喷混植生护坡体系的长期稳定性研究
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摘要
与其他植被护坡技术相比,喷混植生护坡技术的突出特点是可机械化施工、施工速度快、能使裸露坡面快速恢复植被。此外这项技术的进一步推广应用,还可以在喷播机械、喷播材料、施工工艺等方面形成我国独立自主的知识产权。遗憾的是这项技术在工程应用中出现了一些问题,如客土层发生滑移、植物退化等。主要原因是对喷混植生护坡体系的长期稳定性的研究目前还做得不够,在这方面还没有成熟的设计理论和施工技术,以确保喷混植生护坡体系的长期稳定。鉴于上述原因,本文结合铁道部重点科研项目“铁路边坡植被防护相关技术研究”,采用理论分析、室内试验、现场试验、跟踪调研等多种手段和方法,对喷混植生技术的长期稳定性进行了系统研究与分析,取得的主要成果如下：
(1)提出了边坡可植被性的分类方法
不同地区、不同类型的边坡,进行植被恢复的难易程度也不同。本文从三个方面：①边坡所在的大环境；②边坡自身的恢复植被的难易程度；③当地可供配置使用的客土情况,来研究不同地区、不同岩性和地质条件的岩土边坡,在开挖后的坡面可植被特性。根据植物恢复所对应的不同难度,提出了FVR可植被性分类指标。根据这些指标进行坡体浅层可植被性评价和可植被性分类,为喷混植生护坡技术在规划、设计等方面提供科学的依据。
(2)护坡体系中锚网结构的作用及选型
对锚网结构在护坡体系中所起的作用及提高护坡体系稳定性的机理进行了理论分析。认为锚网结构的对客土层的加固作用主要来自以下三方面：①骨架作用；②加筋作用；③传递作用。网的加筋作用主要通过摩擦及咬合机理实现；结合实际工程中可能采用的锚网结构,通过力学计算分析,对不同坡度情况下应采用锚网的规格提出了建议。分析了锚网结构在选型中应该考虑的因素,给出了锚网结构布置的设计步骤及具体的流程图。
(3)提出了确保锚网结构耐久性的方法
体系中锚网结构的耐久性不足,会导致护坡效果不佳甚至是失败。本文分析了锚网结构耐久性与常规建筑的钢筋混凝土结构的异同点,介绍了金属发生腐蚀的机理、发生腐蚀的条件及形态。并结合喷混植生的特点,总结了影响锚网结构在客土中腐蚀速度的因素,从理论上推导了在受力情况下金属杆件发生腐蚀破坏的时间。并结合Fick第二定律,采用Ansys软件模拟了砂浆在不同的腐蚀边界条件下,发生腐蚀破坏的过程。最后,对实际工程中如何提高锚网结构的耐久性,从选材,施工,管理等方面分别给出了具体的建议。
(4)总结了客土稳定性的关键参数
植物生长所依赖的客土层发生滑移,会直接导致护坡的失败。而降雨及客土自身强度不足是诱发滑移的主要原因。针对这种情况,本文首先从理论上分析了分析客土的冲蚀与降雨强度之间的关系,建立了产生冲蚀临界降雨强度公式,并通过现场的模拟降雨试验,对这一公式进行检验。其次,通过室内试验,考察了在不同的时期客土的强度随植物生长情况的变化。最后,在上述研究成果的基础上,通过极限平衡法的分析,对不同坡度的边坡客土的稳定性进行了探讨,并给出了喷混植生技术适用的边坡坡度范围。
(5)提出了喷混植生体系的水分平衡条件
植物的生长离不开水分,若体系的水分不能满足植物生长的需求,则会导致植物的萎蔫甚至死亡。体系的水分在满足植物生长需求的基础上,达到一种动态平衡也是植被护坡工程成功的前提条件之一。本文首先通过室内试验,研究客土中有机质及保水剂含量对客土层的水分参数的影响,并结合植物生长的不同时期,研究客土水分参数变化规律；其次,将室内试验中的配比运用于现场试验,并比较不同覆盖条件及不同坡度情况下,客土层的水分变化规律；之后,在上述研究的基础上,提出了喷混植生护坡体系的水分平衡方程。结合边坡所在地的的气象资料,采用该项方程可估算客土层的含水量,并对其是否能满足植物生长的需求作出判断。
(6)提出了护坡植物群落的演替规律及稳定性条件
喷混植生护坡体系的防护效果,最终需要由植物来体现。不少护坡工程的失败,是由于边坡上的植物未能形成一个稳定的群落结构。对此,论文通过对多个喷混植生护坡工程项目进行了多年的跟踪调研,总结出护坡植物群落要形成一个稳定的结构所需经历的三个不同阶段：①先锋植物生长期；②乡土植物入侵期；③稳定生长期。并提出了该类护坡植物群落的稳定性评价所需要考量的指标,构建了相应的评价体系。
本文列举了其中4个较具代表性的喷混植生护坡工程,来说明论文研究成果的在实际工程上的应用。这4个边坡当中,植被恢复时间距今最短已有9年多,最长的已经超过12年。这些成功的实例说明了,只要措施得当,喷混植生植物护坡体系的长期稳定性可以得到保证。
Comparing to other eco-protection technologies, spray sowing technology has some prominent advantages, such as mechanized construction, fast construction speed, restoring the vegetation in short time and so on. With the further and rapid development of spray sowing, many new spraying machinery, material, and construction technique with independent intellectual property were put forward. But as time passed, some problems of spray sowing appeared, such as destruction of the structure, sliding of foreign soil and degradation of vegetation. People begin to doubt the long-term stability of spray sowing system and wonder whether the protecting effect of spray sowing is reliable and sustainable. The main reason for these problems is that the study on the long-term stability of spray sowing is inadequate and there is no corresponding mature design theory and construction method to ensure the long-term stability. Therefore, funded by the key project 'The vegetation rehabilitation technology for the slopes along the railway" of China railway ministry, this dissertation studied and analyzed the long-term stability of spray sowing technology systematically by the methods of theoretical analysis, laboratory tests, field tests, field monitoring,etc. The main contents and conclusions of this dissertation are summarized as follows.
(1) The classification of slopes for vegetation rehabilitation
It's obvious that the difficulty of vegetation rehabilitation is not the same on various slopes in different area of China. The dissertation analyses the difference from three aspects:1. the surrounding environment of the slopes;2. the conditions of the slopes;3. the available foreign soil in local area. According to different difficulty of vegetation rehabilitation, the author proposed the FVR (Feasibility index of Vegetation Rehabilitation) evaluation system to classify the different difficulty levels of slopes for vegetation rehabilitation and evaluate the suitability of spray sowing method. The FVR system also provides the scientific basis and references for planning and design of spray sowing technology.
(2) The function of bolt-net structure and its design
From the theoretical aspect, this dissertation analyzed the function of bolt-net structure and its reinforcement mechanism in the spray sowing protective system. The analysis indicates that the bolt-net structure reinforces the foreign soil mainly by three ways:First, the structure establishes the framework of foreign soil. Secondly, the structure reinforces the foreign soil like geotechnical fabric. Third, it transfers the system load to the rock. Of which the nets use the frictional effect and occlude method to reinforce the foreign soil. Based on the mechanical analysis, the dissertation gives suggestions on the selection of net on different gradient slopes. The author also summarized the factors that should be taken into consideration during the design and specification of the structure, and presented the planning procedure and design flow chart of bolt-net structure.
(3) The study on durability of bolt-net structure
The deficiency of durability of bolt-net structure may lead to poor protective effect or failure of spray sowing method. Therefore, this dissertation analyzed the similarities and differences of durability between the bolt-net structure and the normal reinforced concrete structures. The paper also introduced the corrosion mechanism of metal materials and summarized the factors that affect the corrosion speed in the foreign soil. Combined with the features of spray sowing method, the paper makes a deduction of the time limit when the loaded bolt-net structure will fail theoretically. Based on the Fick second law, the author used the software ANSYS to simulate the corroding process of mortar under different boundary conditions. Besides, the author offered a proposal on how to improve the durability of bolt-net structure in practical projects from many aspects, such as selecting material, construction method and projects management and so on.
(4)The study on the stability parameters of foreign soil
If the foreign soil that holding the vegetation slides, the spray sowing protective system will fail immediately. The reasons that lead to the failure mainly lies in two aspects:the rain fall and the deficient strength of foreign soil. According to this situation, the paper analyses the relationship between the erosion and the rainfall intensity theoretically, establishing a formula to judge the occurrence condition of erosion due to the rainfall and verified the formula by the artificial rainfall experiment. The changes of foreign soil strength during the different growth period of plants are also investigated by laboratory tests. In addition, based on the results listed above, the paper discusses the stability of foreign soil on different gradient slopes using the limit equilibrium analysis method and proposes the suitable slope gradient range for the spray sowing protective system.
(5)The water equilibrium of spray sowing protective system
Plant can not survive without water. Once the water content of spray sowing protective system is insufficient and can not meet the requirement of plants, they will wither or die. So, the proper water content, which not only can meet the requirement of plants but also can maintain in a state of dynamic balance, is a key precondition for a successful spray sowing protective system. In the light of the above considerations, In the laboratory tests, the author study the water parameter changing rule of foreign soil combined with different content of organic matter and water retaining agent during the different growth period of plants. Secondly, the proportioning of foreign soil in the laboratory tests was used in field tests to study the water content changing rule of foreign soil with different gradients and covering condition. Third, based on the results above, the author proposed a water equilibrium equation. It can predict the water content of foreign soil with meteorological data and judge whether the water content is enough for the survival of plants.
(6) Succession rule of plants community and its stability evaluation
The spray sowing protective effect only can be demonstrated by the plants eventually. Many spray sowing projects failed because the plants on the slopes can not form a stable community structure. Therefore, based on years of observation on many successful spray sowing projects, the paper concludes the plants succession rule of a stable community structure. It will experience three phases: the growth period of pioneer plants, the invasion period of native plants and the stable community period. Furthermore, to evaluate the stability of the plants community, the paper chooses seven indexes, such as survival time, coverage degree, species similarity, etc, and establishes an evaluation system.
In the end of the dissertation, the author takes four typical spray sowing projects as examples to illustrate the application of the research results. Among these projects, the shortest time of successful vegetation rehabilitation is more than nine years, and the longest time is over twelve years. These projects prove that the long-term stability of spray sowing protective system can be achieved as long as the proper measures are taken.
(1)提出了边坡可植被性的分类方法
不同地区、不同类型的边坡,进行植被恢复的难易程度也不同。本文从三个方面：①边坡所在的大环境；②边坡自身的恢复植被的难易程度；③当地可供配置使用的客土情况,来研究不同地区、不同岩性和地质条件的岩土边坡,在开挖后的坡面可植被特性。根据植物恢复所对应的不同难度,提出了FVR可植被性分类指标。根据这些指标进行坡体浅层可植被性评价和可植被性分类,为喷混植生护坡技术在规划、设计等方面提供科学的依据。
(2)护坡体系中锚网结构的作用及选型
对锚网结构在护坡体系中所起的作用及提高护坡体系稳定性的机理进行了理论分析。认为锚网结构的对客土层的加固作用主要来自以下三方面：①骨架作用；②加筋作用；③传递作用。网的加筋作用主要通过摩擦及咬合机理实现；结合实际工程中可能采用的锚网结构,通过力学计算分析,对不同坡度情况下应采用锚网的规格提出了建议。分析了锚网结构在选型中应该考虑的因素,给出了锚网结构布置的设计步骤及具体的流程图。
(3)提出了确保锚网结构耐久性的方法
体系中锚网结构的耐久性不足,会导致护坡效果不佳甚至是失败。本文分析了锚网结构耐久性与常规建筑的钢筋混凝土结构的异同点,介绍了金属发生腐蚀的机理、发生腐蚀的条件及形态。并结合喷混植生的特点,总结了影响锚网结构在客土中腐蚀速度的因素,从理论上推导了在受力情况下金属杆件发生腐蚀破坏的时间。并结合Fick第二定律,采用Ansys软件模拟了砂浆在不同的腐蚀边界条件下,发生腐蚀破坏的过程。最后,对实际工程中如何提高锚网结构的耐久性,从选材,施工,管理等方面分别给出了具体的建议。
(4)总结了客土稳定性的关键参数
植物生长所依赖的客土层发生滑移,会直接导致护坡的失败。而降雨及客土自身强度不足是诱发滑移的主要原因。针对这种情况,本文首先从理论上分析了分析客土的冲蚀与降雨强度之间的关系,建立了产生冲蚀临界降雨强度公式,并通过现场的模拟降雨试验,对这一公式进行检验。其次,通过室内试验,考察了在不同的时期客土的强度随植物生长情况的变化。最后,在上述研究成果的基础上,通过极限平衡法的分析,对不同坡度的边坡客土的稳定性进行了探讨,并给出了喷混植生技术适用的边坡坡度范围。
(5)提出了喷混植生体系的水分平衡条件
植物的生长离不开水分,若体系的水分不能满足植物生长的需求,则会导致植物的萎蔫甚至死亡。体系的水分在满足植物生长需求的基础上,达到一种动态平衡也是植被护坡工程成功的前提条件之一。本文首先通过室内试验,研究客土中有机质及保水剂含量对客土层的水分参数的影响,并结合植物生长的不同时期,研究客土水分参数变化规律；其次,将室内试验中的配比运用于现场试验,并比较不同覆盖条件及不同坡度情况下,客土层的水分变化规律；之后,在上述研究的基础上,提出了喷混植生护坡体系的水分平衡方程。结合边坡所在地的的气象资料,采用该项方程可估算客土层的含水量,并对其是否能满足植物生长的需求作出判断。
(6)提出了护坡植物群落的演替规律及稳定性条件
喷混植生护坡体系的防护效果,最终需要由植物来体现。不少护坡工程的失败,是由于边坡上的植物未能形成一个稳定的群落结构。对此,论文通过对多个喷混植生护坡工程项目进行了多年的跟踪调研,总结出护坡植物群落要形成一个稳定的结构所需经历的三个不同阶段：①先锋植物生长期；②乡土植物入侵期；③稳定生长期。并提出了该类护坡植物群落的稳定性评价所需要考量的指标,构建了相应的评价体系。
本文列举了其中4个较具代表性的喷混植生护坡工程,来说明论文研究成果的在实际工程上的应用。这4个边坡当中,植被恢复时间距今最短已有9年多,最长的已经超过12年。这些成功的实例说明了,只要措施得当,喷混植生植物护坡体系的长期稳定性可以得到保证。
Comparing to other eco-protection technologies, spray sowing technology has some prominent advantages, such as mechanized construction, fast construction speed, restoring the vegetation in short time and so on. With the further and rapid development of spray sowing, many new spraying machinery, material, and construction technique with independent intellectual property were put forward. But as time passed, some problems of spray sowing appeared, such as destruction of the structure, sliding of foreign soil and degradation of vegetation. People begin to doubt the long-term stability of spray sowing system and wonder whether the protecting effect of spray sowing is reliable and sustainable. The main reason for these problems is that the study on the long-term stability of spray sowing is inadequate and there is no corresponding mature design theory and construction method to ensure the long-term stability. Therefore, funded by the key project 'The vegetation rehabilitation technology for the slopes along the railway" of China railway ministry, this dissertation studied and analyzed the long-term stability of spray sowing technology systematically by the methods of theoretical analysis, laboratory tests, field tests, field monitoring,etc. The main contents and conclusions of this dissertation are summarized as follows.
(1) The classification of slopes for vegetation rehabilitation
It's obvious that the difficulty of vegetation rehabilitation is not the same on various slopes in different area of China. The dissertation analyses the difference from three aspects:1. the surrounding environment of the slopes;2. the conditions of the slopes;3. the available foreign soil in local area. According to different difficulty of vegetation rehabilitation, the author proposed the FVR (Feasibility index of Vegetation Rehabilitation) evaluation system to classify the different difficulty levels of slopes for vegetation rehabilitation and evaluate the suitability of spray sowing method. The FVR system also provides the scientific basis and references for planning and design of spray sowing technology.
(2) The function of bolt-net structure and its design
From the theoretical aspect, this dissertation analyzed the function of bolt-net structure and its reinforcement mechanism in the spray sowing protective system. The analysis indicates that the bolt-net structure reinforces the foreign soil mainly by three ways:First, the structure establishes the framework of foreign soil. Secondly, the structure reinforces the foreign soil like geotechnical fabric. Third, it transfers the system load to the rock. Of which the nets use the frictional effect and occlude method to reinforce the foreign soil. Based on the mechanical analysis, the dissertation gives suggestions on the selection of net on different gradient slopes. The author also summarized the factors that should be taken into consideration during the design and specification of the structure, and presented the planning procedure and design flow chart of bolt-net structure.
(3) The study on durability of bolt-net structure
The deficiency of durability of bolt-net structure may lead to poor protective effect or failure of spray sowing method. Therefore, this dissertation analyzed the similarities and differences of durability between the bolt-net structure and the normal reinforced concrete structures. The paper also introduced the corrosion mechanism of metal materials and summarized the factors that affect the corrosion speed in the foreign soil. Combined with the features of spray sowing method, the paper makes a deduction of the time limit when the loaded bolt-net structure will fail theoretically. Based on the Fick second law, the author used the software ANSYS to simulate the corroding process of mortar under different boundary conditions. Besides, the author offered a proposal on how to improve the durability of bolt-net structure in practical projects from many aspects, such as selecting material, construction method and projects management and so on.
(4)The study on the stability parameters of foreign soil
If the foreign soil that holding the vegetation slides, the spray sowing protective system will fail immediately. The reasons that lead to the failure mainly lies in two aspects:the rain fall and the deficient strength of foreign soil. According to this situation, the paper analyses the relationship between the erosion and the rainfall intensity theoretically, establishing a formula to judge the occurrence condition of erosion due to the rainfall and verified the formula by the artificial rainfall experiment. The changes of foreign soil strength during the different growth period of plants are also investigated by laboratory tests. In addition, based on the results listed above, the paper discusses the stability of foreign soil on different gradient slopes using the limit equilibrium analysis method and proposes the suitable slope gradient range for the spray sowing protective system.
(5)The water equilibrium of spray sowing protective system
Plant can not survive without water. Once the water content of spray sowing protective system is insufficient and can not meet the requirement of plants, they will wither or die. So, the proper water content, which not only can meet the requirement of plants but also can maintain in a state of dynamic balance, is a key precondition for a successful spray sowing protective system. In the light of the above considerations, In the laboratory tests, the author study the water parameter changing rule of foreign soil combined with different content of organic matter and water retaining agent during the different growth period of plants. Secondly, the proportioning of foreign soil in the laboratory tests was used in field tests to study the water content changing rule of foreign soil with different gradients and covering condition. Third, based on the results above, the author proposed a water equilibrium equation. It can predict the water content of foreign soil with meteorological data and judge whether the water content is enough for the survival of plants.
(6) Succession rule of plants community and its stability evaluation
The spray sowing protective effect only can be demonstrated by the plants eventually. Many spray sowing projects failed because the plants on the slopes can not form a stable community structure. Therefore, based on years of observation on many successful spray sowing projects, the paper concludes the plants succession rule of a stable community structure. It will experience three phases: the growth period of pioneer plants, the invasion period of native plants and the stable community period. Furthermore, to evaluate the stability of the plants community, the paper chooses seven indexes, such as survival time, coverage degree, species similarity, etc, and establishes an evaluation system.
In the end of the dissertation, the author takes four typical spray sowing projects as examples to illustrate the application of the research results. Among these projects, the shortest time of successful vegetation rehabilitation is more than nine years, and the longest time is over twelve years. These projects prove that the long-term stability of spray sowing protective system can be achieved as long as the proper measures are taken.
引文
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