指纹的匹配方法研究
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摘要
指纹识别技术作为生物识别技术的一种，以其特有的唯一性和不变性，成为当前最可靠的个人身份识别技术。指纹匹配作为指纹识别的核心技术之一，是自动指纹识别系统设计中的热点和难点。
本文在前人工作的基础上，完成了如下工作：
(1)在指纹匹配的前期处理部分，选择并实现了一套快速、高效的指纹图像预处理、特征提取和后处理算法，为后续的指纹匹配处理奠定了基础。
(2)指纹匹配是本文的重点，在该部分对原有算法进行改进，提出了一种基于指纹全局星型结构特征的分步匹配算法。针对局部特征向量构造简单、易受局部形变干扰的问题，在第一步匹配中采用全局向量的同时，在此向量中增加了邻域特征点与中心特征点所在纹线方向夹角等反映纹线走向等参量，提高了匹配的准确性；针对固定限界盒门限造成误匹配率较高的问题，在第二步匹配中运用自适应门限，进一步提高了匹配的正确率。
(3)在指纹检索部分，提出了一种新的基于星型结构的指纹检索方法，一方面可以有效地进行指纹检索，排除不合格的指纹，使匹配速度得到显著提高；另一方面可以实现多维结构检索，满足不同系统的要求。
本文在实际微机指纹识别系统上实现了上述全套算法。实验结果表明，该套算法快速、有效，结果令人满意。
Fingerprint identification as a biometric is becoming one of the most reliable personal authentication technologies due to the uniqueness and immutability of fingerprints. As one of the key techniques, fingerprint matching is still the focus in the design of automatic fingerprint identification systems.
The main works given in the paper are as follows:
(1) Select and implement a set of fingerprint pre-processing, feature extraction and post-processing algorithms, which is proved fast and effective, and is the basis of the fingerprint matching.
(2) Propose a two-step global star-structure-based matching algorithm for fingerprint identification based on existing methods. In the first step of the algorithm, the global star structure feature vector is constructed. The ridge direction and the structural relationship parameters are added into the feature vector. And adaptive thresholds are used in the second step, which improves the robustness of the matching and makes the result more accurate.
(3) Propose a novel fingerprint indexing algorithm based on star-structure. This algorithm can accelerate the process of matching greatly by rejecting the mismatched fingerprints efficiently. It can also realize multidimensional indexing and meet the requirements of different systems.
All the proposed algorithms have been implemented on a fingerprint image processing system. The validity of the algorithms is confirmed by the experiment results given in the paper.
本文在前人工作的基础上，完成了如下工作：
(1)在指纹匹配的前期处理部分，选择并实现了一套快速、高效的指纹图像预处理、特征提取和后处理算法，为后续的指纹匹配处理奠定了基础。
(2)指纹匹配是本文的重点，在该部分对原有算法进行改进，提出了一种基于指纹全局星型结构特征的分步匹配算法。针对局部特征向量构造简单、易受局部形变干扰的问题，在第一步匹配中采用全局向量的同时，在此向量中增加了邻域特征点与中心特征点所在纹线方向夹角等反映纹线走向等参量，提高了匹配的准确性；针对固定限界盒门限造成误匹配率较高的问题，在第二步匹配中运用自适应门限，进一步提高了匹配的正确率。
(3)在指纹检索部分，提出了一种新的基于星型结构的指纹检索方法，一方面可以有效地进行指纹检索，排除不合格的指纹，使匹配速度得到显著提高；另一方面可以实现多维结构检索，满足不同系统的要求。
本文在实际微机指纹识别系统上实现了上述全套算法。实验结果表明，该套算法快速、有效，结果令人满意。
Fingerprint identification as a biometric is becoming one of the most reliable personal authentication technologies due to the uniqueness and immutability of fingerprints. As one of the key techniques, fingerprint matching is still the focus in the design of automatic fingerprint identification systems.
The main works given in the paper are as follows:
(1) Select and implement a set of fingerprint pre-processing, feature extraction and post-processing algorithms, which is proved fast and effective, and is the basis of the fingerprint matching.
(2) Propose a two-step global star-structure-based matching algorithm for fingerprint identification based on existing methods. In the first step of the algorithm, the global star structure feature vector is constructed. The ridge direction and the structural relationship parameters are added into the feature vector. And adaptive thresholds are used in the second step, which improves the robustness of the matching and makes the result more accurate.
(3) Propose a novel fingerprint indexing algorithm based on star-structure. This algorithm can accelerate the process of matching greatly by rejecting the mismatched fingerprints efficiently. It can also realize multidimensional indexing and meet the requirements of different systems.
All the proposed algorithms have been implemented on a fingerprint image processing system. The validity of the algorithms is confirmed by the experiment results given in the paper.
引文
[1] Zhang Mingui, Zhou Delong, Pan Quan, et al. Biometrics identification techniques. Proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation, 2002, 2: 1133～1137.
[2] G. Lassmann. Some results on robustness, security and usability of biometric systems. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2002, 2: 577～579.
[3] P. J. Phillips, A. Martin, C. L. Wilson, M. Przybocki. An introduction evaluating biometric systems. Computer, 2000, 33(2): 56～63.
[4] Clarke R. Human identification in information systems: Management challenges and public policy issues. Information Technology and People, 1994, 7(4): 6～37.
[5] R. R. Sanchez, C. A. Sanchez. Fingerprint verification using smart cards for access control systems. IEEE Aerospace and Electronics Systems Magazine, 2002, 17(9): 12～15.
[6] Anil K. Jain, Lin Hong, Ruud Bolle. An identity-authentication system using fingerprints. Proceeding of the IEEE, 1997, 85(9): 1365～1387.
[7] N. Yamaguchi. Advanced Automated Fingerprint Identification System. 32nd Annual 1998 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology. 1998, 10: 154～157.
[8] Anil K. Jain, Lin Hong. On-line fingerprint verification. Pattern Recognition, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on, 1996, 3: 596～600.
[9] T. W. Lim, M. Moghavvemi. Capacitive fingerprint sensor chip for automatic matching. TENCON, 2000, 2: 442～446.
[10] O. G. Lawrence. An Overview of Fingerprint Verification Technologies. Information Security Technical Report, 1998, 3(1): 21～32.
[11] Lin Hong, Yifei Wan, Anil Jain. Fingerprint image enhancement: algorithm and performance evaluation. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1998, 20(8): 777～788.
[12] Lawrence O' Gorman, V. Feffref. Nickerson. An approach to fingerprint filter design. Pattern Recognition, 1989, 22(1): 29～38.
[13] B. M. Mehtre. Fingerprint image analysis for automatic identification. Machine Vision and Application, 1993, 6: 124～139.
[14] 尹义龙，宁新宝，张晓梅．改进的指纹细节特征提取算法．中国图象图形学报，2002，7(12)：1302～1305．
[15] 张建伟，陆亨立．指纹自动识别中图像分割方法的研究．微型电脑应用，1999，15(12)：20～22．
[16] 耿茵茵，唐良瑞．指纹图像分级分割算法．北方工业大学学报，2000，12(3)：21～26．
[17] 马笑潇，黄席樾，周欣等．指纹自动识别系统中的关键技术—方向图．重庆大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，24(3)：91～94．
[18] B. M. Mehtre, N. N. Murthy, S. Kappor. Segmentation of fingerprint images using the directional image. Pattern Recognition, 1987, 20(4): 429～435.
[19] A. R. Rao. A taxonomy for texture description and identification. New York: Springer Verlag, 1990.
[20] Anil K. Jain, Lin Hong, Ruud Bolle. On-line fingerprint verification. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1997, 19(4): 302～314.
[21] 李建华，马小妹，郭成安．基于方向图的动态阈值指纹图像二值化方法．大连理工大学学报，2002，42(5)：626～628．
[22] 叶四民，陈福祥．指纹图像预处理中的二值化技术．自动化与仪器仪表，2001，94(2)：30～33．
[23] 冯星奎，李林艳，颜祖泉．一种新的指纹图像细化算法．中国图象图形学报，1999，4(10)：835～838．
[24] R. Y. Wu, W. H. Tsai. A new one-pass parallel thinning algorithm for binary images. Pattern Letters, 1992, 13: 715～723.
[25] S. Pankanti, S. Prabhakar, Anil K. Jain. On the individuality of fingerprints. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 2002, 24(8): 1010～1025.
[26] Dario Maio, Davide Maltoni. Direct gray-scale minutiae detection in fingerprints. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1997, 19(1): 27～39.
[27] 王建永．指纹图像的特征提邓和匹配．硕士学位论文．大连：大连理工大学电子与信息工程学院，2003.
[28] Qinghan Xiao, Hazem Raafat. Fingerprint image postprocessing: a combined statistical and structural approach. Pattern Recognition, 1991,24(10): 985～992.
[29] Sanjay Ranade, Azriel Rosenfeld. Point pattern matching by relaxation. Pattern Recognition, 1980, 12(5): 269～275.
[30] G. Stockman, S. Kopstein, S. Benett. Matching images to models for registration and object detection via clustering. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1982, 4(3): 229～241.
[31] A. Wahab, S. H. Chin, E. C. Tan. Novel approach to automated fingerprint recognition. IEE Proc. Vis. Image Signal Process, 1998, 145(3): 160～166.
[32] Weiwei Zhang, Yangsheng Wang. Core-based structure matching algorithm of fingerprint verification. Pattern Recognition, 16th International Conference on Proceedings. 2002, 1: 70～74.
[33] 金升平，陈定方．指纹细节匹配的遗传算法．交通与计算机，2002，20(2)：30～32．
[34] B. Moayer, F. K. Sun. A tree system approach for fingerprint pattern recognition. IEEE Trans. on Computers, 1976, C-25(3): 262～274.
[35] D. K. Isenor, S. G. Zaky. Fingerprint identification using graph matching. Pattern Recognition, 1986, 19(2): 113～122.
[36] T. Hatano, T. Adachi, S. Shigematsu, H. Morimura, et al. A fingerprint verification algorithm using the differential matching rate. Pattern Recognition, Proceedings, 16th International Conference on. 2002, 3: 799～802.
[37] 王业琳，宁新宝，尹义龙．一种新的指纹匹配方法．中国图象图形学报，2003，8(2)：203～208．
[38] A. L. H. Jin, A. Chekima, J. A. Dargham, et al. Fingerprint identification and recognition using backpropagation neural network. Research and Development, SCOReD, Student Conference on. 2002: 98～101.
[39] Xuejun Tan, B. Bhanu. Robust fingerprint identification. International Conference on Image Processing. 2002, 1: 277～280.
[40] Bir Bhanu, Xuejun Tan. Learned Templates for Feature Extraction in Fingerprint Images. Proc. IEEE. Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2001, 2: 591～596.
[41] Bir Bhanu, Xuejun Tan. Fingerprint indexing based on novel features of minutiae triplets. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2003, 25(5): 616～622.
[42] Khaled Ahmed Nagaty. Fingerprints classification using artificial neural networks: a combined structural and statistical approach. Neural Networks, 2001, 14: 1293～1305.
[43] A. K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, Lin Hong. A multichannel approach to fingerprint classification. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1999, 21(4): 348～359.
[44] Jeng Horng Chang, Kuo Chin Fan. A new model for fingerprint classification by ridge distribution sequences. Pattern Recognition, 2002, 35: 1209～1223.
[45] Lin Hong, Anil K. Jain. Integrating faces and fingerprints for personal identification. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1998, 20(12): 1295～1307.
[46] R. Brunelli, D. Falavigna. Personal identification using multiple Cues. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1995, 17(10): 955～966.
[2] G. Lassmann. Some results on robustness, security and usability of biometric systems. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, 2002, 2: 577～579.
[3] P. J. Phillips, A. Martin, C. L. Wilson, M. Przybocki. An introduction evaluating biometric systems. Computer, 2000, 33(2): 56～63.
[4] Clarke R. Human identification in information systems: Management challenges and public policy issues. Information Technology and People, 1994, 7(4): 6～37.
[5] R. R. Sanchez, C. A. Sanchez. Fingerprint verification using smart cards for access control systems. IEEE Aerospace and Electronics Systems Magazine, 2002, 17(9): 12～15.
[6] Anil K. Jain, Lin Hong, Ruud Bolle. An identity-authentication system using fingerprints. Proceeding of the IEEE, 1997, 85(9): 1365～1387.
[7] N. Yamaguchi. Advanced Automated Fingerprint Identification System. 32nd Annual 1998 International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology. 1998, 10: 154～157.
[8] Anil K. Jain, Lin Hong. On-line fingerprint verification. Pattern Recognition, Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on, 1996, 3: 596～600.
[9] T. W. Lim, M. Moghavvemi. Capacitive fingerprint sensor chip for automatic matching. TENCON, 2000, 2: 442～446.
[10] O. G. Lawrence. An Overview of Fingerprint Verification Technologies. Information Security Technical Report, 1998, 3(1): 21～32.
[11] Lin Hong, Yifei Wan, Anil Jain. Fingerprint image enhancement: algorithm and performance evaluation. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1998, 20(8): 777～788.
[12] Lawrence O' Gorman, V. Feffref. Nickerson. An approach to fingerprint filter design. Pattern Recognition, 1989, 22(1): 29～38.
[13] B. M. Mehtre. Fingerprint image analysis for automatic identification. Machine Vision and Application, 1993, 6: 124～139.
[14] 尹义龙，宁新宝，张晓梅．改进的指纹细节特征提取算法．中国图象图形学报，2002，7(12)：1302～1305．
[15] 张建伟，陆亨立．指纹自动识别中图像分割方法的研究．微型电脑应用，1999，15(12)：20～22．
[16] 耿茵茵，唐良瑞．指纹图像分级分割算法．北方工业大学学报，2000，12(3)：21～26．
[17] 马笑潇，黄席樾，周欣等．指纹自动识别系统中的关键技术—方向图．重庆大学学报(自然科学版)，2001，24(3)：91～94．
[18] B. M. Mehtre, N. N. Murthy, S. Kappor. Segmentation of fingerprint images using the directional image. Pattern Recognition, 1987, 20(4): 429～435.
[19] A. R. Rao. A taxonomy for texture description and identification. New York: Springer Verlag, 1990.
[20] Anil K. Jain, Lin Hong, Ruud Bolle. On-line fingerprint verification. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1997, 19(4): 302～314.
[21] 李建华，马小妹，郭成安．基于方向图的动态阈值指纹图像二值化方法．大连理工大学学报，2002，42(5)：626～628．
[22] 叶四民，陈福祥．指纹图像预处理中的二值化技术．自动化与仪器仪表，2001，94(2)：30～33．
[23] 冯星奎，李林艳，颜祖泉．一种新的指纹图像细化算法．中国图象图形学报，1999，4(10)：835～838．
[24] R. Y. Wu, W. H. Tsai. A new one-pass parallel thinning algorithm for binary images. Pattern Letters, 1992, 13: 715～723.
[25] S. Pankanti, S. Prabhakar, Anil K. Jain. On the individuality of fingerprints. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 2002, 24(8): 1010～1025.
[26] Dario Maio, Davide Maltoni. Direct gray-scale minutiae detection in fingerprints. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1997, 19(1): 27～39.
[27] 王建永．指纹图像的特征提邓和匹配．硕士学位论文．大连：大连理工大学电子与信息工程学院，2003.
[28] Qinghan Xiao, Hazem Raafat. Fingerprint image postprocessing: a combined statistical and structural approach. Pattern Recognition, 1991,24(10): 985～992.
[29] Sanjay Ranade, Azriel Rosenfeld. Point pattern matching by relaxation. Pattern Recognition, 1980, 12(5): 269～275.
[30] G. Stockman, S. Kopstein, S. Benett. Matching images to models for registration and object detection via clustering. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1982, 4(3): 229～241.
[31] A. Wahab, S. H. Chin, E. C. Tan. Novel approach to automated fingerprint recognition. IEE Proc. Vis. Image Signal Process, 1998, 145(3): 160～166.
[32] Weiwei Zhang, Yangsheng Wang. Core-based structure matching algorithm of fingerprint verification. Pattern Recognition, 16th International Conference on Proceedings. 2002, 1: 70～74.
[33] 金升平，陈定方．指纹细节匹配的遗传算法．交通与计算机，2002，20(2)：30～32．
[34] B. Moayer, F. K. Sun. A tree system approach for fingerprint pattern recognition. IEEE Trans. on Computers, 1976, C-25(3): 262～274.
[35] D. K. Isenor, S. G. Zaky. Fingerprint identification using graph matching. Pattern Recognition, 1986, 19(2): 113～122.
[36] T. Hatano, T. Adachi, S. Shigematsu, H. Morimura, et al. A fingerprint verification algorithm using the differential matching rate. Pattern Recognition, Proceedings, 16th International Conference on. 2002, 3: 799～802.
[37] 王业琳，宁新宝，尹义龙．一种新的指纹匹配方法．中国图象图形学报，2003，8(2)：203～208．
[38] A. L. H. Jin, A. Chekima, J. A. Dargham, et al. Fingerprint identification and recognition using backpropagation neural network. Research and Development, SCOReD, Student Conference on. 2002: 98～101.
[39] Xuejun Tan, B. Bhanu. Robust fingerprint identification. International Conference on Image Processing. 2002, 1: 277～280.
[40] Bir Bhanu, Xuejun Tan. Learned Templates for Feature Extraction in Fingerprint Images. Proc. IEEE. Conf. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2001, 2: 591～596.
[41] Bir Bhanu, Xuejun Tan. Fingerprint indexing based on novel features of minutiae triplets. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 2003, 25(5): 616～622.
[42] Khaled Ahmed Nagaty. Fingerprints classification using artificial neural networks: a combined structural and statistical approach. Neural Networks, 2001, 14: 1293～1305.
[43] A. K. Jain, S. Prabhakar, Lin Hong. A multichannel approach to fingerprint classification. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1999, 21(4): 348～359.
[44] Jeng Horng Chang, Kuo Chin Fan. A new model for fingerprint classification by ridge distribution sequences. Pattern Recognition, 2002, 35: 1209～1223.
[45] Lin Hong, Anil K. Jain. Integrating faces and fingerprints for personal identification. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1998, 20(12): 1295～1307.
[46] R. Brunelli, D. Falavigna. Personal identification using multiple Cues. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1995, 17(10): 955～966.