自动指纹验证系统预处理与特征提取算法的研究与实现
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摘要
近年来，随着社会和经济的发展，人们对身份鉴别的准确性、安全性与实用性提出了更高的要求。指纹识别技术以方便易用、高准确率和低成本等诸多优势备受关注，已经成为使用最广泛的身份认证的有效手段，在电子商务、犯罪识别、信息安全等领域得到广泛的应用。
指纹是手指末端正面皮肤上凸凹不平的纹路。在人的生长早期形成后，终生保持不变。自动指纹识别系统是集光电技术、图像处理、计算机及网络、数据库技术、模式识别技术等于一体的综合性系统。针对自动指纹识别系统的运行过程，在总结该领域现有研究成果的基础上，本文对自动指纹验证系统中指纹图像预处理与特征提取环节的关键算法进行了研究，在PIV的计算机上用MATLAB7实现了目前本系统各个环节所使用的主流算法，并反复实验比较，实现了论文中所提到的算法。与传统系统设计相比，本系统进行了一些改进：
1、在指纹图像预处理过程中，将指纹有效区域分割与方向场计算相融合，并直接做出质量评测，大大缩短了处理时间，并且避免了对低质量指纹无效的处理。
2、在方向场计算后，使用一种自适应的图像增强算法，根据处理邻域是否存在分叉点分别使用不同的滤波器进行图像增强，取得了较好的增强效果。
3、在指纹特征提取阶段，使用一种基于二值化图像的特征提取算法，即能去除细化过程的处理时间，又能避免图像细化引入的伪特征，并且能够提取出足够真实、丰富的细节点，为进一步的特征匹配打下良好的基础。
In recent years, as the development of social and economic, the more accuracy, safty, practicality of identification were required. Among all kinds of biometric identification technology, people pay a great deal of concern on fingerprint recognition technology for it's many advantages, such as more convenient using, higher accuracy and lower cost. And as the most widely used and effective means of identity authentication, it have been widely applied in e-commerce, criminal identification, information security, and other fields.
Fingerprint is a rugged finger skin lines. Once the human embryo created, the fingerprint will unchanged in whole life. Automated Fingerprint Identification System is an integrated system which concentrate the photoelectric technology, image processing, computer and networking, database technology, pattern recognition technology. In the view of the operation of the AFIS, based on the conclusion of the existing research results, I research the key algorithm in the fingerprint image preprocessing and feature extraction algorithm of the fingerprint authentication system in this paper. The author actualize the mainstream algorithm which used in the popular AFIS and experiment repeated, achieve the algorithm used in this paper with MATLAB7.Compared with the traditional system design, the system made some improvements:
1. In the fingerprint image preprocessing course inosculate the step of the orientation field and the effective regional division, and evaluation the image quality directly. Using this algorithm can greatly reduce the processing time and avoid to handle of the invalid low-quality fingerprint.
2. After estimate the fingerprint orientation field, an adaptive image enhancement algorithm which use different filters according to whether there have a furcation in the neighborhood was used to enhance the image and achieve a better effect.
3. A feature extraction algorithm based on the binary image was used in the fingerprint feature extraction stage. Using this algorithm can not only get rid of the time used in thinning processing and avoid to introduce the pseudo-feature ,but also can extract the rich real minutia to make a sound foundation for further feature matching.
指纹是手指末端正面皮肤上凸凹不平的纹路。在人的生长早期形成后，终生保持不变。自动指纹识别系统是集光电技术、图像处理、计算机及网络、数据库技术、模式识别技术等于一体的综合性系统。针对自动指纹识别系统的运行过程，在总结该领域现有研究成果的基础上，本文对自动指纹验证系统中指纹图像预处理与特征提取环节的关键算法进行了研究，在PIV的计算机上用MATLAB7实现了目前本系统各个环节所使用的主流算法，并反复实验比较，实现了论文中所提到的算法。与传统系统设计相比，本系统进行了一些改进：
1、在指纹图像预处理过程中，将指纹有效区域分割与方向场计算相融合，并直接做出质量评测，大大缩短了处理时间，并且避免了对低质量指纹无效的处理。
2、在方向场计算后，使用一种自适应的图像增强算法，根据处理邻域是否存在分叉点分别使用不同的滤波器进行图像增强，取得了较好的增强效果。
3、在指纹特征提取阶段，使用一种基于二值化图像的特征提取算法，即能去除细化过程的处理时间，又能避免图像细化引入的伪特征，并且能够提取出足够真实、丰富的细节点，为进一步的特征匹配打下良好的基础。
In recent years, as the development of social and economic, the more accuracy, safty, practicality of identification were required. Among all kinds of biometric identification technology, people pay a great deal of concern on fingerprint recognition technology for it's many advantages, such as more convenient using, higher accuracy and lower cost. And as the most widely used and effective means of identity authentication, it have been widely applied in e-commerce, criminal identification, information security, and other fields.
Fingerprint is a rugged finger skin lines. Once the human embryo created, the fingerprint will unchanged in whole life. Automated Fingerprint Identification System is an integrated system which concentrate the photoelectric technology, image processing, computer and networking, database technology, pattern recognition technology. In the view of the operation of the AFIS, based on the conclusion of the existing research results, I research the key algorithm in the fingerprint image preprocessing and feature extraction algorithm of the fingerprint authentication system in this paper. The author actualize the mainstream algorithm which used in the popular AFIS and experiment repeated, achieve the algorithm used in this paper with MATLAB7.Compared with the traditional system design, the system made some improvements:
1. In the fingerprint image preprocessing course inosculate the step of the orientation field and the effective regional division, and evaluation the image quality directly. Using this algorithm can greatly reduce the processing time and avoid to handle of the invalid low-quality fingerprint.
2. After estimate the fingerprint orientation field, an adaptive image enhancement algorithm which use different filters according to whether there have a furcation in the neighborhood was used to enhance the image and achieve a better effect.
3. A feature extraction algorithm based on the binary image was used in the fingerprint feature extraction stage. Using this algorithm can not only get rid of the time used in thinning processing and avoid to introduce the pseudo-feature ,but also can extract the rich real minutia to make a sound foundation for further feature matching.
引文
[1] 田捷，杨鑫．生物特征识别技术理论与应用．北京：电子工业出版社，2005
[2] Biometrics Boom[J],Spectrum,IEEE,2004,41 (3): 13-13
[3] Anil. K. Jain, An Identity-Authentication System Using Fingerprint, Proceeding of The IEEE, Vol.85, NO.9, September 1997
[4] 尹义龙．“自动指纹识别技术的发展与应用”．南京大学学报(自然科学版)．2002，38(1)：29-35
[5] 张成海，张铎．“现代自动识别技术与应用”．北京：清华大学出版社．2003．9
[6] 张毓晋．图象处理和分析．北京：清华大学出版社．1999_3
[7] 张直，陈刚．基于偏微分方程的图像处理．北京：高等教育出版社．2004．1
[8] A.K.Jain, A Ross, S.Prabhakar, An Introduction to Biometric Recognition, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Special Issue on Image-and Video-Based Biometrics, August 2003
[9] 任群．自动指纹识别算法的识别性能研究．博士毕业论文．中国科学院研究生院．2003．6
[10] Jain.A.K, Hong Lin, Bolle.R, On-line fingerprint verification, IEEE Transactions on PAMI, 1997,19(4):302-314
[11] Kenneth R, Castleman, Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall International, 2002
[12] 刘怀泉．自动指纹识别系统研究[D]．硕士学位论文．山东大学，2005
[13] 陈桂友．自动指纹识别系统中的关键算法研究及应用．博士学位论文．山东大学．2005
[14] 周新伦．数字图像处理．北京：国防工业出版社．1986
[15] X.Sun, Z.Ai, Automatic feature extraction and recognition of fingerprint images, Proceeding of ICSP96,1996,1086-1089
[16] Mehtre.B.M, Murtby.N.N, Kapoor.S, Segmentation of fingerprint images using the directional image Pattern recognition,1987,20(4):429—435
[17] Rao.A.R, A taxonomy for texture description and identification, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990
[18] Hong L, Jain A K, Pankantis, Fingerprint image enhancement[A], Proc.First, IEEE WACV[C], Sarasota,Fla: [s.n.] 1996,1661-1671
[19] Michael.M, S.Chong, Tan Han Ngee, Geometric framework for fingerprint image classification[J], Pattern Recognition, 1997,30 (9): 1475—1488
[20] Kawagoe.M, Tojo.A, Fingerprint pattern dassification, Pattern Recognition, 1984,17 (3),295～303
[21] 黄席樾，马笑潇，汪鹏等．“基于方向基元集描述的求取指纹方向图的方 法及应用”．重庆大学学报(自然科学版)．2000，23(5)：57～61
[22] Bazen A M, Systematic methods for the computation of the directional fields and singular points of fingerprints, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2002,24(7):905-919
[23] Maltoni D, Maio D, Jain A K, et al, Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc,2003
[24] Lin Hong, WangYifei, A.K.Jain, Fingerprint image enhancement: algorithm and performance evaluation[J], IEEE Transactions on Patten Analysis and Machine Intelligence 1998,20(8):777～789
[25] 胡士斌．指纹图像预处理技术．硕士学位论文．国防科学技术大学．2005
[26] 付景广．指纹识别中若干关键算法的研究．博士学位论文．中国科学院研究生院．2003
[27] 祝恩．低质量指纹图像的特征提取与识别技术的研究．博士学位论文．国防科学技术大学．2005．04
[28] 黎妹红，张其善．“一种基于智能卡的指纹认证方案”．北京航空航天大学学报．2005，31(1)：74-77
[29] Andres Almansa, Tony Lindeberg, Fingerprint enhancement by shape adaptation of scale-space operators with automation scale selection[J],IEEE Trans, On Image Processing,2000,9(12):2027-2042
[30] D. Sherlock, D. M. Monro, K. Millard, Fingerprint enhancement by directional fourier filtering, In IEE Proc, Vision Image Signal Processing, 1994, 141(2):87-94
[31] T.Kamei, M.Mizoguchi, Image filter design for fingerprint enhancement, In Proc,ISCV' 95, 1995, 109-114
[32] L. Hong, Y. Wan, A. K. Jain, Fingerprint Image Enhancement:Algorithm and Performance Evaluation, IEEE Tran on PAMI, 1998, 20(8):777-789
[33] 柯渝．指纹识别系统中的预处理与后处理研究．硕士学位论文．厦门大学计算机系．2004．6
[34] Jie Zhou, Jinwei Gu, A model-based method for the computation of fingerprints' orientation field[J], IEEE Transactions On Image Processing,2004, 13(6), 821-835
[35] Lin Hong, Yifei Wan, Anil Jain, Fingerprint image enhancement: algorithm and performance evaluation, IEEE Trans On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1998,20(8):777-789
[36] 赵向欣．中华指纹学．北京：群众出版社．1997
[37] 顾金伟．指纹特征表示的研究及应用．硕士学位论文．清华大学，2005
[38] 杨庆生．自动指纹图像分类与匹配方法的研究．硕士学位论文．大连理工大学．2005
[39] A.K.Jain, S.Pankanti, S.Prabhakar and A.Ross, Recent Advances in Fingerprint Verification, Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on AVBPA, 2001, p182-191
[40] Pankanti S, Prabhakar S, Jain A K, On the individuality of fingerprints, IEEE Transactions on Pattem Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2002, 24(8): 1010-1025
[41] Mehtre B M, Muthy N N, Kapoor S ,et al, Segmentation of fingerprint image using the direction image[J], Pattern Recognition,1987, 20(4): 429-435
[42] Louis Coetzee, Elizabeth Botha, Fingerprint recognition in low quality images [J], Pattern Recognition, 1993,26(10): 1441-1460
[43] N.Ratha, S.Chen, A.K.Jain, Adaptive flow orientation based feature extraction in fingerprint images [J], Pattern Recognition, 1995,28(11): 1657-1672
[44] D.Maio, D.Maltoni, A structural approach to fingerprint classification[C], In: Proc. 13'" ICPR, pp: 578-585,Vienna, 1996
[45] X.Jiang, W.Y.Yau, W.Ser, Minutiae extraction by adaptive tracing the gray level ridge of the fingerprint image[C],IEEE 6" International Conference on Image Processing,Japan. 1999:852-856
[46] 尹义龙，宁新宝，张晓梅．“改进的指纹细节特征提取算法”．中国图像图形学报．2002，17(12)：1302-1306
[47] W. Engeler, P. Frank, and M. Leung, Fingerprint image processing using neural network[C], In: Proc, IEEE Region 10 Conf on Computer and Comm Systems, Hong Kong, 1990
[48] X. Jiang, W. Y. Yau, W. Ser, Detecting fingerprint minutiae by adaptive tracing the gray level ridge, Pattern Recognition, 2001,34(11):999-1013
[49] A.K.Jain, S.Prabhakar, L.Hong and S.Pankanti, FingerCode:A Filterbank for Fingerprint Representation and Matching, Proc.IEEE Conference on CVPR, Colorado,Vol.2,p 187-193,June 23-25,1999
[50] Z.Bian, D.Zhang, W.Shu, Knowledge based fingerprint post processing, International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 2002, 16(1):53-67
[2] Biometrics Boom[J],Spectrum,IEEE,2004,41 (3): 13-13
[3] Anil. K. Jain, An Identity-Authentication System Using Fingerprint, Proceeding of The IEEE, Vol.85, NO.9, September 1997
[4] 尹义龙．“自动指纹识别技术的发展与应用”．南京大学学报(自然科学版)．2002，38(1)：29-35
[5] 张成海，张铎．“现代自动识别技术与应用”．北京：清华大学出版社．2003．9
[6] 张毓晋．图象处理和分析．北京：清华大学出版社．1999_3
[7] 张直，陈刚．基于偏微分方程的图像处理．北京：高等教育出版社．2004．1
[8] A.K.Jain, A Ross, S.Prabhakar, An Introduction to Biometric Recognition, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Special Issue on Image-and Video-Based Biometrics, August 2003
[9] 任群．自动指纹识别算法的识别性能研究．博士毕业论文．中国科学院研究生院．2003．6
[10] Jain.A.K, Hong Lin, Bolle.R, On-line fingerprint verification, IEEE Transactions on PAMI, 1997,19(4):302-314
[11] Kenneth R, Castleman, Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall International, 2002
[12] 刘怀泉．自动指纹识别系统研究[D]．硕士学位论文．山东大学，2005
[13] 陈桂友．自动指纹识别系统中的关键算法研究及应用．博士学位论文．山东大学．2005
[14] 周新伦．数字图像处理．北京：国防工业出版社．1986
[15] X.Sun, Z.Ai, Automatic feature extraction and recognition of fingerprint images, Proceeding of ICSP96,1996,1086-1089
[16] Mehtre.B.M, Murtby.N.N, Kapoor.S, Segmentation of fingerprint images using the directional image Pattern recognition,1987,20(4):429—435
[17] Rao.A.R, A taxonomy for texture description and identification, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990
[18] Hong L, Jain A K, Pankantis, Fingerprint image enhancement[A], Proc.First, IEEE WACV[C], Sarasota,Fla: [s.n.] 1996,1661-1671
[19] Michael.M, S.Chong, Tan Han Ngee, Geometric framework for fingerprint image classification[J], Pattern Recognition, 1997,30 (9): 1475—1488
[20] Kawagoe.M, Tojo.A, Fingerprint pattern dassification, Pattern Recognition, 1984,17 (3),295～303
[21] 黄席樾，马笑潇，汪鹏等．“基于方向基元集描述的求取指纹方向图的方 法及应用”．重庆大学学报(自然科学版)．2000，23(5)：57～61
[22] Bazen A M, Systematic methods for the computation of the directional fields and singular points of fingerprints, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2002,24(7):905-919
[23] Maltoni D, Maio D, Jain A K, et al, Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc,2003
[24] Lin Hong, WangYifei, A.K.Jain, Fingerprint image enhancement: algorithm and performance evaluation[J], IEEE Transactions on Patten Analysis and Machine Intelligence 1998,20(8):777～789
[25] 胡士斌．指纹图像预处理技术．硕士学位论文．国防科学技术大学．2005
[26] 付景广．指纹识别中若干关键算法的研究．博士学位论文．中国科学院研究生院．2003
[27] 祝恩．低质量指纹图像的特征提取与识别技术的研究．博士学位论文．国防科学技术大学．2005．04
[28] 黎妹红，张其善．“一种基于智能卡的指纹认证方案”．北京航空航天大学学报．2005，31(1)：74-77
[29] Andres Almansa, Tony Lindeberg, Fingerprint enhancement by shape adaptation of scale-space operators with automation scale selection[J],IEEE Trans, On Image Processing,2000,9(12):2027-2042
[30] D. Sherlock, D. M. Monro, K. Millard, Fingerprint enhancement by directional fourier filtering, In IEE Proc, Vision Image Signal Processing, 1994, 141(2):87-94
[31] T.Kamei, M.Mizoguchi, Image filter design for fingerprint enhancement, In Proc,ISCV' 95, 1995, 109-114
[32] L. Hong, Y. Wan, A. K. Jain, Fingerprint Image Enhancement:Algorithm and Performance Evaluation, IEEE Tran on PAMI, 1998, 20(8):777-789
[33] 柯渝．指纹识别系统中的预处理与后处理研究．硕士学位论文．厦门大学计算机系．2004．6
[34] Jie Zhou, Jinwei Gu, A model-based method for the computation of fingerprints' orientation field[J], IEEE Transactions On Image Processing,2004, 13(6), 821-835
[35] Lin Hong, Yifei Wan, Anil Jain, Fingerprint image enhancement: algorithm and performance evaluation, IEEE Trans On Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1998,20(8):777-789
[36] 赵向欣．中华指纹学．北京：群众出版社．1997
[37] 顾金伟．指纹特征表示的研究及应用．硕士学位论文．清华大学，2005
[38] 杨庆生．自动指纹图像分类与匹配方法的研究．硕士学位论文．大连理工大学．2005
[39] A.K.Jain, S.Pankanti, S.Prabhakar and A.Ross, Recent Advances in Fingerprint Verification, Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on AVBPA, 2001, p182-191
[40] Pankanti S, Prabhakar S, Jain A K, On the individuality of fingerprints, IEEE Transactions on Pattem Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2002, 24(8): 1010-1025
[41] Mehtre B M, Muthy N N, Kapoor S ,et al, Segmentation of fingerprint image using the direction image[J], Pattern Recognition,1987, 20(4): 429-435
[42] Louis Coetzee, Elizabeth Botha, Fingerprint recognition in low quality images [J], Pattern Recognition, 1993,26(10): 1441-1460
[43] N.Ratha, S.Chen, A.K.Jain, Adaptive flow orientation based feature extraction in fingerprint images [J], Pattern Recognition, 1995,28(11): 1657-1672
[44] D.Maio, D.Maltoni, A structural approach to fingerprint classification[C], In: Proc. 13'" ICPR, pp: 578-585,Vienna, 1996
[45] X.Jiang, W.Y.Yau, W.Ser, Minutiae extraction by adaptive tracing the gray level ridge of the fingerprint image[C],IEEE 6" International Conference on Image Processing,Japan. 1999:852-856
[46] 尹义龙，宁新宝，张晓梅．“改进的指纹细节特征提取算法”．中国图像图形学报．2002，17(12)：1302-1306
[47] W. Engeler, P. Frank, and M. Leung, Fingerprint image processing using neural network[C], In: Proc, IEEE Region 10 Conf on Computer and Comm Systems, Hong Kong, 1990
[48] X. Jiang, W. Y. Yau, W. Ser, Detecting fingerprint minutiae by adaptive tracing the gray level ridge, Pattern Recognition, 2001,34(11):999-1013
[49] A.K.Jain, S.Prabhakar, L.Hong and S.Pankanti, FingerCode:A Filterbank for Fingerprint Representation and Matching, Proc.IEEE Conference on CVPR, Colorado,Vol.2,p 187-193,June 23-25,1999
[50] Z.Bian, D.Zhang, W.Shu, Knowledge based fingerprint post processing, International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence, 2002, 16(1):53-67