BOSC环境下采购契约研究
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摘要
随着全球化和社会技术经济的发展,企业面临日益增长的竞争压力。需求的个性化和不确定性程度的加剧、产品生命周期日益缩短,使得市场风险加大。供应链管理正是在这一背景下产生和发展的,并在企业界获得了巨大成功,成为人们研究和管理实践创新的热点。按订单构造型供应链BOSC (the build-to-order supply chain)以需求客户化为前提,解决时间、效率、成本之间的权衡问题,被人们誉为供应链管理发展的主流趋势。
本文以BOSC环境下的非标件采购模式为背景,针对由一个制造商和一个供应商构成的二级供应链研究了一般合作模式和利益共享合作模式下的非弹性契约和提前期弹性契约,并对四种不同类型契约进行了比较分析。在设计契约时考虑了零部件的模块化和供需双方的停止交易点。
本文的主要内容包括：1)采用供应链建模方法构建了非弹性的一般合作契约与利益共享契约模型,并采用数值计算方法比较了两种契约模型的优劣以及一些参数对决策的影响。结果表明利益共享契约优于一般合作契约,并且需求对提前期越敏感,越能体现出利益共享契约的优势。2)构建了提前期弹性的一般合作契约与利益共享契约模型,并通过数值计算分析比较了弹性契约与非弹性契约。结果表明在需求相同情况下,弹性契约的决策提前期小于非弹性契约决策提前期,并且增大产品定价-提前期激励系数,能够使得弹性契约中最佳决策提前期缩短,但是随着激励系数的增加,激励效果逐渐减少。
With economic globalization and the development of social technologies, enterprises are facing increasing competitive pressures. Individual needs and uncertainty intensified, increasingly shorter product life cycles, make the market risk increased. Supply chain management emergence and developed in this context and got a great success in business. Then, Supply chain management becomes a hot spot of innovation of the theory research and management practices. BOSC (build to order supply chain) focus on customer demand, solves the problems of time, efficiency and cost. BOSC is hailed as the development mainstream of supply chain management.
In this paper, we taking the non-standard parts procurement of BOSC environment as the background, develop a general cooperation contract model, a benefit-sharing contract model, a flexibility contract model of general cooperation, and a lead time flexibility contract model of benefit-sharing cooperation in a two-stage supply. We discuss and analysis the four different types of contracts. We take the modularity of components and conservative profit of both manufacture and supplier to stop trading into account.
The main contents include:1) develop a general cooperation contract model and a benefit-sharing contract model with Supply chain modeling method, compare the two models and analysis of some parameters on the impact of decisions. The results show that the benefit-sharing contract model better than the general cooperation contract model and the advantage of the benefit-sharing contract model is going to be more obvious if the demand is more sensitive to the lead time.2) Develop a lead time flexibility contract model of general cooperation, and a lead time flexibility contract model of benefit-sharing cooperation, compare the two models and analysis of some parameters on the impact of decisions. The results show that the lead time flexibility contracts better than non-flexible contract, and increased product pricing-lead time motivation parameter can shorten the lead time in the best decisions, but the incentive effect will gradually decrease.
本文以BOSC环境下的非标件采购模式为背景,针对由一个制造商和一个供应商构成的二级供应链研究了一般合作模式和利益共享合作模式下的非弹性契约和提前期弹性契约,并对四种不同类型契约进行了比较分析。在设计契约时考虑了零部件的模块化和供需双方的停止交易点。
本文的主要内容包括：1)采用供应链建模方法构建了非弹性的一般合作契约与利益共享契约模型,并采用数值计算方法比较了两种契约模型的优劣以及一些参数对决策的影响。结果表明利益共享契约优于一般合作契约,并且需求对提前期越敏感,越能体现出利益共享契约的优势。2)构建了提前期弹性的一般合作契约与利益共享契约模型,并通过数值计算分析比较了弹性契约与非弹性契约。结果表明在需求相同情况下,弹性契约的决策提前期小于非弹性契约决策提前期,并且增大产品定价-提前期激励系数,能够使得弹性契约中最佳决策提前期缩短,但是随着激励系数的增加,激励效果逐渐减少。
With economic globalization and the development of social technologies, enterprises are facing increasing competitive pressures. Individual needs and uncertainty intensified, increasingly shorter product life cycles, make the market risk increased. Supply chain management emergence and developed in this context and got a great success in business. Then, Supply chain management becomes a hot spot of innovation of the theory research and management practices. BOSC (build to order supply chain) focus on customer demand, solves the problems of time, efficiency and cost. BOSC is hailed as the development mainstream of supply chain management.
In this paper, we taking the non-standard parts procurement of BOSC environment as the background, develop a general cooperation contract model, a benefit-sharing contract model, a flexibility contract model of general cooperation, and a lead time flexibility contract model of benefit-sharing cooperation in a two-stage supply. We discuss and analysis the four different types of contracts. We take the modularity of components and conservative profit of both manufacture and supplier to stop trading into account.
The main contents include:1) develop a general cooperation contract model and a benefit-sharing contract model with Supply chain modeling method, compare the two models and analysis of some parameters on the impact of decisions. The results show that the benefit-sharing contract model better than the general cooperation contract model and the advantage of the benefit-sharing contract model is going to be more obvious if the demand is more sensitive to the lead time.2) Develop a lead time flexibility contract model of general cooperation, and a lead time flexibility contract model of benefit-sharing cooperation, compare the two models and analysis of some parameters on the impact of decisions. The results show that the lead time flexibility contracts better than non-flexible contract, and increased product pricing-lead time motivation parameter can shorten the lead time in the best decisions, but the incentive effect will gradually decrease.
引文
[1]Editorial. The build-to-order supply chain (BOSC):a competitive strategy for 21st century[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005(23):419-422
[2]A. Gunasekaran, E.W.T. Ngai.Build-to-order supply chain management:a literature:review and framework for development[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005
[3]Angappa Gunasekaran, Eric W.T. Ngai. Modeling and analysis of build-to-order supply chains[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2009
[4]许一敏,马士华.基于客户订单的制造业企业BOSC模式[J].物流技术,2007,2(26)：192-194
[5]Walters.D., Buchanan, J. The new economy, new opportunities and new structures[J]. Management Decision.2001,39 (10),818-833
[6]Carayannis, E., Sagi, J. New vs. old economy:insights on competitiveness in the global IT industry[J]. Technovation.2001(21),501-514
[7]Sameer Prasad, Jasmine Tata, Manu Madan. Build to order supply chains in developed and developing countries[J] Journal of Operations Management, 2005(23):551-568
[8]Hsu, H.-M., Wang, W.-P. Dynamic programming for delayed product[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2004(156):183-193
[9]Samar K. Mukhopadhyay, Robert Setoputro. Optimal return policy and modular design for build-to-order products[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005
[10]Lee Krajewski, Jerry C. Wei, Ling-Lang Tang. Responding to schedule changes in build-to-order supply chains[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005(23), 452-469
[11]Tyan, J.C., Wang, F.-K., Du, T. An Evaluation of freight consolidation policies in global third party logistic[J]. OMEGA,2003(31),55-62
[12]许一敏,马士华.BTO供应商的交货期承诺问题研究[J].工业工程与管理,2009(8)
[13]Lancioni, R.A., Smith, M.F., Oliva, T.A.The role of theInternet in supply chain management[J]. Industrial Marketing Management,2000(29):45-56
[14]Skjott-Larsen, T., Kotzab, H., Grieger, M.Electronic marketplaces and supply chain relationships [J]. Industrial Marketing Management,2003(32):199-210
[15]姜大尉.按单定制供应链(BOSC)——戴尔公司如何实施BOSC?[J].软文 件,2006(4),20
[16]许一敏.面向可持续竞争的企业BOSC战略模式[J].中国管理信息化,2007
[17]Christopher. M. Logistics and Supply Chain Management[J]. Pitman Publishing, 1988
[18]Douglas M. Lambert, Martha C. Cooper, Janus D. supply chain management implementation issues and research opptunities[J]. the international journal of logistics management,1998
[19]Hsu, H.-M.,Wang,W.-P. Dynamic programming for delayed product differentiation[J]. European Journal of Operational Research.2004(156):183-193
[20]Ghiassi, M., Spera, C. Defining the Internet-based supply chain system for mass customized markets [J]. Computers and Industrial Engineering.2003(45):17-41
[21]Olhager, J., Ostlund, B. An integrated push-pull manufacturing strategy[J]. European Journal of Operational Research.1990(45):135-142
[22]Chen, F., Federgruen, A., Zheng, Y.-S., Coordination mechanisms for a distribution system with one supplier and multiple retailers [J]. Management Science,2001,47 (5):693-708.
[23]Chen, R.-S., Lu, K.-Y., Yu, S.-C., Tzeng, H.-W., Chang, C.C. A case study in the design of BTO/CTO shop floor control system[J]. information and management.2003(41),25-37
[24]Waller.B. Market responsive manufacturing for the automotive supply[J]. Journal of manufacturing Technology Management,2004
[25]Sameer Prasad, Jasmine Tata, Manu Madan. Build to order supply chains in developed and developing countries[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005, (23):551-568.
[26]Tu, Q., Vonderembse, M.A., Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Ragu-Nathan, B. Measuring modularity based manufacturing practices and their impact on mass customization capability:a customer driven perspective [J]. Decision Sciences,2004,35 (2):147-168.
[27]Sako, M. Modularity and outsourcing:the nature of convolution of product architecture and organization architecture in the global automotive industry[J]. Oxford Press University,2004.
[28]马士华.供应链运作管理的框架[J].计算机集成制造系统-CIMS.2002(8)
[29]Osman Kulak,Cenqiz Kahraman. Fuzzy multi-attribute selection among transportation companies using axiomatic design and analytic hierarchy process[J]. Information Sciences—Informatics and Computer Science,2005
[30]魏世振,韩玉启.供应商选择与对策[J].中国管理科学,2005
[31]Aviv, Y. On the benefits of collaborative forecasting partnerships between retailers and manufacturers[J]. Management Science,2007.53 (5):777-794.
[32]刘荔娟,王周欢.现代采购管理[M].上海财经大学出版社,2005
[33]郑新.企业采购管理发展趋势研究[J].企业管理,2009.3：81-82
[34]陈祥锋.供应链合同管理模型与应用研究[D].复旦大学,2002：20-28
[35]刘玉梅.供应链契约研究[J].现代商贸工业.2009(4)
[36]Monahan J P.A quantitative discount pricing model to increase vendor profits[J].Management Science,1984,30:720-726
[37]Emmons H.S M Gibert.Note:The role of returns policies in pricing and inventory decisions[J]. Management Science,1998(2).
[38]叶飞,李怡娜.具有风险规避者加盟的供应链写作回购契约机制研究[J],工业工程与管理,2006(2)
[39]Dana J,Spier K.Revenue sharing and vertical control in the video rental industry[J]. The Journal of Industrial Economics,2001,49(3):223-245
[40]谢磊,马志强.非对称信息下基于收益共享的供应链协调契约研究[J].科技管理研究,2009(4)
[41]Tsay.A,LovejoyWS. Quantity-flexibility contracts and sup-ply chain performance[J].Manufacturing and Service Operations Management,1999,1(2): 118-149.
[42]宋华明,马士华.供应链中提前期压缩的竞争优势分析[J].物流技术,2005(9)：127-129.
[43]IyerA V, BergenM E. Quick Response inManu-facturer-retailer Channels[J]. Management Science,1997,43(4):559-570
[44]M.A.LariviereandE.porteus.Selling to the new svendor:ananalysis of priee-only contraets[J]. Manufacturing and Serviee Operations Management,2001,3(4):293-305.
[45]G. Cachon, M. Lariviere. Supply chain coordination with revenue sharing: strengths and limitations [J]. Managemeni Seienee,2000.
[46]Samar K. Mukhopadhyay, Robert Setoputro. Optimal return policy and modular design forbuild-to-order products[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005 (23): 496-50.
[47]Gale I L, Holmes T J. Advance-purchase discounts and monopoly allocation of capacity [J]. American Economic Review,1993,83(1):135-146.
[48]Hill A V, Hays J M. A model of optimal delivery time guarantees[J]. Journal of Service Research,2000,2 (3):254-264.
[49]Schilling, M.A.Toward a general modular systems theory and its application to interfirm product modularity[J]. Academy of Management Review,2000,25 (2), 312-334.
[50]Mikkola, J.H., Gassmann, O. Managing modularity of product architectures: toward an integrated theory[J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2003:50 (2):204-218.
[51]杨文胜,李莉.基于响应时间的供应链契约协同分析[J].系统工程学报.2006
[52]李恒兴.采购管理[M].北京理工大学出版社,2007
[53]Z.Kevin Wenga, Mahmut Parlar. Managing build-to-order short life-cycle products:benefits of pre-season price incentives with standardization[J]. Journal of Operations Management[J].2005 (23):482-495
[54]H. Edwin Romeijn, Jia Shu, Chung-Piaw Teo. Designing two-echelon supply networks[J]. European Journal of Operational Research.2007 (178):449-462
[55]Bowon Kim. Coordinating an innovation in supply chain management[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2000(132)
[56]Zhang F. Competition, cooperation, and information sharing in a two-echelon assembly system[J]. manufacturing & Service Operations Management.2006(8): 273-291
[57]Zou X,Pokharel S,Piplani R. A two-Period supply contract model for a decentralized assembly system[J]. European Journal of Operational Research. 2008(187):257-274
[58]Zhou.Y Li.D. Coordinating order quantity decisions in the supply chain contract under random demand[J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling.2007(31):1029-1038
[59]符瑛.基于协同商务的供应链采购管理.商场现代化.2007
[60]Alexande, Brown Mabel.C,Chou, Christopher.STang. The implications of Pooled rectums Policies International [J]. Journal of Production Economies.2007
[61]Sanjay Jharkharia, Ravi Shankar.. Selection of logistics service provider:An analytic network process (ANP) approach[J]. The International Journal of Management Science, OMEGA,2007(35):274-289
[62]Ghiassi, M., Spera, C.Defining the Internet-based supply chain system for mass customized markets[J]. Computers and Industrial Engineerin,2003(45):17-41
[2]A. Gunasekaran, E.W.T. Ngai.Build-to-order supply chain management:a literature:review and framework for development[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005
[3]Angappa Gunasekaran, Eric W.T. Ngai. Modeling and analysis of build-to-order supply chains[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2009
[4]许一敏,马士华.基于客户订单的制造业企业BOSC模式[J].物流技术,2007,2(26)：192-194
[5]Walters.D., Buchanan, J. The new economy, new opportunities and new structures[J]. Management Decision.2001,39 (10),818-833
[6]Carayannis, E., Sagi, J. New vs. old economy:insights on competitiveness in the global IT industry[J]. Technovation.2001(21),501-514
[7]Sameer Prasad, Jasmine Tata, Manu Madan. Build to order supply chains in developed and developing countries[J] Journal of Operations Management, 2005(23):551-568
[8]Hsu, H.-M., Wang, W.-P. Dynamic programming for delayed product[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2004(156):183-193
[9]Samar K. Mukhopadhyay, Robert Setoputro. Optimal return policy and modular design for build-to-order products[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005
[10]Lee Krajewski, Jerry C. Wei, Ling-Lang Tang. Responding to schedule changes in build-to-order supply chains[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005(23), 452-469
[11]Tyan, J.C., Wang, F.-K., Du, T. An Evaluation of freight consolidation policies in global third party logistic[J]. OMEGA,2003(31),55-62
[12]许一敏,马士华.BTO供应商的交货期承诺问题研究[J].工业工程与管理,2009(8)
[13]Lancioni, R.A., Smith, M.F., Oliva, T.A.The role of theInternet in supply chain management[J]. Industrial Marketing Management,2000(29):45-56
[14]Skjott-Larsen, T., Kotzab, H., Grieger, M.Electronic marketplaces and supply chain relationships [J]. Industrial Marketing Management,2003(32):199-210
[15]姜大尉.按单定制供应链(BOSC)——戴尔公司如何实施BOSC?[J].软文 件,2006(4),20
[16]许一敏.面向可持续竞争的企业BOSC战略模式[J].中国管理信息化,2007
[17]Christopher. M. Logistics and Supply Chain Management[J]. Pitman Publishing, 1988
[18]Douglas M. Lambert, Martha C. Cooper, Janus D. supply chain management implementation issues and research opptunities[J]. the international journal of logistics management,1998
[19]Hsu, H.-M.,Wang,W.-P. Dynamic programming for delayed product differentiation[J]. European Journal of Operational Research.2004(156):183-193
[20]Ghiassi, M., Spera, C. Defining the Internet-based supply chain system for mass customized markets [J]. Computers and Industrial Engineering.2003(45):17-41
[21]Olhager, J., Ostlund, B. An integrated push-pull manufacturing strategy[J]. European Journal of Operational Research.1990(45):135-142
[22]Chen, F., Federgruen, A., Zheng, Y.-S., Coordination mechanisms for a distribution system with one supplier and multiple retailers [J]. Management Science,2001,47 (5):693-708.
[23]Chen, R.-S., Lu, K.-Y., Yu, S.-C., Tzeng, H.-W., Chang, C.C. A case study in the design of BTO/CTO shop floor control system[J]. information and management.2003(41),25-37
[24]Waller.B. Market responsive manufacturing for the automotive supply[J]. Journal of manufacturing Technology Management,2004
[25]Sameer Prasad, Jasmine Tata, Manu Madan. Build to order supply chains in developed and developing countries[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005, (23):551-568.
[26]Tu, Q., Vonderembse, M.A., Ragu-Nathan, T.S., Ragu-Nathan, B. Measuring modularity based manufacturing practices and their impact on mass customization capability:a customer driven perspective [J]. Decision Sciences,2004,35 (2):147-168.
[27]Sako, M. Modularity and outsourcing:the nature of convolution of product architecture and organization architecture in the global automotive industry[J]. Oxford Press University,2004.
[28]马士华.供应链运作管理的框架[J].计算机集成制造系统-CIMS.2002(8)
[29]Osman Kulak,Cenqiz Kahraman. Fuzzy multi-attribute selection among transportation companies using axiomatic design and analytic hierarchy process[J]. Information Sciences—Informatics and Computer Science,2005
[30]魏世振,韩玉启.供应商选择与对策[J].中国管理科学,2005
[31]Aviv, Y. On the benefits of collaborative forecasting partnerships between retailers and manufacturers[J]. Management Science,2007.53 (5):777-794.
[32]刘荔娟,王周欢.现代采购管理[M].上海财经大学出版社,2005
[33]郑新.企业采购管理发展趋势研究[J].企业管理,2009.3：81-82
[34]陈祥锋.供应链合同管理模型与应用研究[D].复旦大学,2002：20-28
[35]刘玉梅.供应链契约研究[J].现代商贸工业.2009(4)
[36]Monahan J P.A quantitative discount pricing model to increase vendor profits[J].Management Science,1984,30:720-726
[37]Emmons H.S M Gibert.Note:The role of returns policies in pricing and inventory decisions[J]. Management Science,1998(2).
[38]叶飞,李怡娜.具有风险规避者加盟的供应链写作回购契约机制研究[J],工业工程与管理,2006(2)
[39]Dana J,Spier K.Revenue sharing and vertical control in the video rental industry[J]. The Journal of Industrial Economics,2001,49(3):223-245
[40]谢磊,马志强.非对称信息下基于收益共享的供应链协调契约研究[J].科技管理研究,2009(4)
[41]Tsay.A,LovejoyWS. Quantity-flexibility contracts and sup-ply chain performance[J].Manufacturing and Service Operations Management,1999,1(2): 118-149.
[42]宋华明,马士华.供应链中提前期压缩的竞争优势分析[J].物流技术,2005(9)：127-129.
[43]IyerA V, BergenM E. Quick Response inManu-facturer-retailer Channels[J]. Management Science,1997,43(4):559-570
[44]M.A.LariviereandE.porteus.Selling to the new svendor:ananalysis of priee-only contraets[J]. Manufacturing and Serviee Operations Management,2001,3(4):293-305.
[45]G. Cachon, M. Lariviere. Supply chain coordination with revenue sharing: strengths and limitations [J]. Managemeni Seienee,2000.
[46]Samar K. Mukhopadhyay, Robert Setoputro. Optimal return policy and modular design forbuild-to-order products[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2005 (23): 496-50.
[47]Gale I L, Holmes T J. Advance-purchase discounts and monopoly allocation of capacity [J]. American Economic Review,1993,83(1):135-146.
[48]Hill A V, Hays J M. A model of optimal delivery time guarantees[J]. Journal of Service Research,2000,2 (3):254-264.
[49]Schilling, M.A.Toward a general modular systems theory and its application to interfirm product modularity[J]. Academy of Management Review,2000,25 (2), 312-334.
[50]Mikkola, J.H., Gassmann, O. Managing modularity of product architectures: toward an integrated theory[J]. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,2003:50 (2):204-218.
[51]杨文胜,李莉.基于响应时间的供应链契约协同分析[J].系统工程学报.2006
[52]李恒兴.采购管理[M].北京理工大学出版社,2007
[53]Z.Kevin Wenga, Mahmut Parlar. Managing build-to-order short life-cycle products:benefits of pre-season price incentives with standardization[J]. Journal of Operations Management[J].2005 (23):482-495
[54]H. Edwin Romeijn, Jia Shu, Chung-Piaw Teo. Designing two-echelon supply networks[J]. European Journal of Operational Research.2007 (178):449-462
[55]Bowon Kim. Coordinating an innovation in supply chain management[J]. European Journal of Operational Research,2000(132)
[56]Zhang F. Competition, cooperation, and information sharing in a two-echelon assembly system[J]. manufacturing & Service Operations Management.2006(8): 273-291
[57]Zou X,Pokharel S,Piplani R. A two-Period supply contract model for a decentralized assembly system[J]. European Journal of Operational Research. 2008(187):257-274
[58]Zhou.Y Li.D. Coordinating order quantity decisions in the supply chain contract under random demand[J]. Applied Mathematical Modelling.2007(31):1029-1038
[59]符瑛.基于协同商务的供应链采购管理.商场现代化.2007
[60]Alexande, Brown Mabel.C,Chou, Christopher.STang. The implications of Pooled rectums Policies International [J]. Journal of Production Economies.2007
[61]Sanjay Jharkharia, Ravi Shankar.. Selection of logistics service provider:An analytic network process (ANP) approach[J]. The International Journal of Management Science, OMEGA,2007(35):274-289
[62]Ghiassi, M., Spera, C.Defining the Internet-based supply chain system for mass customized markets[J]. Computers and Industrial Engineerin,2003(45):17-41