利用GIS技术获取GPS水准的新方法
摘要
现代空间技术的发展和应用彻底改变了空间测量数据采集的方法。GPS(全球定位系统)卫星定位技术利用人造地球卫星，确定地面点的空间位置。目前，地面点的平面位置确定精度已相当高，但高程精度始终未能达到水准测量的要求，因为将GPS大地高转化为水准正常高的拟合推估方法是将局部大地水准面视为数学曲面，常常与实际情况差异较大(特别在西部山区差异更大)。
大地水准面是空间测量数据外业采集所依据的参考基准面。确定全球、一个国家、一个地区的大地水准面的形状始终是测绘科学的一项核心内容，一直未能有快速、简洁、自动的解决方法。需要的天文测量、重力测量、大地测量等数据的密度无法满足其需要。
影响高原山区大地水准面起伏变化的主要原因是地形的剧烈变化，地形量和岩石密度分布的不均匀。而地形资料和岩石密度资料既充足又可靠，用它们来精化高原山区的大地水准面会获得良好的效果。
随着计算机技术的不断发展，计算速度越来越快。也使得地理信息系统(GIS)技术应用领域越来越广泛，MapObjects正是为了满足这种需要而开发出来的。并可以直接嵌人支持ActiveX的应用中，ActiveX对象具有特征和方法，可以通过对它们的编程来控制对象的外观、行为以及相互作用。
本文通过大量参考文献的综述分析，在前辈研究的基础上，主要研究我国西部山区(以云南高原山区为例)确定GPS水准的新方法，目的是为西部山区找到一种快速、实时、自动获取适合于工程测量、工程建设及工程领域科研的精度达到厘米级甚至毫米级的高程异常。在数字地形图和数字岩石密度分布图(有相当数量的数字图已建成)的基础上，利用GIS技术对数字化地形图的等高线和岩石密度数据进行提取，自动获取大量的分块高程数据和岩石密度数据，在此基础上，对格网的顶点采取等高线内插的方法提取出它们的高程，并计算出垂线偏差。
With the development and application of the modern spatial technology, the collecting method of spatial data is largely changed. GPS is the technology which use the satellite to measure the 3D coordination of spatial points. Now the 2D precision of spatial points is very great, but because by usual correlation fitting method we can transfer GPS ellipsoidal height into normal height of the local Geoid is considered as mathematical curve plane ,It is not conform the fact of mountainous districts so the precision of elevation is so small that it is not satisfied with the requirement of leveling.
Geoid is the reference datum of spatial data collection, so how to ascertain the Geoid, that of all over the world, that of one nation, or that of one zone, is always an nuclear task of surveying science but there is not the quick and automatic solution .The density of the required data of astronomical measurement, gravimeter survey and geodesic survey is not satisfied.
The main factors to influence the Geoid s rising and falling of the mountainous districts are the acute change of the landform and the asymmetry of the mass of landform and the density of rocks. But the data of them are ample so it will be effective to dive Geoid by them.
With the development of computer technology, the velocity of operation become quicker, at the same time, the application of the GIS technology become wider, Then MapObjects is developed and it may directly inverse the application of bearing ActiveX. In ActiveX objects there are properties and methods then we may program to control the appearance, action and interaction of objects by them.
In this paper, basing on many documents and the study of the former investigator, a new method of GPS leveling being directly confirmed will be discussed in order to explore a method to improve precision (which is centimeter or millimeter about the height anomaly) of the engineering surveying, engineering construction and engineering research in the west mountainous districts of China (for example YunNan province). The elevation of the contour line and the density of rock will be get from the digital maps (now there are many digital maps). Basing on it, we can get the elevation of grid by interpolation and calculate the vertical inclination.
大地水准面是空间测量数据外业采集所依据的参考基准面。确定全球、一个国家、一个地区的大地水准面的形状始终是测绘科学的一项核心内容，一直未能有快速、简洁、自动的解决方法。需要的天文测量、重力测量、大地测量等数据的密度无法满足其需要。
影响高原山区大地水准面起伏变化的主要原因是地形的剧烈变化，地形量和岩石密度分布的不均匀。而地形资料和岩石密度资料既充足又可靠，用它们来精化高原山区的大地水准面会获得良好的效果。
随着计算机技术的不断发展，计算速度越来越快。也使得地理信息系统(GIS)技术应用领域越来越广泛，MapObjects正是为了满足这种需要而开发出来的。并可以直接嵌人支持ActiveX的应用中，ActiveX对象具有特征和方法，可以通过对它们的编程来控制对象的外观、行为以及相互作用。
本文通过大量参考文献的综述分析，在前辈研究的基础上，主要研究我国西部山区(以云南高原山区为例)确定GPS水准的新方法，目的是为西部山区找到一种快速、实时、自动获取适合于工程测量、工程建设及工程领域科研的精度达到厘米级甚至毫米级的高程异常。在数字地形图和数字岩石密度分布图(有相当数量的数字图已建成)的基础上，利用GIS技术对数字化地形图的等高线和岩石密度数据进行提取，自动获取大量的分块高程数据和岩石密度数据，在此基础上，对格网的顶点采取等高线内插的方法提取出它们的高程，并计算出垂线偏差。
With the development and application of the modern spatial technology, the collecting method of spatial data is largely changed. GPS is the technology which use the satellite to measure the 3D coordination of spatial points. Now the 2D precision of spatial points is very great, but because by usual correlation fitting method we can transfer GPS ellipsoidal height into normal height of the local Geoid is considered as mathematical curve plane ,It is not conform the fact of mountainous districts so the precision of elevation is so small that it is not satisfied with the requirement of leveling.
Geoid is the reference datum of spatial data collection, so how to ascertain the Geoid, that of all over the world, that of one nation, or that of one zone, is always an nuclear task of surveying science but there is not the quick and automatic solution .The density of the required data of astronomical measurement, gravimeter survey and geodesic survey is not satisfied.
The main factors to influence the Geoid s rising and falling of the mountainous districts are the acute change of the landform and the asymmetry of the mass of landform and the density of rocks. But the data of them are ample so it will be effective to dive Geoid by them.
With the development of computer technology, the velocity of operation become quicker, at the same time, the application of the GIS technology become wider, Then MapObjects is developed and it may directly inverse the application of bearing ActiveX. In ActiveX objects there are properties and methods then we may program to control the appearance, action and interaction of objects by them.
In this paper, basing on many documents and the study of the former investigator, a new method of GPS leveling being directly confirmed will be discussed in order to explore a method to improve precision (which is centimeter or millimeter about the height anomaly) of the engineering surveying, engineering construction and engineering research in the west mountainous districts of China (for example YunNan province). The elevation of the contour line and the density of rock will be get from the digital maps (now there are many digital maps). Basing on it, we can get the elevation of grid by interpolation and calculate the vertical inclination.
引文
[1] 刘大杰，施一民等．全球定位系统(GPS)的原理与数据处理．同济大学出版社，1999
[2] 陶本藻．GPS水准似大地水准面拟合和正常高计算，测绘通报．1992，(4)：9-11
[3] 管泽霖，宁津生．地球形状与外部重力场．测绘出版社，1981
[4] 刘基余，李征航．全球定位系统原理及应用．北京：测绘出版社，1993．10
[5] Dru A. Smith and Dennis G. Milbert. The GEOID96 high resolution geoid height model for the United States. Journal of Geodesy·Vol.73,No.5.1999
[6] B. Hofmann-wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger. GPS von der Theorie zur Praxis. Mitteilungen der Geoda tischen Institut der Technischen Uni. Graz Folge 62, Graz.1988
[7] D. Wells. Guide to GPS Positioning, Canadian GPS Associates,1986
[8] 方源敏，聂卫东．提高山区GPS水准精度的方法．云南测绘，2000，(3，4)：35-37
[9] Shikun. The Advanced GIS and GPS Technologies to be used in the LangCang Basin Area of Yunnan Province of China.Proceedings of The 3rd ISPRS workshop on Dynamic and Multi-dimensional GIS Geoinformatics&I)MGIS'. 2001.5
[10] 王伟长．地理信息系统控件(Active X)—MapObjects培训教程
[11] 潘宝玉．论高精度GPS高程测量．测绘技术，1995，(5)：12-14
[12] 王解先，朱文耀：IGS’92GPS全球联测的分析处理．测绘通报，1994，(3)：20-30
[13] 熊介．椭球大地测量学．北京：解放军出版社，1998
[14] 施一民．适用于局部区域的独立网椭球的研究．解放军测绘学院学报，1994，(1)：25-281
[15] E. Frei, G. Beutler. Rapid static positioning based on the fast ambiguity resolution approach "FARA':theory and first result, manuscripta geodaetica, Springen Verlag,1990
[16] Shi kun. On the Mathematical Model for Movement and Drift of
Plates with GPS Techniques IAG Workshop on Monitoring of Constructions and Local Geodynamic Process. 2001.5
[17] D. Wells. Guide to GPS Positioning, Canadian GPS Associates,1986
[18] 胡明城，鲁福．现代大地测量学．北京：测绘出版社，1994．12
[19] 管泽霖，宁津生．地球重力场在工程测量中的应用．北京：测绘出版社，1994．12
[20] H．莫里斯．高等物理大地测量(中译本)．北京：测绘出版社，1984年12月
[21] 方俊．固体潮．科学出版社，1984
[22] P. Vanicek:PhysicalGeodesy, Univ. of New Brunswick,1976
[23] Moritz, H. Geodetic Referance system1980, Bull. Geod. 1980
[24] E. Groten, R. stauβ. Proceedings zum DVW-THD-technologie
[25] 卢仲连．大地重力学．中国人民解放军测绘学院，1984
[26] 方源敏、周洁清．地形均衡垂线偏差的数学模型和计算方法．昆明工学院学报，1992，17(1)：19-27
[27] 喻国荣．GPS在小区域内测定点位高程应用中的垂线偏差方法 四川测绘，1995，(3)：34-39
[28] 张赤军．精化山区大地水准面的一种方法．测绘学报．1998，(4)：23-27
[29] 赫尔墨特、莫里茨著，宁津生、管泽霖译．高等物理大地测量学，测绘出版社，1984
[30] 卢仲连．物理大地测量．中国人民解放军测绘学院，1981
[31] 王惠民．论高程异常测定与应用的精度．测绘学报．1983，12(4)
[32] 陶本藻．GPS测高原理及其算法．地矿测绘．1998，(1)
[33] 卢仲连．物理大地测量．中国人民解放军测绘学院，1981
[34] 游祖吉，樊功瑜．测量平差教程．测绘出版社，1991
[35] 孙瀛寰．我国垂线偏差和高程异常精度分析．测绘信息技术，1995，(4)：29-33
[36] 毛锋 沈小华 艾丽华，ArcGIS 8 开发与实践．科学出版社，2002
[37] Mark Harris, 1999, Managing ArcSDE Services, California USA:Environmental System Research Institute, 1-136
[38] Andrew MacDonald, 1999, Building a Geodatabase, California USA:Environmental System Research Institute, 1-308
[39] Michael Zeiler,1999, Modeling our world our—the ESRI Guide to
Geodatabase Design, California USA: Environmental System Research Institute, 1-185
[40] Michael Zeiler, 1999, Exploring ArcObjects, Califprnia USA: Environmental System Research Institute, 1-1321
[41] 刘炳文，精通Visual Basic 6．0中文版．北京：电子工业出版社，1999
[2] 陶本藻．GPS水准似大地水准面拟合和正常高计算，测绘通报．1992，(4)：9-11
[3] 管泽霖，宁津生．地球形状与外部重力场．测绘出版社，1981
[4] 刘基余，李征航．全球定位系统原理及应用．北京：测绘出版社，1993．10
[5] Dru A. Smith and Dennis G. Milbert. The GEOID96 high resolution geoid height model for the United States. Journal of Geodesy·Vol.73,No.5.1999
[6] B. Hofmann-wellenhof, H. Lichtenegger. GPS von der Theorie zur Praxis. Mitteilungen der Geoda tischen Institut der Technischen Uni. Graz Folge 62, Graz.1988
[7] D. Wells. Guide to GPS Positioning, Canadian GPS Associates,1986
[8] 方源敏，聂卫东．提高山区GPS水准精度的方法．云南测绘，2000，(3，4)：35-37
[9] Shikun. The Advanced GIS and GPS Technologies to be used in the LangCang Basin Area of Yunnan Province of China.Proceedings of The 3rd ISPRS workshop on Dynamic and Multi-dimensional GIS Geoinformatics&I)MGIS'. 2001.5
[10] 王伟长．地理信息系统控件(Active X)—MapObjects培训教程
[11] 潘宝玉．论高精度GPS高程测量．测绘技术，1995，(5)：12-14
[12] 王解先，朱文耀：IGS’92GPS全球联测的分析处理．测绘通报，1994，(3)：20-30
[13] 熊介．椭球大地测量学．北京：解放军出版社，1998
[14] 施一民．适用于局部区域的独立网椭球的研究．解放军测绘学院学报，1994，(1)：25-281
[15] E. Frei, G. Beutler. Rapid static positioning based on the fast ambiguity resolution approach "FARA':theory and first result, manuscripta geodaetica, Springen Verlag,1990
[16] Shi kun. On the Mathematical Model for Movement and Drift of
Plates with GPS Techniques IAG Workshop on Monitoring of Constructions and Local Geodynamic Process. 2001.5
[17] D. Wells. Guide to GPS Positioning, Canadian GPS Associates,1986
[18] 胡明城，鲁福．现代大地测量学．北京：测绘出版社，1994．12
[19] 管泽霖，宁津生．地球重力场在工程测量中的应用．北京：测绘出版社，1994．12
[20] H．莫里斯．高等物理大地测量(中译本)．北京：测绘出版社，1984年12月
[21] 方俊．固体潮．科学出版社，1984
[22] P. Vanicek:PhysicalGeodesy, Univ. of New Brunswick,1976
[23] Moritz, H. Geodetic Referance system1980, Bull. Geod. 1980
[24] E. Groten, R. stauβ. Proceedings zum DVW-THD-technologie
[25] 卢仲连．大地重力学．中国人民解放军测绘学院，1984
[26] 方源敏、周洁清．地形均衡垂线偏差的数学模型和计算方法．昆明工学院学报，1992，17(1)：19-27
[27] 喻国荣．GPS在小区域内测定点位高程应用中的垂线偏差方法 四川测绘，1995，(3)：34-39
[28] 张赤军．精化山区大地水准面的一种方法．测绘学报．1998，(4)：23-27
[29] 赫尔墨特、莫里茨著，宁津生、管泽霖译．高等物理大地测量学，测绘出版社，1984
[30] 卢仲连．物理大地测量．中国人民解放军测绘学院，1981
[31] 王惠民．论高程异常测定与应用的精度．测绘学报．1983，12(4)
[32] 陶本藻．GPS测高原理及其算法．地矿测绘．1998，(1)
[33] 卢仲连．物理大地测量．中国人民解放军测绘学院，1981
[34] 游祖吉，樊功瑜．测量平差教程．测绘出版社，1991
[35] 孙瀛寰．我国垂线偏差和高程异常精度分析．测绘信息技术，1995，(4)：29-33
[36] 毛锋 沈小华 艾丽华，ArcGIS 8 开发与实践．科学出版社，2002
[37] Mark Harris, 1999, Managing ArcSDE Services, California USA:Environmental System Research Institute, 1-136
[38] Andrew MacDonald, 1999, Building a Geodatabase, California USA:Environmental System Research Institute, 1-308
[39] Michael Zeiler,1999, Modeling our world our—the ESRI Guide to
Geodatabase Design, California USA: Environmental System Research Institute, 1-185
[40] Michael Zeiler, 1999, Exploring ArcObjects, Califprnia USA: Environmental System Research Institute, 1-1321
[41] 刘炳文，精通Visual Basic 6．0中文版．北京：电子工业出版社，1999