express,2005,13(9):3454-3459.
[3]J.B.Jensen,L.H.Pedersen,P.E.Hoiby,L.B.Nielsen,T.P.Hansen,J.R.Folkenberg,J.Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K.Nielsen,A.Carlsen,A.Bjarklev.Photonic crystal fiber based evaneseent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions[J].Optics Letters, 2004, 29(17): 1974~1976.
[4]廖延彪.中国光纤传感技术发展的概况[J].激光与红外,1996,26(4):144-246.
[5]G.Coviello,J.Villatoro,V.Pruneri,V.Finazzi.Stable photonic crystal fiber sensor for ultra-high temperature measurements[A].In:Lasers and Electro-Optics and Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference[C],2010.1~2.
[6] Bock.W.J,Jiahua Chen,Eftimov.T,Urbanczyk.W.A photonic crystal fiber sensor for pressure measurements[J].Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE, 2006, 55(4):1119~1123.
[7]Zhang.Yi,Shi.Chao,Gu.Claire,Seballos.Leo,Zhang.Jin Z. Liquid core photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface enhanced Raman scattering[J].Applied Physics Letters,2007,90(19): 193504~ 193504.
[8]Gong.H,Chan.C.C,Chen.L.Dong.X.Strain Sensor Realized by Using Low-Birefringence Photonic-Crystal-Fiber-Based Sagnac Loop[J].Photonics Technology Letters,IEEE,2010, 22(16):1238~1240.
[9]Juliano G.Hayashi,Cristiano M.B.Cordeiro.Numerical and Experimental Studies for a High Pressure Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Sensor[J]. AIP Conf. Proc,2008,1005:133-136.
[10]Nasilowski,Lesiakp,Kotynskir,et al. Birefringent photonoic crystal fiber as multiparameter sensor[J]. Proceedings Symposiun IEEE/LEOS Benelux Chapter,2003:29-32.
[11]J.Wojcik,P Mergo,M.Makara,K.Poturaj.V type high birefringent PCF fiber for hydrostatic pressure sensing[J],Photonics Society of Poland,2010,2(1):10-12.
[12] Charles M. Jewart, Sully Mejía Quintero. Design of a highly-birefringent microstructured photonic crystal fiber for pressure monitoring[J].OPTICS EXPRESS, 2010, 18(25): 25657- 25664
[13] Philip Russell.Photonic Crystal Fibers[J].Science,2003,299(1):358-362
[14] J.C. Knight, et al. All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding[J]. Opt.Lett., 1996, 21(19):1547-1549.
[15]池灏,曾庆济,姜淳.光子晶体光纤的原理、应用和研究进展[J].光电子·激光, 2002,13(5):534-537
[16] A.Ortigata-Blanch, J.C. Knight, W.J. Wadsworth, et al. Highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber[J]. Opt.Lett., 2000, 25:1325-1327.
[17] T.P. Hansen, J.Broeng, E.B. Libori, et al. Highly Birefringent index-guiding photonic crystal fibers[J]. IEEE Photon.Tech.Lett., 2001, 13(5):588-590.
[18] M.Antkowiak, R.Kotynski, T.Nasilowski, P.Lesiak, J.Wojcik, W.Urbanczyk, F.Berghmans, H.Thienpont. Phase and group model birefringence of triple-defect photonic crystal fibers[J]. J.of Opt.A:Pure and Applied Opt., 2005, 7:763-766.
[19]Kakarantzas G,Ortigosa-blanch A,Birks T A,et al.Structural Rocking Filters in Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber[J].Opt Lett.,2003,28(3):158-160
[20]Gabriela Statkiewicz,Tadeusz Martynkien,Wacaw Urbanczyk.Measurements of modal birefringence and polarimetric sensitivity of the birefringent holey fiber to hydrostatic pressure and strain[J].Optics Communications,2004,(241):339-348
[21]T.NASILOWSKI,T.MARTYNKIEN,G.STATKIEWICZ,et al.Temperature and pressure sensitivities of the highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber with core asymmetry[J].Appl.Phys.B,2005,(81):325-331.
[22]K.M. Ho, C.T. Chan, C.M. Soukoulis. Existence of a photonic gap in periodic dielectric structures[J]. Phys.Rev.Lett., 1990, 65(16):3152-3155.
[23]Shangping Guo, Sacharia Albin, Simple Plane Wave Implementation Method for Photonic Crystal Calculations[J]. Opt.Exp., 2003, 11(2):167-175.
[24]M.Koshiba. Optical Waveguide Theory by the Finite Element Method[M]. Tokyo: KTK Scientific Press, 1992:73-111.
[25]M.A.R. Franco, A.Passaro, J.R.Cardoso. Finite Element Analysis of Anisotropic Optical Waveguide with Arbitrary Index Profile[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1999.3, 35(3):1546-1549.
[26]顾秉林,王喜坤.固体物理学[M].第2版.北京:清华大学出版社, 1989.
[27]黄昆,韩汝琦.固体物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1988.
[28]郭硕鸿.电动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版, 2001:19-24.
[29]李玉权,崔敏.光波导理论与技术[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2002.13-17.
[30]BerengrJ.P.A Perfectly Matched Lyer for the Absorption of Electromagnetie waves[J],J.ComP.Phys.,vol.l14(2),1994,PR185~200.
[31]李维特,黄保海,毕仲波.热应力理论分析及应用[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2004.
[32]薛守义.弹塑性力学[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社,2005.
[33]天津大学材料力学教研室光弹组.光弹性原理及测试技术[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.
[34]H.Kubota,S.Kawanishi,S.Koyanagi,et al.Absolutely Single Polarization Photonic Crystal Fiber[J].IEEE Photon.Technol.Lett.,2004,16(1):182-184.
[35]J.H.Lee,W.Belardi,K.Furusawa,etal.Four-Wave Mixing Based 10-Gb/s Tunable Wavelength Conversion Using a Holey Fiber with a High SBS Threshold[J].IEEE Photonics technology Letters,2003,15(3):440-442.
[36]W.N.MacPherson,M.J.Gander,R.McBride,etal.Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore Photonic crystal fibre[J].Optics Communications,2001,193(1):97-104.
[37]李复生,魏东炜,崔金华,殷金柱,宋光复.聚碳酸酯光学性能应用及改进研究进展[J].塑料, 2003,3(32):65-69.
[38]廖延彪,黎敏.光纤传感器的今日与发展[J].传感器世界,2004.2:6-12.
[39]詹亚歌,向世,方祖捷.光纤光栅传感器的应用[J].物理,2004.33:(1):58-61.
[40]何慧灵,赵春梅,陈丹.光纤传感器现状[J].激光与光电子进展,2004,41(3):39-41.
[41]余先伦,姜友嫦,宋明成.压力作用对实芯光子晶体光纤特性影响分析[J].激光技术,2008.32(2):187-190.
[42] V.Rastogi,K.S.Chiang.Holey Optical Fiber with Circularly Distributed Holes Analyzed by the radial Effective-Index Method[J].Opt.Lett.,2003,28(24):2449-2451.
[43]YABLON A D.Optical and mechanical effects of frozen-in stress and strains in optical fibers[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,2004,10(2):300-311.
[44]Waclaw U rbanczyk , Tadeusz Martyn kien , Wojtek J. Bock .Dispersion effects in elliptical-core highly birefringent fibers [ J ] .App l .Opt ,2001, 40( 12) : 1911~ 1920.
[45]傅海威,乔学光,贾振安.应力增敏的光纤布拉格光栅压强传感器[J].中国激光, 2004, 31( 4) : 473~ 476.
[46]S.L.B.Kramer·M.Mello·G.Ravichandran·K.Bhattacharya. Phase Shifting Full-Field Interferometric Methods for Determination of In-Plane Tensorial Stress[J]. ExperimentalMechanics,2009,49:303–315.
[47]余先伦,赵威威.光子晶体光纤压力传感器信号检测方案[J].光器件,2008,11:33-35.
[48]张洁,郝晓东.塑料光纤研究概况[J].化学推进剂与高分子材料,2005,3(2):19-22.
[49]张赟.长周期聚合物波导光栅温度、压力传感器设计[D].天津:天津大学精密仪器与光电子工程学院,2007.
[2] Stanislav Konorov,Aleksei Zheltikov,Michael Scalora.Photonic-crystal fiber as a multifunctional optical sensor and sample collector[J].Optics Express,2005,13(9):3454-3459.
[3]J.B.Jensen,L.H.Pedersen,P.E.Hoiby,L.B.Nielsen,T.P.Hansen,J.R.Folkenberg,J.Riishede, D. Noordegraaf, K.Nielsen,A.Carlsen,A.Bjarklev.Photonic crystal fiber based evaneseent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solutions[J].Optics Letters, 2004, 29(17): 1974~1976.
[4]廖延彪.中国光纤传感技术发展的概况[J].激光与红外,1996,26(4):144-246.
[5]G.Coviello,J.Villatoro,V.Pruneri,V.Finazzi.Stable photonic crystal fiber sensor for ultra-high temperature measurements[A].In:Lasers and Electro-Optics and Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference[C],2010.1~2.
[6] Bock.W.J,Jiahua Chen,Eftimov.T,Urbanczyk.W.A photonic crystal fiber sensor for pressure measurements[J].Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE, 2006, 55(4):1119~1123.
[7]Zhang.Yi,Shi.Chao,Gu.Claire,Seballos.Leo,Zhang.Jin Z. Liquid core photonic crystal fiber sensor based on surface enhanced Raman scattering[J].Applied Physics Letters,2007,90(19): 193504~ 193504.
[8]Gong.H,Chan.C.C,Chen.L.Dong.X.Strain Sensor Realized by Using Low-Birefringence Photonic-Crystal-Fiber-Based Sagnac Loop[J].Photonics Technology Letters,IEEE,2010, 22(16):1238~1240.
[9]Juliano G.Hayashi,Cristiano M.B.Cordeiro.Numerical and Experimental Studies for a High Pressure Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Sensor[J]. AIP Conf. Proc,2008,1005:133-136.
[10]Nasilowski,Lesiakp,Kotynskir,et al. Birefringent photonoic crystal fiber as multiparameter sensor[J]. Proceedings Symposiun IEEE/LEOS Benelux Chapter,2003:29-32.
[11]J.Wojcik,P Mergo,M.Makara,K.Poturaj.V type high birefringent PCF fiber for hydrostatic pressure sensing[J],Photonics Society of Poland,2010,2(1):10-12.
[12] Charles M. Jewart, Sully Mejía Quintero. Design of a highly-birefringent microstructured photonic crystal fiber for pressure monitoring[J].OPTICS EXPRESS, 2010, 18(25): 25657- 25664
[13] Philip Russell.Photonic Crystal Fibers[J].Science,2003,299(1):358-362
[14] J.C. Knight, et al. All-silica single-mode optical fiber with photonic crystal cladding[J]. Opt.Lett., 1996, 21(19):1547-1549.
[15]池灏,曾庆济,姜淳.光子晶体光纤的原理、应用和研究进展[J].光电子·激光, 2002,13(5):534-537
[16] A.Ortigata-Blanch, J.C. Knight, W.J. Wadsworth, et al. Highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber[J]. Opt.Lett., 2000, 25:1325-1327.
[17] T.P. Hansen, J.Broeng, E.B. Libori, et al. Highly Birefringent index-guiding photonic crystal fibers[J]. IEEE Photon.Tech.Lett., 2001, 13(5):588-590.
[18] M.Antkowiak, R.Kotynski, T.Nasilowski, P.Lesiak, J.Wojcik, W.Urbanczyk, F.Berghmans, H.Thienpont. Phase and group model birefringence of triple-defect photonic crystal fibers[J]. J.of Opt.A:Pure and Applied Opt., 2005, 7:763-766.
[19]Kakarantzas G,Ortigosa-blanch A,Birks T A,et al.Structural Rocking Filters in Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber[J].Opt Lett.,2003,28(3):158-160
[20]Gabriela Statkiewicz,Tadeusz Martynkien,Wacaw Urbanczyk.Measurements of modal birefringence and polarimetric sensitivity of the birefringent holey fiber to hydrostatic pressure and strain[J].Optics Communications,2004,(241):339-348
[21]T.NASILOWSKI,T.MARTYNKIEN,G.STATKIEWICZ,et al.Temperature and pressure sensitivities of the highly birefringent photonic crystal fiber with core asymmetry[J].Appl.Phys.B,2005,(81):325-331.
[22]K.M. Ho, C.T. Chan, C.M. Soukoulis. Existence of a photonic gap in periodic dielectric structures[J]. Phys.Rev.Lett., 1990, 65(16):3152-3155.
[23]Shangping Guo, Sacharia Albin, Simple Plane Wave Implementation Method for Photonic Crystal Calculations[J]. Opt.Exp., 2003, 11(2):167-175.
[24]M.Koshiba. Optical Waveguide Theory by the Finite Element Method[M]. Tokyo: KTK Scientific Press, 1992:73-111.
[25]M.A.R. Franco, A.Passaro, J.R.Cardoso. Finite Element Analysis of Anisotropic Optical Waveguide with Arbitrary Index Profile[J]. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1999.3, 35(3):1546-1549.
[26]顾秉林,王喜坤.固体物理学[M].第2版.北京:清华大学出版社, 1989.
[27]黄昆,韩汝琦.固体物理学[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 1988.
[28]郭硕鸿.电动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版, 2001:19-24.
[29]李玉权,崔敏.光波导理论与技术[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2002.13-17.
[30]BerengrJ.P.A Perfectly Matched Lyer for the Absorption of Electromagnetie waves[J],J.ComP.Phys.,vol.l14(2),1994,PR185~200.
[31]李维特,黄保海,毕仲波.热应力理论分析及应用[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2004.
[32]薛守义.弹塑性力学[M].北京:中国建材工业出版社,2005.
[33]天津大学材料力学教研室光弹组.光弹性原理及测试技术[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.
[34]H.Kubota,S.Kawanishi,S.Koyanagi,et al.Absolutely Single Polarization Photonic Crystal Fiber[J].IEEE Photon.Technol.Lett.,2004,16(1):182-184.
[35]J.H.Lee,W.Belardi,K.Furusawa,etal.Four-Wave Mixing Based 10-Gb/s Tunable Wavelength Conversion Using a Holey Fiber with a High SBS Threshold[J].IEEE Photonics technology Letters,2003,15(3):440-442.
[36]W.N.MacPherson,M.J.Gander,R.McBride,etal.Remotely addressed optical fibre curvature sensor using multicore Photonic crystal fibre[J].Optics Communications,2001,193(1):97-104.
[37]李复生,魏东炜,崔金华,殷金柱,宋光复.聚碳酸酯光学性能应用及改进研究进展[J].塑料, 2003,3(32):65-69.
[38]廖延彪,黎敏.光纤传感器的今日与发展[J].传感器世界,2004.2:6-12.
[39]詹亚歌,向世,方祖捷.光纤光栅传感器的应用[J].物理,2004.33:(1):58-61.
[40]何慧灵,赵春梅,陈丹.光纤传感器现状[J].激光与光电子进展,2004,41(3):39-41.
[41]余先伦,姜友嫦,宋明成.压力作用对实芯光子晶体光纤特性影响分析[J].激光技术,2008.32(2):187-190.
[42] V.Rastogi,K.S.Chiang.Holey Optical Fiber with Circularly Distributed Holes Analyzed by the radial Effective-Index Method[J].Opt.Lett.,2003,28(24):2449-2451.
[43]YABLON A D.Optical and mechanical effects of frozen-in stress and strains in optical fibers[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics,2004,10(2):300-311.
[44]Waclaw U rbanczyk , Tadeusz Martyn kien , Wojtek J. Bock .Dispersion effects in elliptical-core highly birefringent fibers [ J ] .App l .Opt ,2001, 40( 12) : 1911~ 1920.
[45]傅海威,乔学光,贾振安.应力增敏的光纤布拉格光栅压强传感器[J].中国激光, 2004, 31( 4) : 473~ 476.
[46]S.L.B.Kramer·M.Mello·G.Ravichandran·K.Bhattacharya. Phase Shifting Full-Field Interferometric Methods for Determination of In-Plane Tensorial Stress[J]. ExperimentalMechanics,2009,49:303–315.
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