交叉口行人二次过街方案及其对行人延误的影响
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摘要
行人过街交通是混合交通流中重要组成部分,解决行人过街与机动车交通的干扰与冲突问题是改善我国城市交通运行状况的重要内容。在机动车流量较大的交叉口,行人一次过街因其等待时间较长,超出行人等待心理极限时间,常会造成行人违章过街情况的发生,加大对机动车的干扰以及对行人自身安全的威胁。本论文结合科研项目《2010年北京市交通拥堵调查和缓堵措施研究》,对行人二次过街的设置方案及其对交叉口行人及机动车通行能力及效率的改变进行了研究。
行人二次过街的方式能够提高行人过街的安全性,减小行人过街等待时间,增加行人的通过效率,减少行人违章过街率,从而与机动车之间的干扰降低,且此种过街方式设置灵活、成本较低,可在机动车流量较大、车道数较多、有中央隔离带的大型交叉口适用,因此本论文对于行人二次过街设施及行人延误方面进行了研究。主要有以下几个方面：
(1)本论文总结行人过街设施,行人过街特性,包括行人过街心理特性、行人过街等待心理极限时间、行人速度特性,行人流的特性以及行人过街可穿越间隙以及行人一次过街概率的基础上,分析了设置行人二次过街设施及信号的必要性。
(2)总结了行人二次过街的设置条件及设计标准,分析了对于不同信号相位,设置行人二次过街后,信号配时的改变情况。在分析了行人过街方式的不同对于交叉口机动车之间的干扰情况,介绍即有的行人延误模型,借用行人体概念,将行人体过街时间分解为行人体等待行人绿灯信号至行人体启动的反应时间以及行人体穿越交叉口人行横道所需时问之和,行人二次过街时其走行距离较一次过街减半。基于即有行人延误模型及其他研究学者得出的结论进行改进,得出新的交叉口行人一次过街及行人二次过街的行人延误模型。
(3)以四通桥下平面交叉口为例,从行人二次过街的设施及信号配时等方面,对研究的交叉口进行分析设计。采用微观交通模拟工具VISSIM仿真软件,结合调研内容,设计模拟分析方案。通过对不同机动车流量及行人流量的模拟,研究该交叉口设置行人二次过街后对行人延误的改变。仿真结果表明设置行人二次过街后行人延误较行人一次过街改善30.85%,同时行人的通行能力及机动车的通行能力及效率都有明显的改善。
Pedestrian is an important part of the mixed traffic flow. How to solve the interference between the pedestrian-flow and the vehicle-flow is the important element to improve the status of China's Urban Transport. In a signal intersection with high vehicle-flow, pedestrians will wait a long time to cross the street, often that time will beyond the Waiting Psychological Limits. That will often cause pedestrian crossing the street illegally, and increase the interference to vehicles. The dissertation combined with the project of "The investigation Measures and ease traffic jams in Beijing 2010" discussed the design of pedestrian twice crossing facilities and the effect of the capacity and efficiency of the vehicles and pedestrians.
The pedestrian twice crossing the street can improve the safety of pedestrians, saving the waiting time, increase the efficiency of pedestrians, reduce the rate of illegal pedestrians cross the street, reduce interference between vehicles. This dissertation discussed the set of the pedestrian twice crossing the street and the delay of the pedestrian.
(1) The dissertation comprehensive analyses pedestrian crossing facilities, characteristics of pedestrians crossing the street, include the pedestrian psychology, walking speed and flow. Analysis the need to set pedestrian twice crossing the street signal and the facilities.
(2) Summed up the conditions and design standards to set the pedestrian twice crossing the street setting, analysis of the change of different signals. Introduce the pedestrian delay model, use the concept of the pedestrian block to conclude the new pedestrian delay model to the pedestrian twice crossing the street.
(3) The microcosmic traffic simulation software, VISSIM, is used to further validate this kind facility impact on the signal intersection. It simulate the different cases of Sitongqiao intersection with different vehicle-flow and pedestrian-flow, then discussed the change of the pedestrian delay in different case. The result shows that after set the pedestrian twice crossing the street, the pedestrian delay reduce 30.85%. The capacity and efficiency of pedestrians and vehicles has significantly improved.
行人二次过街的方式能够提高行人过街的安全性,减小行人过街等待时间,增加行人的通过效率,减少行人违章过街率,从而与机动车之间的干扰降低,且此种过街方式设置灵活、成本较低,可在机动车流量较大、车道数较多、有中央隔离带的大型交叉口适用,因此本论文对于行人二次过街设施及行人延误方面进行了研究。主要有以下几个方面：
(1)本论文总结行人过街设施,行人过街特性,包括行人过街心理特性、行人过街等待心理极限时间、行人速度特性,行人流的特性以及行人过街可穿越间隙以及行人一次过街概率的基础上,分析了设置行人二次过街设施及信号的必要性。
(2)总结了行人二次过街的设置条件及设计标准,分析了对于不同信号相位,设置行人二次过街后,信号配时的改变情况。在分析了行人过街方式的不同对于交叉口机动车之间的干扰情况,介绍即有的行人延误模型,借用行人体概念,将行人体过街时间分解为行人体等待行人绿灯信号至行人体启动的反应时间以及行人体穿越交叉口人行横道所需时问之和,行人二次过街时其走行距离较一次过街减半。基于即有行人延误模型及其他研究学者得出的结论进行改进,得出新的交叉口行人一次过街及行人二次过街的行人延误模型。
(3)以四通桥下平面交叉口为例,从行人二次过街的设施及信号配时等方面,对研究的交叉口进行分析设计。采用微观交通模拟工具VISSIM仿真软件,结合调研内容,设计模拟分析方案。通过对不同机动车流量及行人流量的模拟,研究该交叉口设置行人二次过街后对行人延误的改变。仿真结果表明设置行人二次过街后行人延误较行人一次过街改善30.85%,同时行人的通行能力及机动车的通行能力及效率都有明显的改善。
Pedestrian is an important part of the mixed traffic flow. How to solve the interference between the pedestrian-flow and the vehicle-flow is the important element to improve the status of China's Urban Transport. In a signal intersection with high vehicle-flow, pedestrians will wait a long time to cross the street, often that time will beyond the Waiting Psychological Limits. That will often cause pedestrian crossing the street illegally, and increase the interference to vehicles. The dissertation combined with the project of "The investigation Measures and ease traffic jams in Beijing 2010" discussed the design of pedestrian twice crossing facilities and the effect of the capacity and efficiency of the vehicles and pedestrians.
The pedestrian twice crossing the street can improve the safety of pedestrians, saving the waiting time, increase the efficiency of pedestrians, reduce the rate of illegal pedestrians cross the street, reduce interference between vehicles. This dissertation discussed the set of the pedestrian twice crossing the street and the delay of the pedestrian.
(1) The dissertation comprehensive analyses pedestrian crossing facilities, characteristics of pedestrians crossing the street, include the pedestrian psychology, walking speed and flow. Analysis the need to set pedestrian twice crossing the street signal and the facilities.
(2) Summed up the conditions and design standards to set the pedestrian twice crossing the street setting, analysis of the change of different signals. Introduce the pedestrian delay model, use the concept of the pedestrian block to conclude the new pedestrian delay model to the pedestrian twice crossing the street.
(3) The microcosmic traffic simulation software, VISSIM, is used to further validate this kind facility impact on the signal intersection. It simulate the different cases of Sitongqiao intersection with different vehicle-flow and pedestrian-flow, then discussed the change of the pedestrian delay in different case. The result shows that after set the pedestrian twice crossing the street, the pedestrian delay reduce 30.85%. The capacity and efficiency of pedestrians and vehicles has significantly improved.
引文
[1]Fruin, J.J, Pedestrian Planning and Design. Metropolitan Association of Urban Designers and Environmental Planners. New York, N.Y.1971
[2]Pushkarev,B and Zupan, J. Urban Space for Pedestrians.MIT Press, Cambridge. Mass.1975
[3]Ann Coffin and John Morrall. Walking Speeds of Elderly Pedestrians at Crosswaiks. Transportation Research Record 1487. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington DC,1995
[4]Richard L.Knoblauch, Martin T. Pietrucha, And Marsha Nitzburg. Field Studie of Pedestrian Walking Speed and Start-Up Time. Transportation Research Record 1538. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Wshington DC,1996
[5]Robertson, Hummer, and Nelson. The Institute of Transportation Engineers(ITE) Manual of Traffic Engineering Studies.1994
[6]Jennie Oxley, Brian Fildes, Elfriede Ihsen, Judith Charlton, Ross Day. Differences in traffic judgments between young and old adult pedestrians [J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention.1997, 29(6):839-847
[7]Bowman, B L, Vecellio, R L. Effect of Urban and Suburban Median Types on Both Vehicular and Pedestrian Safety [J]. Transportation Research Board, No.1445.1994.167-179
[8]Transportation Reserch Board. Highway Capacity Manual. TRB. National Reserch Council. Washington D.C.2000:71-77
[9]King, M R, Carnegie, J A, Ewing, R. pedestrian Safety Through A Raised Median and Redesigned intersections [J]. Transportation Research Board, No.1828,2003.56-66
[10]V.P. Sisiopiku a, D. Akin. Pedestrian behaviors at and perceptions towards various pedestrian facilities:and examination based on observation and survey data [J]. Transportation Research Part F 2003.6.249-274
[11]Paula D Raymond, Richard L Knoblauch.The Effect of Crosswalk Markings on Vehicle Speeds, TRB,Washiington D.C2000.112-117
[12]Marsha S Nitzburg.Pedestrian Crosswalk Case Studies. TRB. Washington D.C2000:123-129
[13]Kay Fitzpatrick,Shawn Turner,Marcus Brewer,Paul Carlson, Brooke Ullman, Nada Trout,Eun Sug Park, and Jeff Whitacre. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings. [J] TRB paper.2006
[14]Lalani,N.Road Safety at Pedestrian refuges, Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol.18,No.9,London, England,September 1977
[15]William H.K.Lam, John F,Morrall, and Herbert Ho. Pedestrian Flow Characteristics in Hong Kong. Transportation Research Record 1487, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington DC,1995
[16]Willam H.K..Lam and Chung-yu Cheung. A studu of the bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristics in Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway station. [J] Eastern Asia Soc. FOR Transportation Studies.2(5).1607-1620.1998
[17]William H.K.Lam and Chung-yu Cheung. Pedestrian route choices between escalator and stairway in MTR stations.[J] Transp.Engrg,ASCE.124(3),277-285.1998
[18]William H.K.Lam and Chung-yu Cheung. Pedestrian Speed/Flow Relationships for Walking Facilities in Hong Kong. Journal of Transportation Engineering. Vol.126.No.22000
[19]王炜等.交通工程学[M].东南大学出版社,2000
[20]赵建丽.混合交通条件下信号交叉口行人交通研究[D].北京.北京交通大学.2003.28-30
[21]冯树民,吴阅辛.信号交义口行人过街速度分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2004,36(1)76-78
[22]陆建,叶惠琼,姚冬雷.行人过街设施合理间距[J].交通运输工程学报。2002.2(4.63-67)
[23]焦蕾稚.关注行人过街设施[J].交通与运输.2004.(5).24-25
[24]钟涛.对行人过街设施及事故的研究[J].交通标准化,2005(6)
[25]郭宏伟,熊辉.行人过街设施选择偏好研究[J].交通与物流-第六届(2006)交通运输领域国际学术会议论文集.2006：600-605
[26]金哲虎.关于二次过街方式定量分析方法的研究[J].城市道桥与防洪.2004,(4),28-33
[27]张文钢,杨秀英,云美萍.行人跨相位二次过街控制方法研究[A]
[28]马万经,林瑜,杨晓光.多相位信号控制交叉口行人相位设置方法[J].交通运输工程学报.2004.4(2)103-106
[29]杨晓芳,付强,杨晓光.信号控制路段行人二次过街设置标准[J].中国公路学报.2006,19(4)：109-113
[30]杨晓光,劳云腾,云美萍.无信号控制路段行人过街方式适用性研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版).2007,35(11)：104-108
[31]陈振起,陈绍宽,林琳,毛保华.交义口行人二次过街信号相位设计与仿真研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2007,7(4)：104-108
[32]李淑庆.灯控交叉口行人过街设施设置依据研究.重庆交通学院学报,1999,3,59-70
[33]刘光新,等.交叉口行人过街心理及交通行为分析,交通科技与经济,2008年第5期(总第49期)
[34]高易尧,行人安全行为分析[D].北京交通大学,硕士论文,2006
[35]Special Report 209:Highway Capacity Manual, TRB, National Research Council. Washington DC,1994
[36]Older S.J, Pedestrians. Dept of Scientific and Industrial Research, Road Research Laboratory Publication. No.LN275/sjo, Crowthorne, Berkshire, England.1964
[37]陈白磊.城市行人交通研究[D],同济大学士木工程学院,2001.
[38]冯树民,裴玉龙.行人过街延误研究,[D],哈尔滨工业大学学报,2007.4
[39]何雅琴,城市干道信号交叉口行人交通组织方法研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2006,19-20
[40]刘科荣,吴兵.城市主干道行人过街安全岛设置研究.交通标准化,2008,02/03
[41]任福田等译,蒋磺等校.道路通行能力手册—美国交通研究委员会专题报告209号[R].北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1991.569-599
[42]林琳.行人二次过街设施的设计及交通组织方案研究[D].北京交通大学,2006,22
[43]毛保华,杨肇夏,陈海波.道路交通仿真技术与系统研究[J].北方交通大学学报,2002-10,26(5)：37-46
[44]毛保华等.道路交通仿真技术与系统研究[J].北方交通大学学报,第5期,第26卷,37-45
[45]中国公路学会《交通工程手册》编委会,交通工程手册[M],北京,人民交通出版社,1998
[46]全永燊.城市交通控制[M].人民交通出版社.1989
[47]彭国雄,蒋金勇,陈茜.自行车对信号控制交义口通行能力的影响[J].第六届海峡两岸对视交通学术研讨会.1998,9
[2]Pushkarev,B and Zupan, J. Urban Space for Pedestrians.MIT Press, Cambridge. Mass.1975
[3]Ann Coffin and John Morrall. Walking Speeds of Elderly Pedestrians at Crosswaiks. Transportation Research Record 1487. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Washington DC,1995
[4]Richard L.Knoblauch, Martin T. Pietrucha, And Marsha Nitzburg. Field Studie of Pedestrian Walking Speed and Start-Up Time. Transportation Research Record 1538. Transportation Research Board. National Research Council. Wshington DC,1996
[5]Robertson, Hummer, and Nelson. The Institute of Transportation Engineers(ITE) Manual of Traffic Engineering Studies.1994
[6]Jennie Oxley, Brian Fildes, Elfriede Ihsen, Judith Charlton, Ross Day. Differences in traffic judgments between young and old adult pedestrians [J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention.1997, 29(6):839-847
[7]Bowman, B L, Vecellio, R L. Effect of Urban and Suburban Median Types on Both Vehicular and Pedestrian Safety [J]. Transportation Research Board, No.1445.1994.167-179
[8]Transportation Reserch Board. Highway Capacity Manual. TRB. National Reserch Council. Washington D.C.2000:71-77
[9]King, M R, Carnegie, J A, Ewing, R. pedestrian Safety Through A Raised Median and Redesigned intersections [J]. Transportation Research Board, No.1828,2003.56-66
[10]V.P. Sisiopiku a, D. Akin. Pedestrian behaviors at and perceptions towards various pedestrian facilities:and examination based on observation and survey data [J]. Transportation Research Part F 2003.6.249-274
[11]Paula D Raymond, Richard L Knoblauch.The Effect of Crosswalk Markings on Vehicle Speeds, TRB,Washiington D.C2000.112-117
[12]Marsha S Nitzburg.Pedestrian Crosswalk Case Studies. TRB. Washington D.C2000:123-129
[13]Kay Fitzpatrick,Shawn Turner,Marcus Brewer,Paul Carlson, Brooke Ullman, Nada Trout,Eun Sug Park, and Jeff Whitacre. Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings. [J] TRB paper.2006
[14]Lalani,N.Road Safety at Pedestrian refuges, Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol.18,No.9,London, England,September 1977
[15]William H.K.Lam, John F,Morrall, and Herbert Ho. Pedestrian Flow Characteristics in Hong Kong. Transportation Research Record 1487, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington DC,1995
[16]Willam H.K..Lam and Chung-yu Cheung. A studu of the bi-directional pedestrian flow characteristics in Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway station. [J] Eastern Asia Soc. FOR Transportation Studies.2(5).1607-1620.1998
[17]William H.K.Lam and Chung-yu Cheung. Pedestrian route choices between escalator and stairway in MTR stations.[J] Transp.Engrg,ASCE.124(3),277-285.1998
[18]William H.K.Lam and Chung-yu Cheung. Pedestrian Speed/Flow Relationships for Walking Facilities in Hong Kong. Journal of Transportation Engineering. Vol.126.No.22000
[19]王炜等.交通工程学[M].东南大学出版社,2000
[20]赵建丽.混合交通条件下信号交叉口行人交通研究[D].北京.北京交通大学.2003.28-30
[21]冯树民,吴阅辛.信号交义口行人过街速度分析[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2004,36(1)76-78
[22]陆建,叶惠琼,姚冬雷.行人过街设施合理间距[J].交通运输工程学报。2002.2(4.63-67)
[23]焦蕾稚.关注行人过街设施[J].交通与运输.2004.(5).24-25
[24]钟涛.对行人过街设施及事故的研究[J].交通标准化,2005(6)
[25]郭宏伟,熊辉.行人过街设施选择偏好研究[J].交通与物流-第六届(2006)交通运输领域国际学术会议论文集.2006：600-605
[26]金哲虎.关于二次过街方式定量分析方法的研究[J].城市道桥与防洪.2004,(4),28-33
[27]张文钢,杨秀英,云美萍.行人跨相位二次过街控制方法研究[A]
[28]马万经,林瑜,杨晓光.多相位信号控制交叉口行人相位设置方法[J].交通运输工程学报.2004.4(2)103-106
[29]杨晓芳,付强,杨晓光.信号控制路段行人二次过街设置标准[J].中国公路学报.2006,19(4)：109-113
[30]杨晓光,劳云腾,云美萍.无信号控制路段行人过街方式适用性研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版).2007,35(11)：104-108
[31]陈振起,陈绍宽,林琳,毛保华.交义口行人二次过街信号相位设计与仿真研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2007,7(4)：104-108
[32]李淑庆.灯控交叉口行人过街设施设置依据研究.重庆交通学院学报,1999,3,59-70
[33]刘光新,等.交叉口行人过街心理及交通行为分析,交通科技与经济,2008年第5期(总第49期)
[34]高易尧,行人安全行为分析[D].北京交通大学,硕士论文,2006
[35]Special Report 209:Highway Capacity Manual, TRB, National Research Council. Washington DC,1994
[36]Older S.J, Pedestrians. Dept of Scientific and Industrial Research, Road Research Laboratory Publication. No.LN275/sjo, Crowthorne, Berkshire, England.1964
[37]陈白磊.城市行人交通研究[D],同济大学士木工程学院,2001.
[38]冯树民,裴玉龙.行人过街延误研究,[D],哈尔滨工业大学学报,2007.4
[39]何雅琴,城市干道信号交叉口行人交通组织方法研究[D].哈尔滨工业大学,2006,19-20
[40]刘科荣,吴兵.城市主干道行人过街安全岛设置研究.交通标准化,2008,02/03
[41]任福田等译,蒋磺等校.道路通行能力手册—美国交通研究委员会专题报告209号[R].北京,中国建筑工业出版社,1991.569-599
[42]林琳.行人二次过街设施的设计及交通组织方案研究[D].北京交通大学,2006,22
[43]毛保华,杨肇夏,陈海波.道路交通仿真技术与系统研究[J].北方交通大学学报,2002-10,26(5)：37-46
[44]毛保华等.道路交通仿真技术与系统研究[J].北方交通大学学报,第5期,第26卷,37-45
[45]中国公路学会《交通工程手册》编委会,交通工程手册[M],北京,人民交通出版社,1998
[46]全永燊.城市交通控制[M].人民交通出版社.1989
[47]彭国雄,蒋金勇,陈茜.自行车对信号控制交义口通行能力的影响[J].第六届海峡两岸对视交通学术研讨会.1998,9