土石坝老化病害评价指标体系及对策研究
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摘要
我国的8.6万余座水库大坝,90%以上为土石坝,由于设计、施工和管理等多方面的原因,许多大坝都程度不同的存在裂缝、渗漏、滑坡、护坡破坏、动物破坏(洞穴)等隐患,成为病库险库,严重影响水库正常运行、效益的发挥并对下游人民群众的生命财产构成重大威胁。准确、及时地评价土石坝的隐患和病害,及时采取处理和加固措施,是当前水利工程管理中亟待解决的一项重要课题。本文在调查分析的基础上,依据土石坝检查监测资料和近年来土石坝加固处理的理论和成果,应用科学的分析方法,主要研究了以下内容:
(1)综合分析了我国土石坝发展概况及运行现状,总结出土石坝主要病害是裂缝、渗漏、滑坡、护坡破坏和动物破坏,分析了土石坝老化病害评价研究的目的和意义以及国内外研究现状。
(2)研究分析了土石坝老化病害的类型和成因,分别探讨了土石坝裂缝、渗漏、滑坡、护坡破坏、动物破坏特征及产生的原因,为土石坝病害检查和判断提供了基础。
(3)研究提出了土石坝裂缝、渗漏、滑坡、护坡破坏、动物破坏的观测检查的内容及其方法,提出了危险性病害的判断方法,为土石坝病害评价提供了依据。
(4)依据检测、设计资料和有关规范,分别建立了土石坝裂缝、渗漏、滑坡和护坡破坏的评价指标,研究提出了应用多因素分析法对土石坝老化病害进行量化综合评价分级方法,并应用具体事例验证了指标体系和评价方法的正确性,同时介绍了本指标体系和评价方法在土石坝评价中的应用。
(5)提出了土石坝老化病害预防与处理措施。
本文提出的土石坝病害评价指标体系和量化综合评价分级方法是科学可行的,为准确地评价土石坝老化程度,及时采取相应的预防、维修、加固、改造措施提供了科学依据。
There are about 8,6000 reservoirs in China and more than 90 percent of them adopt earth-rock dam as a breakwater structure. Because of the influences of design, construction and management, most of the earth-rock dams are of different damages such as crack, leakage, coast etc, and become ill health. The existence of damage in earth-rock dam influences the normal run of reservoirs and threatens the safety of people's lives and properties. Due to the facts above, the damage detection and quantitative evaluation of earth-rock dam becomes an important task for timely maintaining and reinforcing the damaged dams in order to avoid collapse. Based on full investigation of present dam damages and adaptation of new theories and new methods, novel evaluation system and damage detection method are studied. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:1) Our country ground dam development general situation and circulate the present condition, the aging disease in dam in ground harms the degree the evaluation the investigative purpose with meaning, and the aging disease in dam in ground harms the reason with manage the domestic and internationalresearch present condition.2 ) The formation cause, evolution mechanism, type and feature of earth-rock dam aging damage are thoroughly investigated.3 ) Detection methods for crack, leakage, coast and so on are proposed.4) An evaluation system of aging damage is constructed, which uses a new approach named as multi-factor analysis to effectively carry out quantitative evaluation and classification of earth-rock dam damage.5 ) Measures of preventing and repairing aging damage are presented.On the basis of the analysis results of the evaluation system, the foundational data are provided, which are used to judge the degree of aging damage and furthermore to determine the reasonable measures used for preventing aging damage and maintaining, reinforcing or reconstructing dam. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in this paper are verified in the practical engineering application.
(1)综合分析了我国土石坝发展概况及运行现状,总结出土石坝主要病害是裂缝、渗漏、滑坡、护坡破坏和动物破坏,分析了土石坝老化病害评价研究的目的和意义以及国内外研究现状。
(2)研究分析了土石坝老化病害的类型和成因,分别探讨了土石坝裂缝、渗漏、滑坡、护坡破坏、动物破坏特征及产生的原因,为土石坝病害检查和判断提供了基础。
(3)研究提出了土石坝裂缝、渗漏、滑坡、护坡破坏、动物破坏的观测检查的内容及其方法,提出了危险性病害的判断方法,为土石坝病害评价提供了依据。
(4)依据检测、设计资料和有关规范,分别建立了土石坝裂缝、渗漏、滑坡和护坡破坏的评价指标,研究提出了应用多因素分析法对土石坝老化病害进行量化综合评价分级方法,并应用具体事例验证了指标体系和评价方法的正确性,同时介绍了本指标体系和评价方法在土石坝评价中的应用。
(5)提出了土石坝老化病害预防与处理措施。
本文提出的土石坝病害评价指标体系和量化综合评价分级方法是科学可行的,为准确地评价土石坝老化程度,及时采取相应的预防、维修、加固、改造措施提供了科学依据。
There are about 8,6000 reservoirs in China and more than 90 percent of them adopt earth-rock dam as a breakwater structure. Because of the influences of design, construction and management, most of the earth-rock dams are of different damages such as crack, leakage, coast etc, and become ill health. The existence of damage in earth-rock dam influences the normal run of reservoirs and threatens the safety of people's lives and properties. Due to the facts above, the damage detection and quantitative evaluation of earth-rock dam becomes an important task for timely maintaining and reinforcing the damaged dams in order to avoid collapse. Based on full investigation of present dam damages and adaptation of new theories and new methods, novel evaluation system and damage detection method are studied. The main contributions of this paper are as follows:1) Our country ground dam development general situation and circulate the present condition, the aging disease in dam in ground harms the degree the evaluation the investigative purpose with meaning, and the aging disease in dam in ground harms the reason with manage the domestic and internationalresearch present condition.2 ) The formation cause, evolution mechanism, type and feature of earth-rock dam aging damage are thoroughly investigated.3 ) Detection methods for crack, leakage, coast and so on are proposed.4) An evaluation system of aging damage is constructed, which uses a new approach named as multi-factor analysis to effectively carry out quantitative evaluation and classification of earth-rock dam damage.5 ) Measures of preventing and repairing aging damage are presented.On the basis of the analysis results of the evaluation system, the foundational data are provided, which are used to judge the degree of aging damage and furthermore to determine the reasonable measures used for preventing aging damage and maintaining, reinforcing or reconstructing dam. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method in this paper are verified in the practical engineering application.
引文
[1] 白永年,吴士宁,王洪恩,等.土石坝加固.北京:水利电力出版社,1992
[2] 2003年中国大坝情况统计资料.中国大坝委员会网站.http://www.icold-cigb.org.cn
[3] 曹欣春.水库大坝安全事故防范与除险加固技术(上).北京:北京中软电子出版社,2003
[4] 牛云光.土坝安全与加固.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998,(11)
[5] 孙怡让.山东水利.山东:山东科学技术出版社,1996,(8)
[6] 齐金苑,于文成.水利工程建设百科全书(防洪防汛、抢险加固卷)2.北京:当代中国音像出版社,2003
[7] 钱正英.中国水利.北京:水利电力出版壮,1991,(3)
[8] 杨杰.大坝安全监控的国内外研究现状与发展.西安:西安理工大学学报,2002,(1)
[9] 蒂姆.多伦.美国关于老化混凝土的研究.水利水电快报,2000,(3)
[10] 美国老化混凝土坝的修复改造.国际水力发电,1999,(10)
[11] 牛运光.浅析《水库大坝安全管理条例》.北京:水利管理技术,1994,(1)
[12] 李君纯.水库大坝安全评判的研究.水利水运科学研究,1999(1)
[13] N. Shivaish, H. Furata. Reliability Analysis Based on Fuzzy Probability, ASCE, ST Junel 984
[14] 李珍照,何金平.大坝实测性态模糊模式识别方法的研究.武汉水利电力大学学报,1998,(4)
[15] 李雷.我国水库大坝安全与管理的实践和面临的挑战.北京:中国水利,2003,(11)
[16] 水库大坝安全鉴定办法.中华人民共和国国务院公报,2003(32)
[17] 张启岳.土石坝加固技术.北京:中国水利电力出版社,1999
[18] 水利电力工业部.土石坝安全监测技术规范(SL60-94).北京:水利电力出版社,1994
[19] 李长余.土石坝非滑坡性裂缝简要分析及常用处理方法.吉林:吉林水利,2003,(8)
[20] 宋长山.土石坝裂缝控制.黑龙江:黑龙江水利科技,2003,(1)
[21] 牛云光.几座土石坝渗漏事故的经验教训(上).北京:大坝与安全,1998,(2)
[22] 牛云光.几座土石坝渗漏事故的经验教训(下).北京:大坝与安全,1999,(1)
[23] 付彦等.土石坝病坝渗漏原因分析.黑龙江:黑龙江水利科技,2001,(1)
[24] 王万林.土石坝渗漏原因的相关分析法.北京:中国农村水利水电,2003,(6)
[25] 刘川顺.土石坝渗漏原因的相关分析法.北京:大坝与安全,2003,(5)
[26] 齐金苑,于文成.水利工程建设百科全书(运营管理、养护修理卷)1.北京:当代中国音像出版社,2003
[27] 宋世田.寒冷地区土石坝护坡破坏及其防治.黑龙江:黑龙江水专学报,1999,(3)
[28] 李天科.土坝护坡原因分析及修复.北京:水利管理技术,1996,(4)
[29] 李天科.土坝护坡技术.山东:中国灌溉排水技术开发培训中心、山东省水利厅培训系列教材,1995
[30] 王振明.山东省土坝护坡损坏原因调查及修复措施.山东:水利工程管理技术,1991(2)
[31] 阮绮水.谈谈水库大坝白蚁防治的一点体会.江西:江西植保,2002,(3)
[32] 曹欣春.水库大坝安全事故防范与除险加固技术(中).北京:北京中软电子出版社,2003
[33] 毛佑仪.中小型水库大坝安全综合评价及分类标准剖析.北京:水利建设与管理,2001,(1)
[34] 白玉慧.土石坝工程老化程度评价指标研究.北京:水利学报,1998,(2)
[35] 白永年.中国堤坝防渗加固新技术.北京:中国水利电力出版社,2001
[36] 陈德亮.水工建筑物(第三版).北京:中国水利电力出版社,2003
[37] 潘家铮.土石坝.北京:水利电力出版社,1992
[38] 现行水利水电工程规范实用全书.北京:兵器工业出版社,2000
[39] 砌体结构设计规范.GB 5003-2001
[40] 齐金苑,于文成.水利工程建设百科全书(勘测设计、施工技术、质量管理卷)1.北京:当代中国音像出版社,2003
[41] 宋修波.土石坝护坡病害及其防治措施.山东:山东水利科技,1992,(4)
[42] David S Bowles. A Role for risk assessment in dam safety managemaent, Proceeding of 3rd conference HYDROPOWER 97, Trondheim Norway, june 1997
[43] David S. Bowles, The practice of dam safetyrisk assessment admanagement its roots its branches and its fruit Presented at the Eighteenth USCOLD Annual Meeting and Lecture, Buffalo, New York, August 8-14, 1998
[44] David S. Bowlesl, Loren R. Anderson2, Terry F. Glover3, and Sanjay S. Chauhan4, Understanding and managing the risks of aging dams:principles and case studies, Nineteenth USCOLD Annual Meeting and LectureAtlanta, Georgia, May 16-21, 1999
[2] 2003年中国大坝情况统计资料.中国大坝委员会网站.http://www.icold-cigb.org.cn
[3] 曹欣春.水库大坝安全事故防范与除险加固技术(上).北京:北京中软电子出版社,2003
[4] 牛云光.土坝安全与加固.北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998,(11)
[5] 孙怡让.山东水利.山东:山东科学技术出版社,1996,(8)
[6] 齐金苑,于文成.水利工程建设百科全书(防洪防汛、抢险加固卷)2.北京:当代中国音像出版社,2003
[7] 钱正英.中国水利.北京:水利电力出版壮,1991,(3)
[8] 杨杰.大坝安全监控的国内外研究现状与发展.西安:西安理工大学学报,2002,(1)
[9] 蒂姆.多伦.美国关于老化混凝土的研究.水利水电快报,2000,(3)
[10] 美国老化混凝土坝的修复改造.国际水力发电,1999,(10)
[11] 牛运光.浅析《水库大坝安全管理条例》.北京:水利管理技术,1994,(1)
[12] 李君纯.水库大坝安全评判的研究.水利水运科学研究,1999(1)
[13] N. Shivaish, H. Furata. Reliability Analysis Based on Fuzzy Probability, ASCE, ST Junel 984
[14] 李珍照,何金平.大坝实测性态模糊模式识别方法的研究.武汉水利电力大学学报,1998,(4)
[15] 李雷.我国水库大坝安全与管理的实践和面临的挑战.北京:中国水利,2003,(11)
[16] 水库大坝安全鉴定办法.中华人民共和国国务院公报,2003(32)
[17] 张启岳.土石坝加固技术.北京:中国水利电力出版社,1999
[18] 水利电力工业部.土石坝安全监测技术规范(SL60-94).北京:水利电力出版社,1994
[19] 李长余.土石坝非滑坡性裂缝简要分析及常用处理方法.吉林:吉林水利,2003,(8)
[20] 宋长山.土石坝裂缝控制.黑龙江:黑龙江水利科技,2003,(1)
[21] 牛云光.几座土石坝渗漏事故的经验教训(上).北京:大坝与安全,1998,(2)
[22] 牛云光.几座土石坝渗漏事故的经验教训(下).北京:大坝与安全,1999,(1)
[23] 付彦等.土石坝病坝渗漏原因分析.黑龙江:黑龙江水利科技,2001,(1)
[24] 王万林.土石坝渗漏原因的相关分析法.北京:中国农村水利水电,2003,(6)
[25] 刘川顺.土石坝渗漏原因的相关分析法.北京:大坝与安全,2003,(5)
[26] 齐金苑,于文成.水利工程建设百科全书(运营管理、养护修理卷)1.北京:当代中国音像出版社,2003
[27] 宋世田.寒冷地区土石坝护坡破坏及其防治.黑龙江:黑龙江水专学报,1999,(3)
[28] 李天科.土坝护坡原因分析及修复.北京:水利管理技术,1996,(4)
[29] 李天科.土坝护坡技术.山东:中国灌溉排水技术开发培训中心、山东省水利厅培训系列教材,1995
[30] 王振明.山东省土坝护坡损坏原因调查及修复措施.山东:水利工程管理技术,1991(2)
[31] 阮绮水.谈谈水库大坝白蚁防治的一点体会.江西:江西植保,2002,(3)
[32] 曹欣春.水库大坝安全事故防范与除险加固技术(中).北京:北京中软电子出版社,2003
[33] 毛佑仪.中小型水库大坝安全综合评价及分类标准剖析.北京:水利建设与管理,2001,(1)
[34] 白玉慧.土石坝工程老化程度评价指标研究.北京:水利学报,1998,(2)
[35] 白永年.中国堤坝防渗加固新技术.北京:中国水利电力出版社,2001
[36] 陈德亮.水工建筑物(第三版).北京:中国水利电力出版社,2003
[37] 潘家铮.土石坝.北京:水利电力出版社,1992
[38] 现行水利水电工程规范实用全书.北京:兵器工业出版社,2000
[39] 砌体结构设计规范.GB 5003-2001
[40] 齐金苑,于文成.水利工程建设百科全书(勘测设计、施工技术、质量管理卷)1.北京:当代中国音像出版社,2003
[41] 宋修波.土石坝护坡病害及其防治措施.山东:山东水利科技,1992,(4)
[42] David S Bowles. A Role for risk assessment in dam safety managemaent, Proceeding of 3rd conference HYDROPOWER 97, Trondheim Norway, june 1997
[43] David S. Bowles, The practice of dam safetyrisk assessment admanagement its roots its branches and its fruit Presented at the Eighteenth USCOLD Annual Meeting and Lecture, Buffalo, New York, August 8-14, 1998
[44] David S. Bowlesl, Loren R. Anderson2, Terry F. Glover3, and Sanjay S. Chauhan4, Understanding and managing the risks of aging dams:principles and case studies, Nineteenth USCOLD Annual Meeting and LectureAtlanta, Georgia, May 16-21, 1999