二维条码谷物溯源颗粒的研制及溯源信息采集系统研究
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摘要
我国是粮食生产和消费大国,粮食食品安全是食品安全中的重点,关系到人们日常生活的健康和社会的稳定与发展。近年来食品安全问题屡见不鲜,追溯系统作为保障食品安全的一种有效手段,能够高效的实现“从农场到餐桌”的源头信息的追溯和质量控制。在追溯系统中,身份标识技术作为关键技术之一,通过数据载体将信息流与实物流联接,实现快速、精确、有效的识别产品信息和保证追溯系统的鲁棒性。
粮食生产中,由于谷物由单位小个体组成,溯源过程不同于其他农产品可以通过唯一的身份标识信息准确追溯到源头,谷物生产需要按照不同的等级或不同的用途将来自多个产地的谷物进行混合配送和分销,因此很难确定一批谷物精确产地信息。为实现粮食生产供应链中,谷物信息的低成本、精确的追溯,本文提出采用可食用的材料压制而成的颗粒,在其表面喷印代表谷物信息的Data Matrix二维条码,作为谷物信息的标识载体。供应链各环节中将其与谷物混合,实现粮食生产中的实物流和信息流的连接,以低成本的信息标示追溯到谷物源产地信息。为了研制具有唯一性、精确性、耐用性的谷物标识,使其满足谷物溯源各环节的生产条件。本课题在以下几个方面进行研究：
(1)为了避免对谷物造成污染,本研究采用可食用的原材料糖粉、硅化微晶纤维素和硬脂酸镁,采用粉末直接压片法制备糖类型和纤维素类型2种溯源颗粒,设计其外观尺寸为11×6×4mm3。由于2种溯源颗粒成分组成不同,颗粒密度也不同,因此压制二维的颗粒的重量也不相同,糖类型的溯源颗粒每个约为0.29g,纤维素类型的溯源颗粒约0.36g。
(2)为了使谷物溯源颗粒容纳更多的信息,采用Data Matrix二维条码编码规则。设计适合喷印于溯源颗粒表面的条码编码和尺寸,根据溯源颗粒的外观尺寸,设计8*18模块的长方形Data Matrix二维条码,每个模块大小为0.43×0.43mm2。采用喷印技术及可食用的喷墨将Data Matrix二维条码喷印于溯源颗粒表面。
(3)为了测试溯源颗粒表面Data Matrix二维条码的可读性,分别将3组Data Matrix二维条码喷印于糖类型和纤维素类型溯源颗粒表面,测试每种溯源颗粒的可读率。结果表明,2种溯源颗粒的可读率都在90%以上(92.5%-98.0%),证明本实验采用以喷印技术将Data Matrix条码喷印溯源颗粒表面是可行的,且具有良好的可喷印性。其中,纤维素类型的溯源颗粒可读率(95.5%-98.0%)高于糖类型溯源颗粒的可读率(92.5%～96.5%),而且2种溯源颗粒的样本可读率在95%的置信区间内存在显著差异(P<0.05)。
(4)溯源颗粒的表面粗糙度影响Data Matrix二维条码的喷印质量,为了探索溯源颗粒表面粗糙度特性与其表面印刷Data Matrix二维条码的的可读率之间的关系,提高溯源颗粒表面的喷印质量,本文研究了溯源颗粒表面粗糙度的测量方法。采用3D轮廓仪测量溯源颗粒表面粗糙度Ra和Rms值。选择10倍物镜测量时,每次取样面积为0.70mmm×0.56mm。溯源颗粒上喷印Data Matrix的面积为7.74×3.44mm2,因此需要测量多次扫描面积。试验选择3、5、8、10个测量面积的均值作为样本表面粗糙度时,每个样本取5个测量面积时能近似反映整个表面的粗糙度情况。
(5)为了研究表面粗糙度对喷印Data Matrix二维条码可读率的影响,通过试验比较了2种溯源颗粒表面粗糙度与喷印Data Matrix二维条码可读率的关系,研究表明纤维素类型的溯源颗粒可读率高于糖类型的溯源颗粒,且其表面粗糙度Ra和Rrms值均小于糖类型溯源颗粒。总体上可读率随着粗糙度的减少而增大,但在粗糙度范围变化很小时,油墨与材料之间的吸附特性等影响溯源颗粒表面材料喷印二维条码的可读率。
(6)对影响溯源颗粒表面粗糙度的生产压力及配方因素进行了正交试验设计,对试验结果进行方差分析,并判断生产压力及配方2个因素分别对表面粗糙度的影响。并采用模糊综合评判分析方法,分析糖类型和纤维素类型2种溯源颗粒的最佳工艺参数。基于模糊综合评价分析结果表明,糖类型溯源颗粒的最优工艺参数组合为压力2.727MPa,配方为糖粉质量分数99%和硬脂酸镁质量分数1%；纤维素类型溯源颗粒的最优工艺参数组合为3.636MPa,配方为糖粉质量分数36.5%、硅化微晶纤维素质量分数62.5%和硬脂酸镁质量分数1%。
(7)在粮食生产供应链中,以溯源颗粒作为谷物信息标示技术,要求溯源颗粒应具有良好的耐用性,以满足与谷物混合进入供应链各环节中的抗磨损性和抗冲击性要求,最终适应谷物信息的追溯环境。本研究设计了14种溯源颗粒生产方案,其中包括2种溯源颗粒(糖类型和纤维素类型)、2种包衣材料(可食用虫胶和羟丙基甲基纤维素)以及四种生产顺序(喷印、包衣——喷印、喷印——包衣、包衣——喷印——包衣)。设计了传送试验和冲击试验以模拟溯源颗粒与谷物混合时磨损和冲击情况,分别测试每种方案生产的溯源颗粒的抗磨损性能和抗冲击性。溯源颗粒在与谷物混合时,由于谷物呼吸作用而使其具有一定的湿度,因此试验分别考虑在有吸湿的条件下和没有吸湿条件下进行。溯源颗粒耐用性试验结果表明：在设计的14种方案的溯源颗粒中,以纤维素类型溯源颗粒,包衣材料为羟丙基甲基纤维素,包衣方式为印刷——包衣生产的溯源颗粒,分别在传送实验、吸湿条件处理的传送试验、冲击试验、吸湿条件处理的冲击试验中均具有较好的抗磨损性和抗冲击性。
以上内容的研究主要是围绕粮食生产供应链追溯系统中的信息标识技术,因此需要建立以溯源颗粒为标识技术的采集系统。本文以稻谷储藏环节为例,提出了利用无线传感器网络设计储藏环节的信息采集系统,实现稻谷身份标识信息、仓储温湿度、稻谷含水率信息的采集。为实现储藏环节信息采集系统,本文解决了以下问题：首先利用二维条码扫描器IT4800SF与处理器S3C6410通过USB接口相连,来代替传统的PC机采集方式,实现便携式的采集。为实现储藏稻谷含水率的实时采集,本文提出基于平衡水分原理的稻谷含水率实时监测方案。本文对储藏环节信息采集系统测试,结果表明：采用本系统的含水率预测精度和节点信息采集传输质量满足系统应用的要求。
Grain production and consumption of our country sustain a large proportion in world, therefore grain food safety is an important part of foodstuff safety to affect people's daily life health and social stability and development. Recent food safety issues are increasing demand for traceability systems in all foodstuff to realize tracing and quality control effectively during the process from origin harvest to table. Identification technology is one of the key technologies in traceability, which enable to connect information chain with material chain with an data carrier, moreover, to realize a quick, accurate, efficient method for recognition product information and make sure robustness of identification in traceability system.
During the process of grain production, it is very difficult to trace origin in bulk grains with identification technology like other agriculture products because of their small individual size and massive overall quantities. Moreover, grain from various origins is typically mixed with different usage and grade at multiple points in the supply chain, making point of origin impossible to determine. In order to realize a low cost, accurate method to tracing grain information in grain supply chain, it was proposed the method of food-grade tracers printed with two-dimensional Data Matrix bar code as grain information carriers. For each link in supply chain, food-grade grain tracer was mixed with grain to gain the connect of information chain with material chain, and tracing grain to origin at a low cost. Therefore, the mainly work had been accomplished as followed to develop an grain identification technology with the characteristic of uniqueness, precision and durability, in order to make sure the characteristic to be appropriate for grain production environment.
(1) In order to avoid contamination of grain, this study used edible raw material powder, silicified microcrystalline cellulose and magnesium stearate to product the two types tracers of sugar-based and cellulose-based with direct compression method. The tracer dimensions were1lmm in length,6mm in width and4mm in thick. While the difference particle composition in types of tracers resulted in different particle density, so the weight of two types tracers were different. The resulting average weight was0.36g for sugar-based and0.29g for cellulose-based tracers.
(2) The two-dimensional Data Matrix bar code was used in grain information encoding to accommodate more information. Based on tracer dimensions and the request of printing two-dimensional Data Matrix bar code on tracer surface, the code was designed to have an8*18format with module size of0.43×0.43mm2, which enabled one code symbol to fit on the surface of a tracer. The two-dimensional Data Matrix was printed with ink-jet printing technology and edible ink on tracer surface.
(3) Three groups of Data Matrix bar code were printed on sugar-based and cellulose-based tracers to assess the readability of two types of tracers. The printing of DM codes on sugar-and cellulose-based tracer particles was found to be readily feasible, and the readability for both types was above90%(92.5%-98.0%), illustrating the good printability on the two types of tracers. Moreover, the readability of DM codes on cellulose-based tracers was better (95.5%to98.0%) than that on sugar-based tracers (92.5%to96.5%). The T-test indicated a significant difference in readability between sugar-and cellulose-based tracers (p<0.05).
(4) The surface roughness of grain tracer affected the printing quality of Data Matrix bar code, it was researched on the measurement of grain tracer surface roughness to evaluated the effect of surface roughness on readability of Data Matrix bar code printed on tracers and to improve the printing quality. Surface roughness Ra and Rrms value was measured by3D profilometer. A scanning area was0.70x0.56mm2when image was collected with a10-X objective. The area of Data Matrix bar code on grain tracer was7.74X3.44mm2, therefore, it was needed to measure the average of several scanning area. A test was designed to assess3,5,8,10areas measurement average value as the sample surface roughness, the results implied that5area measurement on each sample can reflect the entire surface roughness approximately.
(5) In order to study the effect of surface roughness on the readability of Data Matrix code, an experiment was designed to assess the effect of two types tracers surface roughness on readability of Data Matrix code printed on their surface. The results showed that the readability of cellulose-based tracer was higher than that of sugar-based tracer, at the same time, the surface roughness Ra and Rrms values were lower than that of sugar-based tracer. Overall, readability decreased with the roughness increasing. However, when the changing degree of roughness is very small, the readability was affected by adsorption between the ink and the material characteristics of the particle surface material.
(6) A two-factor factorial design was employed to analyze the influence of different formation pressures and constituent formulations on surface roughness.The results were analyzed by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to determine the optimum combinations process parameters. The analysis results indicated that the optimal process parameters of sugar-based tracers was at the pressure of2.727MPa with the formula of99%sugar and1%stearic acid magnesium; the optimal process parameters of cellulose-based tracers was at the pressure of3.636MPa with the formula of36.5%sugar,62.5%silicified microcrystalline cellulose and1%stearic acid magnesium.
(7) In the grain production supply chain with grain tracer as its information identification, the characteristic of ruggedness was needed to meet the require of abrasion resistance and impact resistance when mixing tracers with grain in supply chain, which enabled grain tracer to adapt to grain tracing environment. Fourteen treatments involving two tracer types (sugar-based and cellulose-based), two coating materials (edible shellac and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), and four coat-print procedures were considered to assess the abrasion resistance and impact resistance in the conveying test and impact test. Grain tracers are expected to absorb some finite amount of moisture when mixed with grain and stored in a grain bin, therefore, the effect of moisture absorption by the tracers was assessed by conducting the ruggedness tests with dry and moist tracers. The results of the ruggedness experiment showed that the treatment performed very well in the conveying test and impact test both under moisture test and no moisture, which was cellulose-based tracer coated with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose after printing.
The above study is mainly around the information identification in supply chain of grain traceability system, and information acquisition system was needed to identify grain tracer. Taking paddy in storage as an example in this study, a tracing information acquisition system in storage was proposed based on wireless sensor network, which enable to gain the grain identification, temperature and humidity in bulk grain and grain moisture information. In order to realize this system, some problems were resolved in this paper. It was proposed the portable collection method of using two-dimensional the barcode scanner IT4800SR connected with S3C6410, which was instead of the traditional collection with PC.To achieve real-time acquisition of stored paddy moisture content, this paper presented a real-time monitoring program based on the principle of equilibrium moisture content.
粮食生产中,由于谷物由单位小个体组成,溯源过程不同于其他农产品可以通过唯一的身份标识信息准确追溯到源头,谷物生产需要按照不同的等级或不同的用途将来自多个产地的谷物进行混合配送和分销,因此很难确定一批谷物精确产地信息。为实现粮食生产供应链中,谷物信息的低成本、精确的追溯,本文提出采用可食用的材料压制而成的颗粒,在其表面喷印代表谷物信息的Data Matrix二维条码,作为谷物信息的标识载体。供应链各环节中将其与谷物混合,实现粮食生产中的实物流和信息流的连接,以低成本的信息标示追溯到谷物源产地信息。为了研制具有唯一性、精确性、耐用性的谷物标识,使其满足谷物溯源各环节的生产条件。本课题在以下几个方面进行研究：
(1)为了避免对谷物造成污染,本研究采用可食用的原材料糖粉、硅化微晶纤维素和硬脂酸镁,采用粉末直接压片法制备糖类型和纤维素类型2种溯源颗粒,设计其外观尺寸为11×6×4mm3。由于2种溯源颗粒成分组成不同,颗粒密度也不同,因此压制二维的颗粒的重量也不相同,糖类型的溯源颗粒每个约为0.29g,纤维素类型的溯源颗粒约0.36g。
(2)为了使谷物溯源颗粒容纳更多的信息,采用Data Matrix二维条码编码规则。设计适合喷印于溯源颗粒表面的条码编码和尺寸,根据溯源颗粒的外观尺寸,设计8*18模块的长方形Data Matrix二维条码,每个模块大小为0.43×0.43mm2。采用喷印技术及可食用的喷墨将Data Matrix二维条码喷印于溯源颗粒表面。
(3)为了测试溯源颗粒表面Data Matrix二维条码的可读性,分别将3组Data Matrix二维条码喷印于糖类型和纤维素类型溯源颗粒表面,测试每种溯源颗粒的可读率。结果表明,2种溯源颗粒的可读率都在90%以上(92.5%-98.0%),证明本实验采用以喷印技术将Data Matrix条码喷印溯源颗粒表面是可行的,且具有良好的可喷印性。其中,纤维素类型的溯源颗粒可读率(95.5%-98.0%)高于糖类型溯源颗粒的可读率(92.5%～96.5%),而且2种溯源颗粒的样本可读率在95%的置信区间内存在显著差异(P<0.05)。
(4)溯源颗粒的表面粗糙度影响Data Matrix二维条码的喷印质量,为了探索溯源颗粒表面粗糙度特性与其表面印刷Data Matrix二维条码的的可读率之间的关系,提高溯源颗粒表面的喷印质量,本文研究了溯源颗粒表面粗糙度的测量方法。采用3D轮廓仪测量溯源颗粒表面粗糙度Ra和Rms值。选择10倍物镜测量时,每次取样面积为0.70mmm×0.56mm。溯源颗粒上喷印Data Matrix的面积为7.74×3.44mm2,因此需要测量多次扫描面积。试验选择3、5、8、10个测量面积的均值作为样本表面粗糙度时,每个样本取5个测量面积时能近似反映整个表面的粗糙度情况。
(5)为了研究表面粗糙度对喷印Data Matrix二维条码可读率的影响,通过试验比较了2种溯源颗粒表面粗糙度与喷印Data Matrix二维条码可读率的关系,研究表明纤维素类型的溯源颗粒可读率高于糖类型的溯源颗粒,且其表面粗糙度Ra和Rrms值均小于糖类型溯源颗粒。总体上可读率随着粗糙度的减少而增大,但在粗糙度范围变化很小时,油墨与材料之间的吸附特性等影响溯源颗粒表面材料喷印二维条码的可读率。
(6)对影响溯源颗粒表面粗糙度的生产压力及配方因素进行了正交试验设计,对试验结果进行方差分析,并判断生产压力及配方2个因素分别对表面粗糙度的影响。并采用模糊综合评判分析方法,分析糖类型和纤维素类型2种溯源颗粒的最佳工艺参数。基于模糊综合评价分析结果表明,糖类型溯源颗粒的最优工艺参数组合为压力2.727MPa,配方为糖粉质量分数99%和硬脂酸镁质量分数1%；纤维素类型溯源颗粒的最优工艺参数组合为3.636MPa,配方为糖粉质量分数36.5%、硅化微晶纤维素质量分数62.5%和硬脂酸镁质量分数1%。
(7)在粮食生产供应链中,以溯源颗粒作为谷物信息标示技术,要求溯源颗粒应具有良好的耐用性,以满足与谷物混合进入供应链各环节中的抗磨损性和抗冲击性要求,最终适应谷物信息的追溯环境。本研究设计了14种溯源颗粒生产方案,其中包括2种溯源颗粒(糖类型和纤维素类型)、2种包衣材料(可食用虫胶和羟丙基甲基纤维素)以及四种生产顺序(喷印、包衣——喷印、喷印——包衣、包衣——喷印——包衣)。设计了传送试验和冲击试验以模拟溯源颗粒与谷物混合时磨损和冲击情况,分别测试每种方案生产的溯源颗粒的抗磨损性能和抗冲击性。溯源颗粒在与谷物混合时,由于谷物呼吸作用而使其具有一定的湿度,因此试验分别考虑在有吸湿的条件下和没有吸湿条件下进行。溯源颗粒耐用性试验结果表明：在设计的14种方案的溯源颗粒中,以纤维素类型溯源颗粒,包衣材料为羟丙基甲基纤维素,包衣方式为印刷——包衣生产的溯源颗粒,分别在传送实验、吸湿条件处理的传送试验、冲击试验、吸湿条件处理的冲击试验中均具有较好的抗磨损性和抗冲击性。
以上内容的研究主要是围绕粮食生产供应链追溯系统中的信息标识技术,因此需要建立以溯源颗粒为标识技术的采集系统。本文以稻谷储藏环节为例,提出了利用无线传感器网络设计储藏环节的信息采集系统,实现稻谷身份标识信息、仓储温湿度、稻谷含水率信息的采集。为实现储藏环节信息采集系统,本文解决了以下问题：首先利用二维条码扫描器IT4800SF与处理器S3C6410通过USB接口相连,来代替传统的PC机采集方式,实现便携式的采集。为实现储藏稻谷含水率的实时采集,本文提出基于平衡水分原理的稻谷含水率实时监测方案。本文对储藏环节信息采集系统测试,结果表明：采用本系统的含水率预测精度和节点信息采集传输质量满足系统应用的要求。
Grain production and consumption of our country sustain a large proportion in world, therefore grain food safety is an important part of foodstuff safety to affect people's daily life health and social stability and development. Recent food safety issues are increasing demand for traceability systems in all foodstuff to realize tracing and quality control effectively during the process from origin harvest to table. Identification technology is one of the key technologies in traceability, which enable to connect information chain with material chain with an data carrier, moreover, to realize a quick, accurate, efficient method for recognition product information and make sure robustness of identification in traceability system.
During the process of grain production, it is very difficult to trace origin in bulk grains with identification technology like other agriculture products because of their small individual size and massive overall quantities. Moreover, grain from various origins is typically mixed with different usage and grade at multiple points in the supply chain, making point of origin impossible to determine. In order to realize a low cost, accurate method to tracing grain information in grain supply chain, it was proposed the method of food-grade tracers printed with two-dimensional Data Matrix bar code as grain information carriers. For each link in supply chain, food-grade grain tracer was mixed with grain to gain the connect of information chain with material chain, and tracing grain to origin at a low cost. Therefore, the mainly work had been accomplished as followed to develop an grain identification technology with the characteristic of uniqueness, precision and durability, in order to make sure the characteristic to be appropriate for grain production environment.
(1) In order to avoid contamination of grain, this study used edible raw material powder, silicified microcrystalline cellulose and magnesium stearate to product the two types tracers of sugar-based and cellulose-based with direct compression method. The tracer dimensions were1lmm in length,6mm in width and4mm in thick. While the difference particle composition in types of tracers resulted in different particle density, so the weight of two types tracers were different. The resulting average weight was0.36g for sugar-based and0.29g for cellulose-based tracers.
(2) The two-dimensional Data Matrix bar code was used in grain information encoding to accommodate more information. Based on tracer dimensions and the request of printing two-dimensional Data Matrix bar code on tracer surface, the code was designed to have an8*18format with module size of0.43×0.43mm2, which enabled one code symbol to fit on the surface of a tracer. The two-dimensional Data Matrix was printed with ink-jet printing technology and edible ink on tracer surface.
(3) Three groups of Data Matrix bar code were printed on sugar-based and cellulose-based tracers to assess the readability of two types of tracers. The printing of DM codes on sugar-and cellulose-based tracer particles was found to be readily feasible, and the readability for both types was above90%(92.5%-98.0%), illustrating the good printability on the two types of tracers. Moreover, the readability of DM codes on cellulose-based tracers was better (95.5%to98.0%) than that on sugar-based tracers (92.5%to96.5%). The T-test indicated a significant difference in readability between sugar-and cellulose-based tracers (p<0.05).
(4) The surface roughness of grain tracer affected the printing quality of Data Matrix bar code, it was researched on the measurement of grain tracer surface roughness to evaluated the effect of surface roughness on readability of Data Matrix bar code printed on tracers and to improve the printing quality. Surface roughness Ra and Rrms value was measured by3D profilometer. A scanning area was0.70x0.56mm2when image was collected with a10-X objective. The area of Data Matrix bar code on grain tracer was7.74X3.44mm2, therefore, it was needed to measure the average of several scanning area. A test was designed to assess3,5,8,10areas measurement average value as the sample surface roughness, the results implied that5area measurement on each sample can reflect the entire surface roughness approximately.
(5) In order to study the effect of surface roughness on the readability of Data Matrix code, an experiment was designed to assess the effect of two types tracers surface roughness on readability of Data Matrix code printed on their surface. The results showed that the readability of cellulose-based tracer was higher than that of sugar-based tracer, at the same time, the surface roughness Ra and Rrms values were lower than that of sugar-based tracer. Overall, readability decreased with the roughness increasing. However, when the changing degree of roughness is very small, the readability was affected by adsorption between the ink and the material characteristics of the particle surface material.
(6) A two-factor factorial design was employed to analyze the influence of different formation pressures and constituent formulations on surface roughness.The results were analyzed by fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to determine the optimum combinations process parameters. The analysis results indicated that the optimal process parameters of sugar-based tracers was at the pressure of2.727MPa with the formula of99%sugar and1%stearic acid magnesium; the optimal process parameters of cellulose-based tracers was at the pressure of3.636MPa with the formula of36.5%sugar,62.5%silicified microcrystalline cellulose and1%stearic acid magnesium.
(7) In the grain production supply chain with grain tracer as its information identification, the characteristic of ruggedness was needed to meet the require of abrasion resistance and impact resistance when mixing tracers with grain in supply chain, which enabled grain tracer to adapt to grain tracing environment. Fourteen treatments involving two tracer types (sugar-based and cellulose-based), two coating materials (edible shellac and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose), and four coat-print procedures were considered to assess the abrasion resistance and impact resistance in the conveying test and impact test. Grain tracers are expected to absorb some finite amount of moisture when mixed with grain and stored in a grain bin, therefore, the effect of moisture absorption by the tracers was assessed by conducting the ruggedness tests with dry and moist tracers. The results of the ruggedness experiment showed that the treatment performed very well in the conveying test and impact test both under moisture test and no moisture, which was cellulose-based tracer coated with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose after printing.
The above study is mainly around the information identification in supply chain of grain traceability system, and information acquisition system was needed to identify grain tracer. Taking paddy in storage as an example in this study, a tracing information acquisition system in storage was proposed based on wireless sensor network, which enable to gain the grain identification, temperature and humidity in bulk grain and grain moisture information. In order to realize this system, some problems were resolved in this paper. It was proposed the portable collection method of using two-dimensional the barcode scanner IT4800SR connected with S3C6410, which was instead of the traditional collection with PC.To achieve real-time acquisition of stored paddy moisture content, this paper presented a real-time monitoring program based on the principle of equilibrium moisture content.
引文
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