智能电网知识可视化引擎的研究
|
摘要
智能电网是未来电网的一个主要发展方向,被认为是21世纪电力系统的重大科技创新和发展趋势。智能电网技术应包括先进的相量测量和广域测量技术;先进的三维、动态、可视化技术;分布式发电技术和电力储能技术等。其中先进的基于知识的三维、动态、可视化技术采用有别于传统二维显示的三维显示模式,以实物为模型,建立智能电网电力设备三维虚拟模型,逼真重现实际场景,给人以视觉上的冲击,使电网信息的表现更真实、丰富、具体、精确;从静态数据处理向动态、图形化发展,从根本上保证了整个电力系统稳定运行。本文在智能电网可视化方面做了如下研究:
⑴研究并设计了“智能电网知识可视化引擎”的体系结构。针对传统可视化系统开放性差,二次开发与系统集成困难等弊端进行了深入研究,提出了基于SOA架构的知识可视化引擎的体系结构,利用引擎的知识推理功能实现了智能电网中海量数据的整合、挖掘、映射、虚拟展示,并将所有功能模块以构件方式进行集成,使得开发人员不必关心实现知识可视化所需各种关键技术的具体细节,直接就能够以引擎为核心开发智能电网中的各种可视化系统,从而大大减少开发人员的工作难度和工作量,加快智能电网可视化的建设速度,有效解决电力企业“信息孤岛”问题。
⑵研究并提出了电网知识提取的方法。深入分析了电网海量流数据和历史数据的特点,并根据各自特点设计了电网知识分类模型,给出了电网知识提取的方法。对于流数据,提出采用滑动窗口模型、离散小波变换和改进的SSWAT算法进行预处理;并根据预处理后的流数据信息选取样本集,建立条件属性表以及决策表的可辨识矩阵,根据运算形成电网运行知识单元;建立基于PFCM的数学模型,并在此基础上完成知识推理。对于历史数据,提出了E-Grp算法对电网数据进行概化处理;并采用改进的Apriori算法和粗糙集算法完成电网关联知识和预测型知识的提取。
⑶研究并提出了基于一体化模型的知识三维可视化方法。针对电力系统可视化应用的特点,提出了建立基于图元的知识可视化载体,并采用改进的BP神经网络算法进行一体化模型纹理特征的提取和模型的生成;同时提出了基于电气特性的场景组织方法和基于空间划分的动态负载均衡算法;实现了基于语义理解的虚拟现实交互机制。
⑷设计了基于软件服务总线的知识可视化引擎控制机制。引擎服务总线控制机制包括传输适配器、服务适配器、核心服务、元数据库和系统管理五部分,它们按照对服务的需求变化划分服务粒度,并通过通用的传输方式进行发布、查找和捆绑等操作;彼此之间相互协作,按照业务规则共同完成整个业务流程。
⑸基于智能电网知识可视引擎开发了变电站知识可视化应用系统,应用结果表明,知识可视化引擎一方面提高了智能电网相关可视化应用系统的开发效率,另一方面把底层的电网数据转变为电网知识,并基于虚拟现实技术进行三维展示,为电力系统安全运行提供了有力保障。
Smart Grid is one of the main development direction of power grid in the future, which is considered as major technological innovation and development tendency in the 21st century. Smart-Grid technology includes advanced phasor measurement technique and widearea measurement technology; advanced three-dimensional dynamic visualization technology; Distributed Power Generation Systems and Electric Power energy management etc.A kind of advanced technology of 3-Dimension and dynamic visualization based on knowledge is different from the traditional 2-D or 3-D display mode, the advanced technology which is based on material objects, creats 3-D virtual models of electrical equipment in the smart grid and replicates real world scenarios realisticly in order to give people a visual impact and make the information expression of power system so real, rich, specific and accurate. From the static data processing to dynamic, graphical development, fundamentally, it guarantees the stable operation of the power system. In this paper, the following research has been done in the smart grid visualization.
⑴The ''smart power grid knowledge visualization engine'' architecture is designed. It makes a deep research on the weak opennesses and difficulties for a new development and system integration with the traditional visualization system and suggestes a architecture that based on SOA knowledge visualization engine. It makes the massive data integration, mining, mapping, virtually shows in the smart power grid using the konwledge reasoning function of the engine. What's more, it integrates the functional modules in a component way so that the developers don't need to care about the details of key technology realizing the knowledge visualization, making it possible to use the engine as a core implement to develope a variety of visualization system in the smart power grid, thus greatly reducing the developer's work and difficulties and speeding up the construction of the smart power grid visualization, effectively solve the problem -- ''information islet'' in many power enterprises.
⑵The method of the knowledge extraction in the smart grid is presented in this paper. With the deep analysis of the features of massive data-flow of power grid and historical data, the classification model of knowledge is designed in accordance with the characteristics of themselves and the extraction method of knowledge is presented.For the flow of data, it proposes a sliding window model, discretes wavelet transform and improves SSWAT (approximation tree) algorithm to preprocess and selects sample set according to the flow of the data which has been preprocessed. Then it establishes condition attributes and decision-making table discernibility matrix with running knowledge unit according to the formation of grid. The completion of knowledge inference bases on the establishment of a mathematical model which relys on PFCM. For historical data, the paper introduces E-Grp algorithm for data pre-processing; and adopts improved Apriori algorithm and decision-tree algorithm to complete the extraction of association and predictive knowledge of the power system.
⑶A model of knowledge three-dimensional visualization based on Integration Model is proposed. It visualizs the characteristics of applications for the power system, proposes the establishment of carrier based on the pixel visual, and uses the improved BP neural network algorithm for the integration model of texture feature extraction and model generation; It also proposes the scene organization method based on electrical characteristics and the dynamic load balancing algorithm based on space division, So that it achieves a virtual reality interaction mechanism based on semantic understanding .
⑷The control mechanism of knowledge visualization engine which based on software service bus is design.Service bus includes Transport Adapter、Service Adapterr、Core Service、MetaData Base and System Management.They divide service granularity,distribute service,find service and bind service which cooperate each other is to accomplish the whole operation.
⑸The substation experiment system of knowledge visualization which based on the knowledge-visualization engine of smart grid is developed. Application results show that on the one hand, the knowledge visualization engine improve the visualization of a smart grid-related application systems development efficiency, on the other, it transfomrs data that is from the bottom of the power grid operation into knowledge. At the same time,the knowledge is shown by three-dimensional images that are based on virtual reality technology. The engine make easy monitoring and maintenance of power system monitoring.
⑴研究并设计了“智能电网知识可视化引擎”的体系结构。针对传统可视化系统开放性差,二次开发与系统集成困难等弊端进行了深入研究,提出了基于SOA架构的知识可视化引擎的体系结构,利用引擎的知识推理功能实现了智能电网中海量数据的整合、挖掘、映射、虚拟展示,并将所有功能模块以构件方式进行集成,使得开发人员不必关心实现知识可视化所需各种关键技术的具体细节,直接就能够以引擎为核心开发智能电网中的各种可视化系统,从而大大减少开发人员的工作难度和工作量,加快智能电网可视化的建设速度,有效解决电力企业“信息孤岛”问题。
⑵研究并提出了电网知识提取的方法。深入分析了电网海量流数据和历史数据的特点,并根据各自特点设计了电网知识分类模型,给出了电网知识提取的方法。对于流数据,提出采用滑动窗口模型、离散小波变换和改进的SSWAT算法进行预处理;并根据预处理后的流数据信息选取样本集,建立条件属性表以及决策表的可辨识矩阵,根据运算形成电网运行知识单元;建立基于PFCM的数学模型,并在此基础上完成知识推理。对于历史数据,提出了E-Grp算法对电网数据进行概化处理;并采用改进的Apriori算法和粗糙集算法完成电网关联知识和预测型知识的提取。
⑶研究并提出了基于一体化模型的知识三维可视化方法。针对电力系统可视化应用的特点,提出了建立基于图元的知识可视化载体,并采用改进的BP神经网络算法进行一体化模型纹理特征的提取和模型的生成;同时提出了基于电气特性的场景组织方法和基于空间划分的动态负载均衡算法;实现了基于语义理解的虚拟现实交互机制。
⑷设计了基于软件服务总线的知识可视化引擎控制机制。引擎服务总线控制机制包括传输适配器、服务适配器、核心服务、元数据库和系统管理五部分,它们按照对服务的需求变化划分服务粒度,并通过通用的传输方式进行发布、查找和捆绑等操作;彼此之间相互协作,按照业务规则共同完成整个业务流程。
⑸基于智能电网知识可视引擎开发了变电站知识可视化应用系统,应用结果表明,知识可视化引擎一方面提高了智能电网相关可视化应用系统的开发效率,另一方面把底层的电网数据转变为电网知识,并基于虚拟现实技术进行三维展示,为电力系统安全运行提供了有力保障。
Smart Grid is one of the main development direction of power grid in the future, which is considered as major technological innovation and development tendency in the 21st century. Smart-Grid technology includes advanced phasor measurement technique and widearea measurement technology; advanced three-dimensional dynamic visualization technology; Distributed Power Generation Systems and Electric Power energy management etc.A kind of advanced technology of 3-Dimension and dynamic visualization based on knowledge is different from the traditional 2-D or 3-D display mode, the advanced technology which is based on material objects, creats 3-D virtual models of electrical equipment in the smart grid and replicates real world scenarios realisticly in order to give people a visual impact and make the information expression of power system so real, rich, specific and accurate. From the static data processing to dynamic, graphical development, fundamentally, it guarantees the stable operation of the power system. In this paper, the following research has been done in the smart grid visualization.
⑴The ''smart power grid knowledge visualization engine'' architecture is designed. It makes a deep research on the weak opennesses and difficulties for a new development and system integration with the traditional visualization system and suggestes a architecture that based on SOA knowledge visualization engine. It makes the massive data integration, mining, mapping, virtually shows in the smart power grid using the konwledge reasoning function of the engine. What's more, it integrates the functional modules in a component way so that the developers don't need to care about the details of key technology realizing the knowledge visualization, making it possible to use the engine as a core implement to develope a variety of visualization system in the smart power grid, thus greatly reducing the developer's work and difficulties and speeding up the construction of the smart power grid visualization, effectively solve the problem -- ''information islet'' in many power enterprises.
⑵The method of the knowledge extraction in the smart grid is presented in this paper. With the deep analysis of the features of massive data-flow of power grid and historical data, the classification model of knowledge is designed in accordance with the characteristics of themselves and the extraction method of knowledge is presented.For the flow of data, it proposes a sliding window model, discretes wavelet transform and improves SSWAT (approximation tree) algorithm to preprocess and selects sample set according to the flow of the data which has been preprocessed. Then it establishes condition attributes and decision-making table discernibility matrix with running knowledge unit according to the formation of grid. The completion of knowledge inference bases on the establishment of a mathematical model which relys on PFCM. For historical data, the paper introduces E-Grp algorithm for data pre-processing; and adopts improved Apriori algorithm and decision-tree algorithm to complete the extraction of association and predictive knowledge of the power system.
⑶A model of knowledge three-dimensional visualization based on Integration Model is proposed. It visualizs the characteristics of applications for the power system, proposes the establishment of carrier based on the pixel visual, and uses the improved BP neural network algorithm for the integration model of texture feature extraction and model generation; It also proposes the scene organization method based on electrical characteristics and the dynamic load balancing algorithm based on space division, So that it achieves a virtual reality interaction mechanism based on semantic understanding .
⑷The control mechanism of knowledge visualization engine which based on software service bus is design.Service bus includes Transport Adapter、Service Adapterr、Core Service、MetaData Base and System Management.They divide service granularity,distribute service,find service and bind service which cooperate each other is to accomplish the whole operation.
⑸The substation experiment system of knowledge visualization which based on the knowledge-visualization engine of smart grid is developed. Application results show that on the one hand, the knowledge visualization engine improve the visualization of a smart grid-related application systems development efficiency, on the other, it transfomrs data that is from the bottom of the power grid operation into knowledge. At the same time,the knowledge is shown by three-dimensional images that are based on virtual reality technology. The engine make easy monitoring and maintenance of power system monitoring.
引文
[1]张文亮,刘壮志,王明俊,等.智能电网的研究进展及发展趋势.电网技术,2009, 33(13):1～11
[2]陈兆庆,杨宗麟.我国“十一五”电力市场需求预测需考虑的问题.华东电力,2006,30(5):23～24
[3]唐平雅.电力需求预测方法和能源需求预测模型探讨.中国电力,2000,33(4):32～34
[4] Overbye T J, Wiegmann D A, Rich A M, et al. Human Factors Analysis of Power System Visualizations[C]. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2001:647～652
[5] N.Ahmed, H.J.Miller. Time-Space Transformations of Geographic Space for Exploring, Analyzing, and Visualizing Transportation Systems. J. Transport Geography, Vol 15, 2007, 2～17
[6]牛东晓,曹树华,赵磊,等.电力负荷预测技术及其应用.北京:中国电力出版社,1998:15～30
[7]史忠植.知识发现.北京:清华大学出版社,2002,1:2～15
[8]刘芳.基于数据挖掘的电网数据智能分析的研究与实现.西北大学硕士学位论文,2008
[9] Qu Zhaoyang, Meng Ji, Yuan Wenjie. Preprocessing of online analysis in power grid based on state estimation optimized by PCA. International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2008: 492-495
[10]刘楠,王宇奇.我国电力需求的影响因素分析.黑龙江省哈尔滨市:科技与管理,2004,6:9～11
[11]秦寿康.综合评价原理与应用.电子工业出版社,2003,6:23～44
[12] Wu Z H, Yang X G, Li Z Z. The research of some key technologies on the application of WebGIS in ITS. IEEE Proceedings: IntelligentTransportation Systems, Vol 1, 12～15 Oct. 2003: 487～491
[13]李春祥.基于知识发现的电力需求复合预测研究.华北电力大学(河北)博士学位论文,2009
[14] Guangru Li, Jingfeng Hu, Hongbin Gao. The Architecture Design of WebGIS Based on Multi-agent[C]. Proceedings of Intelligent Transportion System Conference, 2006: 921～926
[15] Hongbin Zhang. Research on Knowledge Sharing Mechanism Based on Web2.0[C]. Proceedings of Future Information Technology and Management Engineering, 2008: 210～213
[16]邓苏,张维明,黄宏斌.信息系统集成技术(第2版).北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[17]王成山,王守相.分布式发电供能系统若干问题研究.电力系统自动化,2008,32(20):1～5
[18] Qu Zhaoyang, Zheng Qun. The design and realization of ajax worm detectable system. Proceedings of 2008 3rd International Conference on Intelligent System and Knowledge Engineering, 2008: 1343-1346
[19]鲁宗相,王彩霞,闵勇,等.微电网研究综述.电力系统自动化,2007,31(19):100～107
[20]谢宏,程浩忠,张国立,等.基于粗糙集理论建立短期电力负荷神经网络预测模型.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(11):1～4
[21]王成山,王守相.分布式发电供能系统若干问题研究.电力系统自动化,2008,32(20):1～5
[22] Yingwei Luo, Xinpeng Liu, Xiaolin Wang, Zhuoqun Xun. XML-based Communication Protocols for WebGIS[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Networks and Mobile Computing, 2003: 454～489
[23] Xiaoling Liu. An Investigation on Service-oriented Architecture for Constructing Distributed Web GIS Application[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Serivce Computing, Vol.1, 2005: 191～197
[24] Qu Zhaoyang, Xin Zhong. The tactics generating of intelligent character based on the adaptive rule base of dynamic script. 2009 WRI International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing, 2009: 610-614
[25]高宗和,戴则梅,翟明玉,等.基于统一支撑平台的EMS与WAMS集成方案.电力系统自动化,2006,30(16):41～45
[26]邓宏贵,罗安,曹建.电力负荷预估的神经网络正则化及其应用.小型微型计算机系统,2006,27(8):1495～1597
[27] P.M.Mahadev, R.D.Christie. Minimizing User Interaction in Energy Management Systems:Task Adaptive Visualization. IEEE Transaction on power systems, Vol.11, 1996: 1445~1450
[28]孙璐.沉浸式虚拟环境及其在变电站仿真中的应用.南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2007
[29] OVERBYE T J, WEBER J D. Visualizing the electric grid . IEEE Spectrum, 38(2), 2001: 52～58
[30] Weber J D, Overbye T J. Voltage contours for power system visualization. IEEE Trans on Power Systems. 15(1), 2000: 404～409
[31]邰能灵,侯志俭.小波模糊神经网络在电力系统中短期负荷预测中的应用.中国电机工程学报,2004,24(1):24～29
[32] Qu Zhaoyang, Huang Chunfeng, Liu Ningning. A novel two-step traceback scheme for DDoS attacks. 2008 2nd International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application, 2008: 879-883
[33] Chengling Zhao, Feng Wang, Weibing Zheng, Zhiying Liu, Haimei Li. The Research and Design of Personal Knowledge Management Model Based on Web2.0[C]. Proceeding of International Symposium on Knowledge Acquistion and Modeling, 2008: 89～92
[34]陈德军,胡华成,周祖德.基于径向基函数的混合神经网络模型研究.武汉理工大学学报,2007,29(2):122～125
[35]姚李孝,姚金雄,李宝庆,等.基于竞争分类的神经网络短期电力负荷预测.电网技术,2004,28(10):45～48
[36] JALEELI N, VANSLYCK L S, EWARTD et al. Understanding Automatic Generation Control. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 1992,73, 7(3): 1106～1122
[37] Weber J D, Overbye T J. Voltage contours for power system visualization. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 2000, 151, 15(1): 404～409
[38] Bagan Hasi, Ma Jianwen, Li Qiqing, et al. Self-organizing feature map neural network classification of the ASTER data based on wavelet fusion[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2004, 47 (7): 567～570
[39]童鑫,李军义.面向SOA的企业服务总线研究与实现.计算机应用,2008,28(3):819～822
[40] E. Handschin, C.Leder. Innovative visualization of the power system state for predictive process control[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2001,83, (5～6)
[41] M. Linders, G. Krost. Advanced visualization for power system operation[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2001,83, (5～6)
[42] Sun Y, Overbye T J. Visualizations for power system contingency analysis data [J]. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 2004, 19 (4): 1859～1866
[43] Rodgers, Ulka. Oracle:a database developers guide. Englewood Cliffs, N.J:Yourdon Press, 1991: 38～96
[44] Chun-Xiang Li,Dong-Xiao Niu,Ming Meng.Using wavelet transform to improve generalization ability of neural network in next day load curve forecasting.Proceedings of 2007 ICMLC, 2008, 3: 1526～1531
[45] Higgs, M.A. Electrical SCADA systems from the operators perspective[J]. Condition Monitoring for Rail Transport Systems (Ref. No. 1998/501) IEE Seminar, 1998, 11: 31～34
[46] Qu Zhaoyang, Yang Wei. The design of an active VoIP security defense model based on dynamic self-adaptive diffluence. 2009 International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, 2009: 657-660
[47] Yan Sun, Thomas J. Overbye. Visualizations for Power System Contingency Analysis Data[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, 2004, 19(4): 1859～1866
[48] JamesD.Weber, ThomasJ.Overbye. Voltage Contours for Power Svstem Visualization[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, 2000, 15(1): 404～409
[49] Higgs, M.A. Electrical SCADA systems from the operators perspective[J]. Condition Monitoring for Rail Transport Systems (Ref. No. 1998/501) IEEE Seminar, 1998, 11: 31～34
[50] JAVIER C, ARCURO L, MARIO R. Simulation of Evaluation of Optimization Problem Solutions in Distributed Energy Management Systems. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 2002, 17(1): 57～62
[51] KORRES G N, CONTAXIS G C. Application of a Reduced Model to a Distributed State Estimator[C]. In: Proceedings of 2000 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol2, 2000: 999～1004
[52] Psaila, G. Virtual DOM: An Efficient Virtual Memory Representation for Large XML Documents[J]. Database and Expert Systems Application, 2008, 9: 233～237
[53] Madhusudhan, Govindaraju. Benchmarking XML Processors for Applications in Grid Web Services[J] . Supercomputing, 2006(6): 30～31
[54]董泰福,文福拴,廖志伟.可缩放矢量图形技术在电力系统故障诊断软件包中的应用[J].华北电力大学学报,2007,7(2):45～47
[55]吴在军,胡敏强.基于IEC 61850标准的变电站自动化系统研究[J].电网技术,2003,10:55～58
[56]童鑫.基于SOA的企业服务总线研究与实现.湖南大学硕士学位论文,2008
[57]胡继芳,王宁.IEC 61970与新一代EMS数据库管理系统[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(24):25～27
[58]贾春华等.可视化技术及研究方向[J].计算机工程,1997(6):114～116
[59]陈跃国,王京春.数据集成综述[J].计算机科学,2006(5):48～51
[60] Friedman, M. The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. J. Am. Stat. Assoc, 1937, 32: 675~701 .
[61] Overbye T J, KlumpRP, Weber J D. A Virtual Environment for Interactive Visualization of Power Svstem Economic and Security Information. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 1999: 846～851
[62]高旻,吴中福,李季,等.SOA中基于EPN的动态服务组合模型.计算机工程, 2008,34(18):42～44
[63] S.K.Card, J.D.Mackinlay, B.Shneiderman. Readings in Information Visualization, Using Vision to Think. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999
[64] D.Forrester, S.G.Kobourov, A.Navabi, et al. Graphael:A System for Generalized Force-Directed Layouts. Proc.12th Int‘l Symp. Graph Drawing, 2004: 454～464
[65] Xiaojun Tan, Mu Zhou, Xiang Zuo, Yuyong Cui. Integration WebGIS with Ajax and XML Based on Google Maps[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems, 2008: 376～379
[66]张伟明,罗军勇,王清贤.网络拓扑可视化研究综述[J].计算机应用研究,2008,25(6):1607～1609
[67]颜伟,黄淼,徐郑,等.配电网无功优化软件中数据管理引擎的设计与实现[J].电气应用,2006,25(2):11～15
[68]张海梁,袁荣湘,孙婉胜.基于可视化组件技术的SCADA图形子系统开发[J].计算机应用,2006,3:57～59
[69] Thomas J Overbye, etc. New Methods for the Visualization of Electric Power System Information .IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2000: 131～136
[70] AREVA T&D Energy Management Systems. http://www.areva-td.com. 2008
[71] P.M.Mahadev, Richard D. Christie. Envisioning Power System Data:Vulnerability and Severity Representations for Static Security Assessment. IEEE Transactions on Power System, 1994, Vol.9 (No.4)
[72]丁月华,杨敏,文贵华,等.基于XML的异构数据源集成与交换的实现[J].计算机应用与软件,2006,23(10):134～143
[73]周杭霞,夏荣钊,何利力.基于XML数据安全交换的方法[J].计算机应用研究, 2006(4):32～36
[74]王雷,王力.基于手势的交互式虚拟环境.计算机工程与应用,2002,22:88～90
[75]王文涛,李世其,熊友军.面向对象的虚拟手技术研究及实现.计算机工程与科学,2006,28(2):45～47
[76] Overbye T J, Weber J D. Visualization of Power System Data[C]. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2000: 1228～1234
[77] Overbye T J, Weber J D, Pattern K J. Analysis and Visualization of Market Power in Electric Power Systems[C]. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 1999
[78] C.Erten,S.G. Kobourov,V.Le, A.Navabi. Simultaneous Graph Drawings: Layout Algorithms and Visualization Schemes. J. Graph Algorithms and Applications, 2005, Vol.9 (NO.1): 165～182
[79]华宏,王涌天,常虹.连续超声波位置跟踪器的设计原理及其在虚拟现实系统中的应用实现.电子学报,1999,27(12):98～101
[80]熊春山,王敏,彭刚,等.虚拟现实系统头盔与数据手套的三维精确定向与定位系统与设计.仪表技术与传感器,2000,4:35～44
[81]吴婷婷,王林泉.手势合成的建模方法.微处理机,2005,6:47～49
[82]王香云,王秀明.基于面向对象技术的变电站多媒体视景仿真培训系统.电力学报,2005,20(4):375～377
[83]董勤伟.变电运行仿真培训系统开发方向探讨.电力设备,2006,7(2):50～52
[84]华宏,王涌天,郭向前.超声波六自由度跟踪器设计原理及误差模型研究.自动化学报,2000,26(6):840～844
[85] Qu Zhaoyang, Yan Jia. The design of the network security model of active defense. 2008 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2008: 133~137
[86] Thomas J Overbye, etc. New Methods for the Visualization of Electric Power System Information. IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2000: 131～136
[87] Common Information Model(CIM) Base Revision 6. IEC TC57,IEC61970-301, 2000
[88] Michael J McCullagh, and Charles G. Ross. Delaunay triangulation of a random data set for isarithmic mapping. The Cartographic Journal, 1980, 17 (2): 93～99
[89] Larry Clarke. Integrating GIS with High Performance SCADA[C]. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. 2001 IEEE, Volume 2: 844~849
[90] OverbyeTJ. Visualizing the electric grid for power management and marketing[J]. Electric&Light Power, 2002, 10: 24～27
[91]高龙琴,王爱民,黄惟一,等.基于18一传感器数据手套手部交互模型的建立.传感技术学报,2007,20(3):523～527
[92]陈宏,曹健,梁星.分布异构环境下的数据集成方法及应用[J].计算机工程,2005,31:45～47
[93]张翔,高孝洪.基于微机平台仿真培训系统的研究.武汉交通科技大学学报,1999,23(2):131～134
[94] Chen Jianer, Wang Guo-Jun, Chen Song-Qiao. Locally sub—cube-connected hypercubenetworks: Theoretical analysis andexperimental results. IEEE Transactions on Com puters, 2002, 5I(5): 530～540
[95] Ayhan, S. Implementing geospatially enabled aviation web services[J]. Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference, IEEE, 2008(5): 1～8
[96] ZhangZ,Cuk S.A highefficiency1.8 kW batteryequalizer[J].Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition Proceedings, 1993, 8: 221～227.
[97] Moore S W,Schneider P J. A review of cell equalization methods for lithium ion and lithium polymer battery systems[J]. SAE Technical Paper Series, 2001: 1～5
[98] Pan Shangzhi,Qian Zhaoming,Lei Na,et al.A novel average modelfor unified forward and DC-DC converter[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2001,21(6): 58～62(in Chinese).
[99] FRIDTJOV O. Role of the man-machine interface in accident management strategies [J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2001, 209: 201～210
[100] ROMERO G, MAROTO J, FELEZ J, et al.Virtual reality applied to a full simulator of electrical sub-stations[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2008, 78: 409～41
[101] LIN Meng, YUN Su, HU Rui, et al. Development of a thermal-hydraulic system code for simulators based on RELAP5 code[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2005, 235: 675～68
[102] YANG Lei, DAI Yu, ZHANG Bin, GAO Yan. A Service Design Oriented Web Services Composite Platform[J]. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 2006,11(1): 160～164
[103]杨文珍,高曙明,万华根,等.基于物理的虚拟手抓持力觉生成和反馈.计算机学报,2005,28(6):959～964
[104]王天柱,李文辉,王伟,等.基于组件的虚拟手建模及碰撞检测.吉林大学学报(理学版),2006,44(4):599～605
[105]羊裔高.三维实时虚拟技术的发展与应用研讨.成都信息工程学院学报,2006,21(2):165～168
[106] Coors V,Jasnoch U, Jung V. Using virtual table as an interaction platform for collaborative urban planning[J]. Computer and Graphics, 1999, 23: 487～496
[107] Losa A, Cervelle B. 3D topological modeling and visualization for 3D GIS[J]. Computer and Graphics, 1999, 23: 469～478
[108] Rick G, Gert V M, Edward V, et al. A multi-view VR interface for 3D GIS[J]. Computers and Graphics, 1999, 23: 497～506.
[109] Smola A J, Scholkopf B. A tutorial on support vector regression. Neuro COLT Tech. Rep. TR 1998-030, Royal Holloway College, London, U.K, 1998: 25～40
[110]魏迎梅,王涌,吴泉源,等.虚拟手术仿真中碰撞检测问题的研究.系统仿真学报,2000,12(5):572～575
[111]张文龙,贺申.虚拟现实与数据手套的研究.常州工学院学报,2005,18(5):26～31
[112] Ai Tinghua. A Topological Relation Description for Spatial Objects with Uncertainty Boundaries. In.Proc.of SIST'98, 1998: 394～398
[113] Goodchild, Michael F. Geomatics and Geographic Information Science: Transcentury Directions and Applications. The Proceeding of RS, GPS, GIS, Their Integration and Applications. Wuhan: Technical University of Sureying and Mapping Press, 1998: 304～302
[114] Clementine, Eliseo and Felice, PaolinoDi. Topological Invariants for Lines. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1998, 10 (1): 38～54
[115] Coors V, Jasnoch U, Jung V. Using virtual table as an interactionplatform for collaborative urban planning[J]. Computer and Graphics, 1999, 23: 487～496
[116] LosaA, Cervelle B. 3D topological modeling and visualization for 3DGIS[J]. Computer and Graphics, 1999, 23: 469～478
[117] Rick G, Gert V M, Edward V, et al. A multi-viewVR interface for 3D GIS[J]. Computers and Graphics, 1999, 23: 497～506
[118]李宁,彭晓源,马继峰,冯勤.虚拟作战战场环境的研究与实现.系统仿真学报,2003,15(7):969～972
[119]苏建明,张续红,胡庆夕.展望虚拟现实技术.计算机仿真,2004,2l(1):18～21
[120]李琪,白英彩,曾芬芳.一个虚拟手原型的实现.上海交通大学学报,1999,33(11):378～380
[121]焦圣品,白英彩,曾芬芳.虚拟现实中手的建模[J].上海交通大学学报,1998,32(10):134～136.
[122] Frank AU. The national Center far Geographic Information and Analysis in the U.S.A, FIG XIX, 1990: 50～64
[123] Szeliski R. Video mosaics for virtual environments. IEEE Computer Graphics andApplications, 1996: 22～30
[124] Kanade T, Rander P Virtualized reality: constructing virtual worlds from real scenes. IEEE MultiMedia, 1997, 4(1): 34～47
[125] Overbye TJ. Visualizingthe electric grid for power management and marketing[J]. Electric & Light Power, 2002, 10: 24～27
[126] Tang longjun, Qiu jiaju. A transmission line management systembased on three-dimension geographic information system[J]. Power SystemTechnology, 2003, 27(10): 43～47(inChinese)
[127]潘云鹤.计算机图形学一原理,方法及应用.第1版.北京:高等教育出版社,2001:76～95
[128] Gupta, Pankaj, Lin, S, Mckeown, N. Routing lookups in hardware at memory access speeds. In:Akyildiz, I.F, ed. Proccedings of the IEEE INFOCOM.San Fransisco: IEEE Computer Socitty, 1998. 1240～1247
[129]李志华,钟毅芳.虚拟手模型及其抓取技术.小型微型计算机系统,2003,24(6):1071～1074
[130]廖卫列,刘军,于海玉.基于地理信息系统的配电网络拓扑分析及其应用[J].电网技术,2006,30(1):85～88
[131]吴文传,张伯明.基于图形数据库的网络拓扑及其应用[J].电网技术,2002,26(2):14～17
[132]刘宇,齐昕,朱仲英,等.基于GIS的配电网调度可视化研究[J].计算机工程,2000,26(2):30～31
[133] VON DOLLEN D. IntelliGrid: enabling the power deliverysystem of the future Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Power-Line Communications: ISPLC2005, April 6-8, 2005, Vancourer, Canada
[134] WANG Chengshan, WANG Shouxiang. Study on some key problems related to distributed generation systems. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2008, 32(20): 1～5
[135] LU Zongxiang, WANG Caixia, MIN Yong, et al. Overviewon micro-grid research. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2007, 31(19): 100～107
[136] USA Electricity Advisory Committee, Keeping the Lights on in the New World[R], 2009
[137] U.S. Electricity Advisory Committee, Bottling Electricity: Storageas a Strategic Tool for Managing Variability and Capacity Concerns in the Modern Grid[R] , 2009.1
[138] U. S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory. Financial assistance funding opportunity announcement [R], 2009.3. CFDA Number: 81. 122
[139]石教英.虚拟现实基础及实用算法.第l版.北京:科学出版社,2002:4106～4108
[140] M. Amin, " National infrastructures as complex interactive networks" in Automation, Control, and Complexity: An Integrated Approach, T.Samad and J. Weyrauch, Eds. New York: Wiley. ch.14, 2000: 263～286
[141]唐陇军,邱家驹.基于三维地理信息系统的输电线路管理系统[J].电网技术,2003,27(10):43～47
[142]刘娆,李卫东,吕阳,等.电力系统运行状态可视化技术综述[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(8):92～99
[143]蓝朝桢,周杨,徐青.数字城市三维景观Web发布系统模型的设计与实现[J].测绘学院学报,2003,20(3):190～197
[144] Overbye T J, Weber J. Visualizing the Electric Grid .IEEE Spectrum, 2001: 52～58
[145]周杨,谭兵,徐青.基于三维地形图的空间分析算法[J].测绘学院学报,2001,18(1):39～43
[146]朱庆.三维动态交互式可视化模型-地理信息系统中的三维表示和分析[J].武汉测绘大学学报,1998,23(2):124～127
[147] Jun Zhu. Web Services Provide the Power to Integrate. IEEE power & energymagazine, 2003, 1(6): 40～49
[148] Mustafa Adacal, Ayse B.Bener. Mobile Web Services: A New Agent-Based Framewok. IEEE Internet Computing, 2006, 10(3): 58～65
[149] Huhns, M.N. Agents as Web services. IEEE Internet Computing, 2002, 6(4): 93～95
[150] Dang, J.Huhns, M.N. Concurrent Multiple-Issue Negotiation for Internet-Based Services. IEEE Internet Computing, 2006, 10(6): 42～49
[151] Bianchi, A.Caivano, D.Marengo, et al. Iterative reengineering of legacysystems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2003, 29(3): 225～241
[152] Maamar Z. Mostefaoui, S.K.Yahyaoui. Towar an agent-based and context-oriented approach for Web services composition. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2005, 17(5): 686～697
[153] Berger, M.Bouzid, M.Buckland, et al. An approach to agent-based service composition and its application to mobile business processes. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2003, 2(3): 197～206
[154] Milanovic, N.Malek, M. Current solutions for Web service composition. IEEE Internet Computiing, 2004, 8(6): 51～59
[155] Danilo Ardagna, Barbara Pernici. Adaptive Service Composition in Flexible Processes. IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, 2007, 33(6): 369～384
[156] EPRI. Technical and system requirements of advanceddistribution automation, 1010915 [R]. Palo Alto, CA, USA:EPRI, 2004
[157]郭创新,单业才,曹一家,等.基于多智能体技术的电力企业开放信息集成体系结构研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(4):64～70
[158] Qing Zhao, Garng Huang, Xiaowei Wu et al. A software Architecture for Power Market Supporting System and Reengineering of Legacy EMS. IEEE Trans on Power System, 2003, 18(1): 191～197
[159]赖晓平,周鸿兴.电力系统网络拓扑分析的有色Petri网模型[J].电网技术,2000,24(12):5～10
[160]邱家驹,钱源平,刘艳.信息系统的电力系统静态安全分析可视化方法中国电机工程学报,1999,19(5):62～66
[161]陈玮,罗毅,涂光瑜,等.动态监视下电力系统状态的可视化电力系统自动化,2004,28(8):68～71
[162]刘烧,李卫东,吕阳.电力系统运行状态可视化技术综述电力系统自动化,2004,28(8):92～99
[163]邹湘军,孙健等.虚拟现实技术的演变发展与展望[J].系统仿真学报,2004,16(9):1905～1909
[164]姜学智,李忠华.国内外虚拟现实技术的研究现状[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,23(2):238～240
[165]曾芬芳,梁柏林,刘镇等.基于数据手套的人机交互环境设计.中国图像图形学报,2005,5(2):153～157
[166] McCormick B H, DcFanti T A, Brown M D, et al. Visualization in Scientific Computing, 1989, 22 (8): 12～25
[167] Goodchild M F, I am N S. Areal interpolation, a variant of the traditional spatial problem[J]. Geo-processing, 1980, (1): 197～312
[168] Ying Xiao, Shiming Tian, Qincheng Yuan, Xinyu Zhang. An Approach to the Integration of GIS and DMS. Power System Technology, 1998. Proceedings. POWERCON’98. 1998 International Conference, Vol1. 18-21 Aug 1998: 297～301
[169] Titti Saksornchai, Wei-Jen Lee, Kittipong Methaprayoon, et al. Improve the Unit Commitment Schedulingby Using the Neural-Network-Based Short-Term Load Forecasting. IEEE Trans.Industry applications, 2005, 4(1): 169～179
[170]林清滢.基于UDDI的语义Web服务发现研究.计算机工程与设计,2006,27(12):2215～2237
[171]李强,周京阳,于尔铿,等.基于混合量测的电力系统状态估计混合算法.电力系统自动化,2005,29(19):31～35
[172]郑剑平,钟义信,周长浩.CORBA及其应用问题分析.通信学报,1999,20(10):42～48
[173]汪芸,谢俊清,沈卓炜.实时ORBUS系统的设计和实现.小型微型计算机系统,2005,26(1):69～73
[174] Yingwei Luo, Xiaolin Wang, Zhuoqun Xu. Design and Implementation of Map Visualization Objects in Component-based WebGIS[C]. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, 2002: 95～102
[175]肖书成,王康,唐学文.基于Mobile Agent的入侵检测系统的研究.计算机工程与设计,2005,26(3):688～690
[176]刘俊甫.Web服务安全性的研究与实现.湖南大学硕士学位论文,2006
[177] Tian Qiu, Lei Li, Pin Lin. Web Service Discovery with UDDI Based on Semantic Similarity of Service Properties[C]. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid, 2007: 454～457
[178] Zhongshi Tang, Zhe Xie, Hongrui Zhao, Su Zhang. Web Services Based GIS Model Sharing Seivice[C]. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2006: 1598～1601
[179] DeFanti T A, Brown M D, McCormick B H. Visualization: expanding scientific and engineering research opportunities. IEEE Computer, 1989, 22(8): 12～25
[2]陈兆庆,杨宗麟.我国“十一五”电力市场需求预测需考虑的问题.华东电力,2006,30(5):23～24
[3]唐平雅.电力需求预测方法和能源需求预测模型探讨.中国电力,2000,33(4):32～34
[4] Overbye T J, Wiegmann D A, Rich A M, et al. Human Factors Analysis of Power System Visualizations[C]. Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2001:647～652
[5] N.Ahmed, H.J.Miller. Time-Space Transformations of Geographic Space for Exploring, Analyzing, and Visualizing Transportation Systems. J. Transport Geography, Vol 15, 2007, 2～17
[6]牛东晓,曹树华,赵磊,等.电力负荷预测技术及其应用.北京:中国电力出版社,1998:15～30
[7]史忠植.知识发现.北京:清华大学出版社,2002,1:2～15
[8]刘芳.基于数据挖掘的电网数据智能分析的研究与实现.西北大学硕士学位论文,2008
[9] Qu Zhaoyang, Meng Ji, Yuan Wenjie. Preprocessing of online analysis in power grid based on state estimation optimized by PCA. International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, 2008: 492-495
[10]刘楠,王宇奇.我国电力需求的影响因素分析.黑龙江省哈尔滨市:科技与管理,2004,6:9～11
[11]秦寿康.综合评价原理与应用.电子工业出版社,2003,6:23～44
[12] Wu Z H, Yang X G, Li Z Z. The research of some key technologies on the application of WebGIS in ITS. IEEE Proceedings: IntelligentTransportation Systems, Vol 1, 12～15 Oct. 2003: 487～491
[13]李春祥.基于知识发现的电力需求复合预测研究.华北电力大学(河北)博士学位论文,2009
[14] Guangru Li, Jingfeng Hu, Hongbin Gao. The Architecture Design of WebGIS Based on Multi-agent[C]. Proceedings of Intelligent Transportion System Conference, 2006: 921～926
[15] Hongbin Zhang. Research on Knowledge Sharing Mechanism Based on Web2.0[C]. Proceedings of Future Information Technology and Management Engineering, 2008: 210～213
[16]邓苏,张维明,黄宏斌.信息系统集成技术(第2版).北京:电子工业出版社,2004
[17]王成山,王守相.分布式发电供能系统若干问题研究.电力系统自动化,2008,32(20):1～5
[18] Qu Zhaoyang, Zheng Qun. The design and realization of ajax worm detectable system. Proceedings of 2008 3rd International Conference on Intelligent System and Knowledge Engineering, 2008: 1343-1346
[19]鲁宗相,王彩霞,闵勇,等.微电网研究综述.电力系统自动化,2007,31(19):100～107
[20]谢宏,程浩忠,张国立,等.基于粗糙集理论建立短期电力负荷神经网络预测模型.中国电机工程学报,2003,23(11):1～4
[21]王成山,王守相.分布式发电供能系统若干问题研究.电力系统自动化,2008,32(20):1～5
[22] Yingwei Luo, Xinpeng Liu, Xiaolin Wang, Zhuoqun Xun. XML-based Communication Protocols for WebGIS[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Networks and Mobile Computing, 2003: 454～489
[23] Xiaoling Liu. An Investigation on Service-oriented Architecture for Constructing Distributed Web GIS Application[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Serivce Computing, Vol.1, 2005: 191～197
[24] Qu Zhaoyang, Xin Zhong. The tactics generating of intelligent character based on the adaptive rule base of dynamic script. 2009 WRI International Conference on Communications and Mobile Computing, 2009: 610-614
[25]高宗和,戴则梅,翟明玉,等.基于统一支撑平台的EMS与WAMS集成方案.电力系统自动化,2006,30(16):41～45
[26]邓宏贵,罗安,曹建.电力负荷预估的神经网络正则化及其应用.小型微型计算机系统,2006,27(8):1495～1597
[27] P.M.Mahadev, R.D.Christie. Minimizing User Interaction in Energy Management Systems:Task Adaptive Visualization. IEEE Transaction on power systems, Vol.11, 1996: 1445~1450
[28]孙璐.沉浸式虚拟环境及其在变电站仿真中的应用.南京理工大学硕士学位论文,2007
[29] OVERBYE T J, WEBER J D. Visualizing the electric grid . IEEE Spectrum, 38(2), 2001: 52～58
[30] Weber J D, Overbye T J. Voltage contours for power system visualization. IEEE Trans on Power Systems. 15(1), 2000: 404～409
[31]邰能灵,侯志俭.小波模糊神经网络在电力系统中短期负荷预测中的应用.中国电机工程学报,2004,24(1):24～29
[32] Qu Zhaoyang, Huang Chunfeng, Liu Ningning. A novel two-step traceback scheme for DDoS attacks. 2008 2nd International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application, 2008: 879-883
[33] Chengling Zhao, Feng Wang, Weibing Zheng, Zhiying Liu, Haimei Li. The Research and Design of Personal Knowledge Management Model Based on Web2.0[C]. Proceeding of International Symposium on Knowledge Acquistion and Modeling, 2008: 89～92
[34]陈德军,胡华成,周祖德.基于径向基函数的混合神经网络模型研究.武汉理工大学学报,2007,29(2):122～125
[35]姚李孝,姚金雄,李宝庆,等.基于竞争分类的神经网络短期电力负荷预测.电网技术,2004,28(10):45～48
[36] JALEELI N, VANSLYCK L S, EWARTD et al. Understanding Automatic Generation Control. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 1992,73, 7(3): 1106～1122
[37] Weber J D, Overbye T J. Voltage contours for power system visualization. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 2000, 151, 15(1): 404～409
[38] Bagan Hasi, Ma Jianwen, Li Qiqing, et al. Self-organizing feature map neural network classification of the ASTER data based on wavelet fusion[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2004, 47 (7): 567～570
[39]童鑫,李军义.面向SOA的企业服务总线研究与实现.计算机应用,2008,28(3):819～822
[40] E. Handschin, C.Leder. Innovative visualization of the power system state for predictive process control[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2001,83, (5～6)
[41] M. Linders, G. Krost. Advanced visualization for power system operation[J]. Electrical Engineering, 2001,83, (5～6)
[42] Sun Y, Overbye T J. Visualizations for power system contingency analysis data [J]. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 2004, 19 (4): 1859～1866
[43] Rodgers, Ulka. Oracle:a database developers guide. Englewood Cliffs, N.J:Yourdon Press, 1991: 38～96
[44] Chun-Xiang Li,Dong-Xiao Niu,Ming Meng.Using wavelet transform to improve generalization ability of neural network in next day load curve forecasting.Proceedings of 2007 ICMLC, 2008, 3: 1526～1531
[45] Higgs, M.A. Electrical SCADA systems from the operators perspective[J]. Condition Monitoring for Rail Transport Systems (Ref. No. 1998/501) IEE Seminar, 1998, 11: 31～34
[46] Qu Zhaoyang, Yang Wei. The design of an active VoIP security defense model based on dynamic self-adaptive diffluence. 2009 International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, 2009: 657-660
[47] Yan Sun, Thomas J. Overbye. Visualizations for Power System Contingency Analysis Data[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, 2004, 19(4): 1859～1866
[48] JamesD.Weber, ThomasJ.Overbye. Voltage Contours for Power Svstem Visualization[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, 2000, 15(1): 404～409
[49] Higgs, M.A. Electrical SCADA systems from the operators perspective[J]. Condition Monitoring for Rail Transport Systems (Ref. No. 1998/501) IEEE Seminar, 1998, 11: 31～34
[50] JAVIER C, ARCURO L, MARIO R. Simulation of Evaluation of Optimization Problem Solutions in Distributed Energy Management Systems. IEEE Trans on Power Systems, 2002, 17(1): 57～62
[51] KORRES G N, CONTAXIS G C. Application of a Reduced Model to a Distributed State Estimator[C]. In: Proceedings of 2000 IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol2, 2000: 999～1004
[52] Psaila, G. Virtual DOM: An Efficient Virtual Memory Representation for Large XML Documents[J]. Database and Expert Systems Application, 2008, 9: 233～237
[53] Madhusudhan, Govindaraju. Benchmarking XML Processors for Applications in Grid Web Services[J] . Supercomputing, 2006(6): 30～31
[54]董泰福,文福拴,廖志伟.可缩放矢量图形技术在电力系统故障诊断软件包中的应用[J].华北电力大学学报,2007,7(2):45～47
[55]吴在军,胡敏强.基于IEC 61850标准的变电站自动化系统研究[J].电网技术,2003,10:55～58
[56]童鑫.基于SOA的企业服务总线研究与实现.湖南大学硕士学位论文,2008
[57]胡继芳,王宁.IEC 61970与新一代EMS数据库管理系统[J].电力系统自动化,2000,24(24):25～27
[58]贾春华等.可视化技术及研究方向[J].计算机工程,1997(6):114～116
[59]陈跃国,王京春.数据集成综述[J].计算机科学,2006(5):48～51
[60] Friedman, M. The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance. J. Am. Stat. Assoc, 1937, 32: 675~701 .
[61] Overbye T J, KlumpRP, Weber J D. A Virtual Environment for Interactive Visualization of Power Svstem Economic and Security Information. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 1999: 846～851
[62]高旻,吴中福,李季,等.SOA中基于EPN的动态服务组合模型.计算机工程, 2008,34(18):42～44
[63] S.K.Card, J.D.Mackinlay, B.Shneiderman. Readings in Information Visualization, Using Vision to Think. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999
[64] D.Forrester, S.G.Kobourov, A.Navabi, et al. Graphael:A System for Generalized Force-Directed Layouts. Proc.12th Int‘l Symp. Graph Drawing, 2004: 454～464
[65] Xiaojun Tan, Mu Zhou, Xiang Zuo, Yuyong Cui. Integration WebGIS with Ajax and XML Based on Google Maps[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Networks and Intelligent Systems, 2008: 376～379
[66]张伟明,罗军勇,王清贤.网络拓扑可视化研究综述[J].计算机应用研究,2008,25(6):1607～1609
[67]颜伟,黄淼,徐郑,等.配电网无功优化软件中数据管理引擎的设计与实现[J].电气应用,2006,25(2):11～15
[68]张海梁,袁荣湘,孙婉胜.基于可视化组件技术的SCADA图形子系统开发[J].计算机应用,2006,3:57～59
[69] Thomas J Overbye, etc. New Methods for the Visualization of Electric Power System Information .IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2000: 131～136
[70] AREVA T&D Energy Management Systems. http://www.areva-td.com. 2008
[71] P.M.Mahadev, Richard D. Christie. Envisioning Power System Data:Vulnerability and Severity Representations for Static Security Assessment. IEEE Transactions on Power System, 1994, Vol.9 (No.4)
[72]丁月华,杨敏,文贵华,等.基于XML的异构数据源集成与交换的实现[J].计算机应用与软件,2006,23(10):134～143
[73]周杭霞,夏荣钊,何利力.基于XML数据安全交换的方法[J].计算机应用研究, 2006(4):32～36
[74]王雷,王力.基于手势的交互式虚拟环境.计算机工程与应用,2002,22:88～90
[75]王文涛,李世其,熊友军.面向对象的虚拟手技术研究及实现.计算机工程与科学,2006,28(2):45～47
[76] Overbye T J, Weber J D. Visualization of Power System Data[C]. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2000: 1228～1234
[77] Overbye T J, Weber J D, Pattern K J. Analysis and Visualization of Market Power in Electric Power Systems[C]. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. 1999
[78] C.Erten,S.G. Kobourov,V.Le, A.Navabi. Simultaneous Graph Drawings: Layout Algorithms and Visualization Schemes. J. Graph Algorithms and Applications, 2005, Vol.9 (NO.1): 165～182
[79]华宏,王涌天,常虹.连续超声波位置跟踪器的设计原理及其在虚拟现实系统中的应用实现.电子学报,1999,27(12):98～101
[80]熊春山,王敏,彭刚,等.虚拟现实系统头盔与数据手套的三维精确定向与定位系统与设计.仪表技术与传感器,2000,4:35～44
[81]吴婷婷,王林泉.手势合成的建模方法.微处理机,2005,6:47～49
[82]王香云,王秀明.基于面向对象技术的变电站多媒体视景仿真培训系统.电力学报,2005,20(4):375～377
[83]董勤伟.变电运行仿真培训系统开发方向探讨.电力设备,2006,7(2):50～52
[84]华宏,王涌天,郭向前.超声波六自由度跟踪器设计原理及误差模型研究.自动化学报,2000,26(6):840～844
[85] Qu Zhaoyang, Yan Jia. The design of the network security model of active defense. 2008 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2008: 133~137
[86] Thomas J Overbye, etc. New Methods for the Visualization of Electric Power System Information. IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 2000: 131～136
[87] Common Information Model(CIM) Base Revision 6. IEC TC57,IEC61970-301, 2000
[88] Michael J McCullagh, and Charles G. Ross. Delaunay triangulation of a random data set for isarithmic mapping. The Cartographic Journal, 1980, 17 (2): 93～99
[89] Larry Clarke. Integrating GIS with High Performance SCADA[C]. Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting. 2001 IEEE, Volume 2: 844~849
[90] OverbyeTJ. Visualizing the electric grid for power management and marketing[J]. Electric&Light Power, 2002, 10: 24～27
[91]高龙琴,王爱民,黄惟一,等.基于18一传感器数据手套手部交互模型的建立.传感技术学报,2007,20(3):523～527
[92]陈宏,曹健,梁星.分布异构环境下的数据集成方法及应用[J].计算机工程,2005,31:45～47
[93]张翔,高孝洪.基于微机平台仿真培训系统的研究.武汉交通科技大学学报,1999,23(2):131～134
[94] Chen Jianer, Wang Guo-Jun, Chen Song-Qiao. Locally sub—cube-connected hypercubenetworks: Theoretical analysis andexperimental results. IEEE Transactions on Com puters, 2002, 5I(5): 530～540
[95] Ayhan, S. Implementing geospatially enabled aviation web services[J]. Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference, IEEE, 2008(5): 1～8
[96] ZhangZ,Cuk S.A highefficiency1.8 kW batteryequalizer[J].Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition Proceedings, 1993, 8: 221～227.
[97] Moore S W,Schneider P J. A review of cell equalization methods for lithium ion and lithium polymer battery systems[J]. SAE Technical Paper Series, 2001: 1～5
[98] Pan Shangzhi,Qian Zhaoming,Lei Na,et al.A novel average modelfor unified forward and DC-DC converter[J]. Proceedings of the CSEE,2001,21(6): 58～62(in Chinese).
[99] FRIDTJOV O. Role of the man-machine interface in accident management strategies [J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2001, 209: 201～210
[100] ROMERO G, MAROTO J, FELEZ J, et al.Virtual reality applied to a full simulator of electrical sub-stations[J]. Electric Power Systems Research, 2008, 78: 409～41
[101] LIN Meng, YUN Su, HU Rui, et al. Development of a thermal-hydraulic system code for simulators based on RELAP5 code[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2005, 235: 675～68
[102] YANG Lei, DAI Yu, ZHANG Bin, GAO Yan. A Service Design Oriented Web Services Composite Platform[J]. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 2006,11(1): 160～164
[103]杨文珍,高曙明,万华根,等.基于物理的虚拟手抓持力觉生成和反馈.计算机学报,2005,28(6):959～964
[104]王天柱,李文辉,王伟,等.基于组件的虚拟手建模及碰撞检测.吉林大学学报(理学版),2006,44(4):599～605
[105]羊裔高.三维实时虚拟技术的发展与应用研讨.成都信息工程学院学报,2006,21(2):165～168
[106] Coors V,Jasnoch U, Jung V. Using virtual table as an interaction platform for collaborative urban planning[J]. Computer and Graphics, 1999, 23: 487～496
[107] Losa A, Cervelle B. 3D topological modeling and visualization for 3D GIS[J]. Computer and Graphics, 1999, 23: 469～478
[108] Rick G, Gert V M, Edward V, et al. A multi-view VR interface for 3D GIS[J]. Computers and Graphics, 1999, 23: 497～506.
[109] Smola A J, Scholkopf B. A tutorial on support vector regression. Neuro COLT Tech. Rep. TR 1998-030, Royal Holloway College, London, U.K, 1998: 25～40
[110]魏迎梅,王涌,吴泉源,等.虚拟手术仿真中碰撞检测问题的研究.系统仿真学报,2000,12(5):572～575
[111]张文龙,贺申.虚拟现实与数据手套的研究.常州工学院学报,2005,18(5):26～31
[112] Ai Tinghua. A Topological Relation Description for Spatial Objects with Uncertainty Boundaries. In.Proc.of SIST'98, 1998: 394～398
[113] Goodchild, Michael F. Geomatics and Geographic Information Science: Transcentury Directions and Applications. The Proceeding of RS, GPS, GIS, Their Integration and Applications. Wuhan: Technical University of Sureying and Mapping Press, 1998: 304～302
[114] Clementine, Eliseo and Felice, PaolinoDi. Topological Invariants for Lines. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1998, 10 (1): 38～54
[115] Coors V, Jasnoch U, Jung V. Using virtual table as an interactionplatform for collaborative urban planning[J]. Computer and Graphics, 1999, 23: 487～496
[116] LosaA, Cervelle B. 3D topological modeling and visualization for 3DGIS[J]. Computer and Graphics, 1999, 23: 469～478
[117] Rick G, Gert V M, Edward V, et al. A multi-viewVR interface for 3D GIS[J]. Computers and Graphics, 1999, 23: 497～506
[118]李宁,彭晓源,马继峰,冯勤.虚拟作战战场环境的研究与实现.系统仿真学报,2003,15(7):969～972
[119]苏建明,张续红,胡庆夕.展望虚拟现实技术.计算机仿真,2004,2l(1):18～21
[120]李琪,白英彩,曾芬芳.一个虚拟手原型的实现.上海交通大学学报,1999,33(11):378～380
[121]焦圣品,白英彩,曾芬芳.虚拟现实中手的建模[J].上海交通大学学报,1998,32(10):134～136.
[122] Frank AU. The national Center far Geographic Information and Analysis in the U.S.A, FIG XIX, 1990: 50～64
[123] Szeliski R. Video mosaics for virtual environments. IEEE Computer Graphics andApplications, 1996: 22～30
[124] Kanade T, Rander P Virtualized reality: constructing virtual worlds from real scenes. IEEE MultiMedia, 1997, 4(1): 34～47
[125] Overbye TJ. Visualizingthe electric grid for power management and marketing[J]. Electric & Light Power, 2002, 10: 24～27
[126] Tang longjun, Qiu jiaju. A transmission line management systembased on three-dimension geographic information system[J]. Power SystemTechnology, 2003, 27(10): 43～47(inChinese)
[127]潘云鹤.计算机图形学一原理,方法及应用.第1版.北京:高等教育出版社,2001:76～95
[128] Gupta, Pankaj, Lin, S, Mckeown, N. Routing lookups in hardware at memory access speeds. In:Akyildiz, I.F, ed. Proccedings of the IEEE INFOCOM.San Fransisco: IEEE Computer Socitty, 1998. 1240～1247
[129]李志华,钟毅芳.虚拟手模型及其抓取技术.小型微型计算机系统,2003,24(6):1071～1074
[130]廖卫列,刘军,于海玉.基于地理信息系统的配电网络拓扑分析及其应用[J].电网技术,2006,30(1):85～88
[131]吴文传,张伯明.基于图形数据库的网络拓扑及其应用[J].电网技术,2002,26(2):14～17
[132]刘宇,齐昕,朱仲英,等.基于GIS的配电网调度可视化研究[J].计算机工程,2000,26(2):30～31
[133] VON DOLLEN D. IntelliGrid: enabling the power deliverysystem of the future Proceedings of 9th International Symposium on Power-Line Communications: ISPLC2005, April 6-8, 2005, Vancourer, Canada
[134] WANG Chengshan, WANG Shouxiang. Study on some key problems related to distributed generation systems. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2008, 32(20): 1～5
[135] LU Zongxiang, WANG Caixia, MIN Yong, et al. Overviewon micro-grid research. Automation of Electric Power Systems, 2007, 31(19): 100～107
[136] USA Electricity Advisory Committee, Keeping the Lights on in the New World[R], 2009
[137] U.S. Electricity Advisory Committee, Bottling Electricity: Storageas a Strategic Tool for Managing Variability and Capacity Concerns in the Modern Grid[R] , 2009.1
[138] U. S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory. Financial assistance funding opportunity announcement [R], 2009.3. CFDA Number: 81. 122
[139]石教英.虚拟现实基础及实用算法.第l版.北京:科学出版社,2002:4106～4108
[140] M. Amin, " National infrastructures as complex interactive networks" in Automation, Control, and Complexity: An Integrated Approach, T.Samad and J. Weyrauch, Eds. New York: Wiley. ch.14, 2000: 263～286
[141]唐陇军,邱家驹.基于三维地理信息系统的输电线路管理系统[J].电网技术,2003,27(10):43～47
[142]刘娆,李卫东,吕阳,等.电力系统运行状态可视化技术综述[J].电力系统自动化,2004,28(8):92～99
[143]蓝朝桢,周杨,徐青.数字城市三维景观Web发布系统模型的设计与实现[J].测绘学院学报,2003,20(3):190～197
[144] Overbye T J, Weber J. Visualizing the Electric Grid .IEEE Spectrum, 2001: 52～58
[145]周杨,谭兵,徐青.基于三维地形图的空间分析算法[J].测绘学院学报,2001,18(1):39～43
[146]朱庆.三维动态交互式可视化模型-地理信息系统中的三维表示和分析[J].武汉测绘大学学报,1998,23(2):124～127
[147] Jun Zhu. Web Services Provide the Power to Integrate. IEEE power & energymagazine, 2003, 1(6): 40～49
[148] Mustafa Adacal, Ayse B.Bener. Mobile Web Services: A New Agent-Based Framewok. IEEE Internet Computing, 2006, 10(3): 58～65
[149] Huhns, M.N. Agents as Web services. IEEE Internet Computing, 2002, 6(4): 93～95
[150] Dang, J.Huhns, M.N. Concurrent Multiple-Issue Negotiation for Internet-Based Services. IEEE Internet Computing, 2006, 10(6): 42～49
[151] Bianchi, A.Caivano, D.Marengo, et al. Iterative reengineering of legacysystems. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 2003, 29(3): 225～241
[152] Maamar Z. Mostefaoui, S.K.Yahyaoui. Towar an agent-based and context-oriented approach for Web services composition. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2005, 17(5): 686～697
[153] Berger, M.Bouzid, M.Buckland, et al. An approach to agent-based service composition and its application to mobile business processes. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 2003, 2(3): 197～206
[154] Milanovic, N.Malek, M. Current solutions for Web service composition. IEEE Internet Computiing, 2004, 8(6): 51～59
[155] Danilo Ardagna, Barbara Pernici. Adaptive Service Composition in Flexible Processes. IEEE Transaction on Software Engineering, 2007, 33(6): 369～384
[156] EPRI. Technical and system requirements of advanceddistribution automation, 1010915 [R]. Palo Alto, CA, USA:EPRI, 2004
[157]郭创新,单业才,曹一家,等.基于多智能体技术的电力企业开放信息集成体系结构研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(4):64～70
[158] Qing Zhao, Garng Huang, Xiaowei Wu et al. A software Architecture for Power Market Supporting System and Reengineering of Legacy EMS. IEEE Trans on Power System, 2003, 18(1): 191～197
[159]赖晓平,周鸿兴.电力系统网络拓扑分析的有色Petri网模型[J].电网技术,2000,24(12):5～10
[160]邱家驹,钱源平,刘艳.信息系统的电力系统静态安全分析可视化方法中国电机工程学报,1999,19(5):62～66
[161]陈玮,罗毅,涂光瑜,等.动态监视下电力系统状态的可视化电力系统自动化,2004,28(8):68～71
[162]刘烧,李卫东,吕阳.电力系统运行状态可视化技术综述电力系统自动化,2004,28(8):92～99
[163]邹湘军,孙健等.虚拟现实技术的演变发展与展望[J].系统仿真学报,2004,16(9):1905～1909
[164]姜学智,李忠华.国内外虚拟现实技术的研究现状[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2004,23(2):238～240
[165]曾芬芳,梁柏林,刘镇等.基于数据手套的人机交互环境设计.中国图像图形学报,2005,5(2):153～157
[166] McCormick B H, DcFanti T A, Brown M D, et al. Visualization in Scientific Computing, 1989, 22 (8): 12～25
[167] Goodchild M F, I am N S. Areal interpolation, a variant of the traditional spatial problem[J]. Geo-processing, 1980, (1): 197～312
[168] Ying Xiao, Shiming Tian, Qincheng Yuan, Xinyu Zhang. An Approach to the Integration of GIS and DMS. Power System Technology, 1998. Proceedings. POWERCON’98. 1998 International Conference, Vol1. 18-21 Aug 1998: 297～301
[169] Titti Saksornchai, Wei-Jen Lee, Kittipong Methaprayoon, et al. Improve the Unit Commitment Schedulingby Using the Neural-Network-Based Short-Term Load Forecasting. IEEE Trans.Industry applications, 2005, 4(1): 169～179
[170]林清滢.基于UDDI的语义Web服务发现研究.计算机工程与设计,2006,27(12):2215～2237
[171]李强,周京阳,于尔铿,等.基于混合量测的电力系统状态估计混合算法.电力系统自动化,2005,29(19):31～35
[172]郑剑平,钟义信,周长浩.CORBA及其应用问题分析.通信学报,1999,20(10):42～48
[173]汪芸,谢俊清,沈卓炜.实时ORBUS系统的设计和实现.小型微型计算机系统,2005,26(1):69～73
[174] Yingwei Luo, Xiaolin Wang, Zhuoqun Xu. Design and Implementation of Map Visualization Objects in Component-based WebGIS[C]. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, 2002: 95～102
[175]肖书成,王康,唐学文.基于Mobile Agent的入侵检测系统的研究.计算机工程与设计,2005,26(3):688～690
[176]刘俊甫.Web服务安全性的研究与实现.湖南大学硕士学位论文,2006
[177] Tian Qiu, Lei Li, Pin Lin. Web Service Discovery with UDDI Based on Semantic Similarity of Service Properties[C]. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid, 2007: 454～457
[178] Zhongshi Tang, Zhe Xie, Hongrui Zhao, Su Zhang. Web Services Based GIS Model Sharing Seivice[C]. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2006: 1598～1601
[179] DeFanti T A, Brown M D, McCormick B H. Visualization: expanding scientific and engineering research opportunities. IEEE Computer, 1989, 22(8): 12～25