基于分片网络的体育场人员疏散多目标优化研究
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摘要
不同的疏散场景具有不同的疏散特点,疏散场景的出口位置、内部结构等特点对疏散过程具有重要的影响。根据疏散场景的相应特点进行疏散建模,有利于疏散路径方案性能的提高。露天体育场呈近似环形结构,看台区域环绕内环分布,多个出口环绕外环分布,看台出口之间存在对应关系。这种结构决定了体育场人员疏散具有由内环看台区域向外环出口疏散的独特特点。目前关于体育场人员疏散规划的研究可以分为基于疏散仿真的路径规划和从优化角度进行的疏散路径规划。从优化角度进行的研究大部分为单目标疏散路径优化或者将多目标疏散路径优化转化为单目标疏散路径优化,而以多目标优化理论为基础的多目标疏散路径优化研究相对较少。多目标疏散路径优化又往往采用通用多目标优化算法,而基于体育场人员疏散特点的专用多目标优化算法较少。通用多目标优化算法利用伪随机比例过程对疏散路径进行搜索,缺乏领域知识的指导,容易陷入盲目搜索。基于体育场人员疏散特点的专用多目标优化算法,借助领域知识,增强了搜索的目的性,缩小了搜索空间的范围,容易得到疏散效率更高、疏散性能更好的疏散路径方案。综上所述,为了提高体育场人员疏散效率,改进疏散方案性能,基于体育场人员疏散特点的多目标疏散路径规划是一个亟待解决的问题。为了解决这一问题,本文从以下几方面做了研究：
1)为了提高疏散方案的疏散效率、改善疏散性能,本文针对体育场看台区域和出口呈现分片对应的拓扑结构特点,将整个体育场抽象为一个分片网络,建立了基于体育场特点的分片网络人员疏散模型,并提出了基于该模型的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法。
露天体育场呈近似环形,看台区域围绕内环分布,多个出口围绕外环分布的特点,看台出口之间分片对应。利用这种结构特点,将体育场抽象为分片网络来引导被疏散人员的疏散过程。被疏散人员在该网络的引导下,只能向位于自己分片的出口疏散,防止了疏散过程中出现跨分片长路径,有利于缩短疏散路径长度,提高疏散效率。基于分片网络,构建了考虑网络清空时间、总和路径长度、累积拥挤度三个优化目标的基于体育场特点的分片网络人员疏散模型,并提出了基于该模型的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法。
数值实验表明,与基于分层网络的分层化多目标疏散路径优化算法相比,本文提出的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法有效地提高了疏散方案的疏散效率以及非劣方案集的收敛性。但是,分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣疏散方案的拥挤状况却差于分层化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣疏散方案的拥挤状况。
2)为了改善疏散方案的拥挤状况、进一步提高疏散效率,本文提出了优先级Pareto偏序关系及基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法。
基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法可以优先考虑与疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能关系密切的因素(如到体育场中心点的距离、到出口的距离),有效滤除次要因素的干扰,从而能够更加有效地改善疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能。本文为了改善分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的疏散方案的拥挤状况,利用基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法替代了算法中原来使用的基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法。
传统蚁群算法的选路方法所使用的概率转移函数中所考虑的影响选路过程的多个因素之间必须是相互独立的。然而,实际选路时,影响选路的多个因素之间并不一定相互独立。为了充分考虑影响选路各个因素,本文采用了基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法替代了传统蚁群算法的选路方法。基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法认为每种影响选路的因素对疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能具有相同的影响,然而,实际上,其中某些因素,如到出口的距离、到体育场中心点的距离,往往比其它一些因素对疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能具有更大的影响。因此,本文提出了一种基于优先级的Pareto偏序关系,并基于此提出了基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法。比起基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法,基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法可以优先考虑与疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能关系密切的因素,有效滤除次要因素的干扰,从而能够更加有效地改善疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能。然而,基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣方案集的多样性却差于基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣方案集的多样性。
3)为了保证提高疏散效率、改善拥挤状况的同时,提高非劣方案集的多样性,本文提出了种群信息素更新策略。
种群信息素更新策略使各条路上的信息素更新可以向着几个不同的方向同时进行,比起传统信息素更新策略,使得信息素的更新更加多样化,进而增加了非劣方案集的多样性。为了提高基于优先级Pareto偏序关系向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣方案集的多样性,本文利用种群信息素更新策略替代了该算法中的传统信息素更新策略。
数值实验表明,相比利用传统信息素更新策略的基于优先级Pareto偏序关系向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法,利用种群信息素更新策略的基于优先级Pareto偏序关系向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣方案集具有更好的多样性。同时,疏散效率、拥挤状况等性能与使用传统信息素更新策略时持平。并且,非劣方案集的收敛性比使用传统信息素更新策略要好。
Different evacuation scenarios possess different evacuation features. The features of evacuation scenarios, such as the exits positions, the inner structure, and so on, have important influences on evacuation process. Evacuation modeling according to the features of evacuation scenarios facilitates the improvement of evacuation plans performances. The stadium assumes approximate ring form, bleachers distribute around inner ring, multiple exits distribute around outer ring, bleachers and exits partitionedly correspond to each other. This kind of structure determines the pedestrian evacuation in stadium possesses special features that the evacuees move from bleachers areas around the inner ring to the exits around the outer ring. Nowadays, the pedestrian evacuation planning in stadium could be divided into two sorts:the simiulation-based evacuation planning and the optimization-based evacuation planning. Most of researches on optimization-based evacuation planning in stadium were single objective optimization or transforming multi-objective optimization to single objective optimization. Only a few multi-objective optimization based evacuation planning researches were based on the multi-objective optimization theory. The multi-objective optimization theory based evacuation planning usually adopted general multi-objetive optimization algorithm. Merely a few multi-objective optimization theory based evacuation planning researches were based on the features of stadium to design the special multi-objetive optimization algorithm. The general multi-objetive optimization algorithms use pseudo-random proportional processes to search the evacuation routes. As lacking the guidance of domain knowledge, the general multi-objetive optimization algorithms are apt to result in blind searching. The special multi-objetive optimization algorithms resort to the domain knowledge which lead to purposeful searching could reduce the range of searching, thus it is easier to find out the evacuation routes plans with higher evaucaiton efficiency and performances than the general multi-objetive optimization algorithms. Therefore, for raising the evacuation efficiency and improving the performance of evacuation plans, the multi-objective evacuation routes planning problem based on the features of pedestrian evacuation in stadium is an urgent problem to tackle. For solving this problem, some innovative works were done in this paper:
l)For raising evacuation efficiency and improving evacuation performances, according to the topology structure features that the bleachers and exits partitionedly correspond to each other, the stadium was abstracted as a partitioned network. The stadium features based partitioned network pedestrian evacuation model was established. Based on this model, the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm was presented.
The stadium shows approximate ring form, bleachers distribute around inner ring, multiple exits distribute around outer ring, bleachers and exits partitionedly correspond to each other. On account of this kind of structure features, the stadium was abstracted as a partitioned network, which is used to guide the evacuation process of evacuees. Guided by this network, each evacuee can merely evacuate from the exits in which partition he sit, avoiding the emergence of longer cross-partitioned evacuation route. This facilitate to shorten the length of evacuation route and raise evacuation efficiency. Based on the partitioned network, the stadium features based partitioned network pedestrian evacuation model was constructed. This model takes three optimization objectives into consideration, namely, the network clearence time, the total routes length and the cumulative congestion degrees. Based on this model, the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm was proposed.
The numerical experiments indicate that, compared with hierarchical multi-objective evacuation routing problem algorithm, the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm possess higher evacuation efficiency and better convergence of non-dominated solutions set. However, compared with the hierarchical multi-objective evacuation routing problem algorithm, the congestion situation of the evacuation solutions derived from the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm is worse.
2)For improving congestion situation and further raising evacuation efficiency, the priority Pareto partial order relation and the vector pheromone routing method based on it were proposed.
The priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method give priority to the factors which is closely related with evacuation performances, including evacuation efficiency and congestion situation, so as to get rid of interference of the secondary factors. Thus, it could effectively improve the evacuation performances, such as efficiency, congestion situation and so on. For improving the congestion situation of the solutions derived from the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm, the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method was proposed in this paper to replace the traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method in the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm.
The factors affected the routing in probability transition function in the routing method of traditional ACO algorithm should be mutually independent. However, in evacuation process, the factors affected the routing are not always mutually independent. For fully considering the factors affecting the routing, this paper adopts the traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method to replace traditional ACO algorithm routing method. The traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method considers all the affecting factors have the same influence on the evacuation performances, such as evacuation efficiency, congestion situation and so on. However, actually, some of the affecting factors, such as the distance to the exit and the distance to the center of stadium, have larger influence than other factors. Thus, the priority Pareto partial order relation was presented in this paper. And based on the priority Pareto partial order relation, the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method was proposed. Compared with the traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method, the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method give priority to the factors which is closely related with evacuation performances, including evacuation efficiency and congestion situation, so as to get rid of interference of the secondary factors. Thus, it could effectively improve the evacuation performances, such as efficiency, congestion situation and so on. However, the diversity of the non-dominated solutions derived from the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm with the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method is worse than the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm with the traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method.
3)For raising evacuation efficiency and improving congestion situation as well as raising diversity of non-dominated solutions set, the population pheromone updating strategy was proposed.
The population pheromone updating strategy makes the pheromone on each edge varies to different directions. Compared with the traditional pheromone updating strategy, the population pheromone updating strategy makes the pheromone updating more diversified, thus improve the diversity of the non-dominated solutions. For improving the diversity of the non-dominated solutions derived from the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm with the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method, the population pheromone updating strategy was proposed to replace the traditional pheromone updating strategy in this algorithm.
The numerical experiments show that, the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm with the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method which employs the population pheromone updating strategy possess better diversity. As well as, evacuation efficiency and congestion situation is the same as using traditional pheromone updating strategy. And, the convergence of non-dominated solutions set is better than the algorithm using traditional pheromone updating strategy.
1)为了提高疏散方案的疏散效率、改善疏散性能,本文针对体育场看台区域和出口呈现分片对应的拓扑结构特点,将整个体育场抽象为一个分片网络,建立了基于体育场特点的分片网络人员疏散模型,并提出了基于该模型的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法。
露天体育场呈近似环形,看台区域围绕内环分布,多个出口围绕外环分布的特点,看台出口之间分片对应。利用这种结构特点,将体育场抽象为分片网络来引导被疏散人员的疏散过程。被疏散人员在该网络的引导下,只能向位于自己分片的出口疏散,防止了疏散过程中出现跨分片长路径,有利于缩短疏散路径长度,提高疏散效率。基于分片网络,构建了考虑网络清空时间、总和路径长度、累积拥挤度三个优化目标的基于体育场特点的分片网络人员疏散模型,并提出了基于该模型的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法。
数值实验表明,与基于分层网络的分层化多目标疏散路径优化算法相比,本文提出的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法有效地提高了疏散方案的疏散效率以及非劣方案集的收敛性。但是,分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣疏散方案的拥挤状况却差于分层化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣疏散方案的拥挤状况。
2)为了改善疏散方案的拥挤状况、进一步提高疏散效率,本文提出了优先级Pareto偏序关系及基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法。
基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法可以优先考虑与疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能关系密切的因素(如到体育场中心点的距离、到出口的距离),有效滤除次要因素的干扰,从而能够更加有效地改善疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能。本文为了改善分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的疏散方案的拥挤状况,利用基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法替代了算法中原来使用的基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法。
传统蚁群算法的选路方法所使用的概率转移函数中所考虑的影响选路过程的多个因素之间必须是相互独立的。然而,实际选路时,影响选路的多个因素之间并不一定相互独立。为了充分考虑影响选路各个因素,本文采用了基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法替代了传统蚁群算法的选路方法。基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法认为每种影响选路的因素对疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能具有相同的影响,然而,实际上,其中某些因素,如到出口的距离、到体育场中心点的距离,往往比其它一些因素对疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能具有更大的影响。因此,本文提出了一种基于优先级的Pareto偏序关系,并基于此提出了基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法。比起基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法,基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法可以优先考虑与疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能关系密切的因素,有效滤除次要因素的干扰,从而能够更加有效地改善疏散效率、拥挤状况等疏散性能。然而,基于优先级Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣方案集的多样性却差于基于传统Pareto偏序关系的向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣方案集的多样性。
3)为了保证提高疏散效率、改善拥挤状况的同时,提高非劣方案集的多样性,本文提出了种群信息素更新策略。
种群信息素更新策略使各条路上的信息素更新可以向着几个不同的方向同时进行,比起传统信息素更新策略,使得信息素的更新更加多样化,进而增加了非劣方案集的多样性。为了提高基于优先级Pareto偏序关系向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣方案集的多样性,本文利用种群信息素更新策略替代了该算法中的传统信息素更新策略。
数值实验表明,相比利用传统信息素更新策略的基于优先级Pareto偏序关系向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法,利用种群信息素更新策略的基于优先级Pareto偏序关系向量信息素选路方法的分片化多目标疏散路径优化算法得到的非劣方案集具有更好的多样性。同时,疏散效率、拥挤状况等性能与使用传统信息素更新策略时持平。并且,非劣方案集的收敛性比使用传统信息素更新策略要好。
Different evacuation scenarios possess different evacuation features. The features of evacuation scenarios, such as the exits positions, the inner structure, and so on, have important influences on evacuation process. Evacuation modeling according to the features of evacuation scenarios facilitates the improvement of evacuation plans performances. The stadium assumes approximate ring form, bleachers distribute around inner ring, multiple exits distribute around outer ring, bleachers and exits partitionedly correspond to each other. This kind of structure determines the pedestrian evacuation in stadium possesses special features that the evacuees move from bleachers areas around the inner ring to the exits around the outer ring. Nowadays, the pedestrian evacuation planning in stadium could be divided into two sorts:the simiulation-based evacuation planning and the optimization-based evacuation planning. Most of researches on optimization-based evacuation planning in stadium were single objective optimization or transforming multi-objective optimization to single objective optimization. Only a few multi-objective optimization based evacuation planning researches were based on the multi-objective optimization theory. The multi-objective optimization theory based evacuation planning usually adopted general multi-objetive optimization algorithm. Merely a few multi-objective optimization theory based evacuation planning researches were based on the features of stadium to design the special multi-objetive optimization algorithm. The general multi-objetive optimization algorithms use pseudo-random proportional processes to search the evacuation routes. As lacking the guidance of domain knowledge, the general multi-objetive optimization algorithms are apt to result in blind searching. The special multi-objetive optimization algorithms resort to the domain knowledge which lead to purposeful searching could reduce the range of searching, thus it is easier to find out the evacuation routes plans with higher evaucaiton efficiency and performances than the general multi-objetive optimization algorithms. Therefore, for raising the evacuation efficiency and improving the performance of evacuation plans, the multi-objective evacuation routes planning problem based on the features of pedestrian evacuation in stadium is an urgent problem to tackle. For solving this problem, some innovative works were done in this paper:
l)For raising evacuation efficiency and improving evacuation performances, according to the topology structure features that the bleachers and exits partitionedly correspond to each other, the stadium was abstracted as a partitioned network. The stadium features based partitioned network pedestrian evacuation model was established. Based on this model, the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm was presented.
The stadium shows approximate ring form, bleachers distribute around inner ring, multiple exits distribute around outer ring, bleachers and exits partitionedly correspond to each other. On account of this kind of structure features, the stadium was abstracted as a partitioned network, which is used to guide the evacuation process of evacuees. Guided by this network, each evacuee can merely evacuate from the exits in which partition he sit, avoiding the emergence of longer cross-partitioned evacuation route. This facilitate to shorten the length of evacuation route and raise evacuation efficiency. Based on the partitioned network, the stadium features based partitioned network pedestrian evacuation model was constructed. This model takes three optimization objectives into consideration, namely, the network clearence time, the total routes length and the cumulative congestion degrees. Based on this model, the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm was proposed.
The numerical experiments indicate that, compared with hierarchical multi-objective evacuation routing problem algorithm, the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm possess higher evacuation efficiency and better convergence of non-dominated solutions set. However, compared with the hierarchical multi-objective evacuation routing problem algorithm, the congestion situation of the evacuation solutions derived from the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm is worse.
2)For improving congestion situation and further raising evacuation efficiency, the priority Pareto partial order relation and the vector pheromone routing method based on it were proposed.
The priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method give priority to the factors which is closely related with evacuation performances, including evacuation efficiency and congestion situation, so as to get rid of interference of the secondary factors. Thus, it could effectively improve the evacuation performances, such as efficiency, congestion situation and so on. For improving the congestion situation of the solutions derived from the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm, the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method was proposed in this paper to replace the traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method in the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm.
The factors affected the routing in probability transition function in the routing method of traditional ACO algorithm should be mutually independent. However, in evacuation process, the factors affected the routing are not always mutually independent. For fully considering the factors affecting the routing, this paper adopts the traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method to replace traditional ACO algorithm routing method. The traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method considers all the affecting factors have the same influence on the evacuation performances, such as evacuation efficiency, congestion situation and so on. However, actually, some of the affecting factors, such as the distance to the exit and the distance to the center of stadium, have larger influence than other factors. Thus, the priority Pareto partial order relation was presented in this paper. And based on the priority Pareto partial order relation, the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method was proposed. Compared with the traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method, the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method give priority to the factors which is closely related with evacuation performances, including evacuation efficiency and congestion situation, so as to get rid of interference of the secondary factors. Thus, it could effectively improve the evacuation performances, such as efficiency, congestion situation and so on. However, the diversity of the non-dominated solutions derived from the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm with the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method is worse than the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm with the traditional Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method.
3)For raising evacuation efficiency and improving congestion situation as well as raising diversity of non-dominated solutions set, the population pheromone updating strategy was proposed.
The population pheromone updating strategy makes the pheromone on each edge varies to different directions. Compared with the traditional pheromone updating strategy, the population pheromone updating strategy makes the pheromone updating more diversified, thus improve the diversity of the non-dominated solutions. For improving the diversity of the non-dominated solutions derived from the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm with the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method, the population pheromone updating strategy was proposed to replace the traditional pheromone updating strategy in this algorithm.
The numerical experiments show that, the partitioned multi-objective evacuation routes optimization algorithm with the priority Pareto partial order relation based vector pheromone routing method which employs the population pheromone updating strategy possess better diversity. As well as, evacuation efficiency and congestion situation is the same as using traditional pheromone updating strategy. And, the convergence of non-dominated solutions set is better than the algorithm using traditional pheromone updating strategy.
引文
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