MANET按需路由协议的研究与仿真
摘要
MANET网络是移动Ad hoc网络的简称,它是由一组带有无线通信收发装置的移动节点组成的一个临时、多跳的网络,不需要中央控制设施。网络中的节点既是路由器,又是主机,作为对等实体连接在一起。非相邻的节点间的通信必须通过网络中的其他节点进行转发才能实现,如何在节点间实现通信是移动Ad hoc网络的核心问题之一。
本文主要研究MANET网络按需路由协议,并针对MANET网络能量受限的特点,围绕节能路由协议进行了一些研究工作。论文的主要研究工作和创新性可体现在以下几个方面:
1)研究分析了MANET网络路由协议与技术,重点讨论了几种典型的路由协议:AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing,Ad hoc按需距离向量协议)、DSR(Dynamic Source Protocol,动态源路由协议)、DSDV(DestinationSequenced Distance Vector,目的节点排序距离向量路由协议),深入研究分析了上述几种路由协议的优缺点。并针对不同的网络模型和不同的移动场景进行仿真实验,选取了分组投递率、延迟和路由开销作为性能参数,在仿真平台NS2下进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,不同的协议在不同的应用环境中都有各自的优缺点,每种协议都有它的适用条件。
2)针对MANET网络能量受限的特点,本文设计和实现一种基于能量的AODV改进协议,即PE-AODV(Path based on energy of AODV)协议。PE-AODV协议根据节点的剩余能量对节点进行分类,不同类别的节点对RREQ采用不同的处理机制,尽量避免剩余能量小的节点,从而可延长网络的生存时间。
3)通过对节能路由协议的研究分析,文中建议了一种新的能量消耗模型,并在PE-AODV协议中采用了一种链路预测机制进行路由维护。
4)通过对仿真工具NS2和AODV协议源代码的研究分析,对PE-AODV协议进行了代码的实现,并针对不同的网络模型和不同的移动场景进行仿真实验,选取了分组投递率、延迟、网络生存时间和路由开销等作为性能参数,在仿真平台NS2下对PE-AODV和AODV进行了仿真实验。实验结果表明,PE-AODV协议较之AODV协议有更加良好的性能。
MANET is abbreviated of mobile Ad hoc networks, and it is composed of mobile nodes with wireless communication devices are typically characterized by their multi-hop, temporary and un-center. Each node in the network also acts as a router, forwarding data packets to other nodes. How to communicate with each other is one of the key issues in Ad hoc networks.
The thesis mainly studies On-Demand routing protocol in Ad hoc netwoks. In view of the energy-aware of MANET, this thesis does some research on routing protocol of energy-conservation. The main work and innovation illustrates the following aspects.
1) This thesis researches on the routing protocol and technology of MANET, and it focuses on some typical routing protocols: AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing), DSR (Dynamic Source Protocol), DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), and then analyzes these protocols' advantages and disadvantages. Because routing protocol has different performance under different network environment, this thesis chooses the packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay of data packets and normalized routing load to simulate these protocols in just network environment through using NS2(Network Simulation of two version). The simulation result shows that these protocols have different performances under different cases and each protocol has its suitable condition.
2) As result of the energy-aware of MANET, this thesis designs and realizes a new protocol PE-AODV (Path based on energy of AODV) which is based on energy by improving the protocol of AODV. The protocol of PE-AODV classifies the nodes into three kinds according to the remaining energy, and different kinds of nodes use different strategies of route delay to process the routing request packets. It avoids these nodes whose remaining energy is too little, and then prolongs the lifetime of the network.
3) Through research on the protocol about energy-aware, this thesis suggests a new energy conservation model, and uses a forecasting mechanism in PE-AODV which forecasts the expiration link, then utilizes a new link to protect the data transmitting.
4) We implement the protocol of PE-AODV and analyze the code of AODV, and then simulate it by using NS2 with in such aspects of the packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay of data packets, normalized routing load and network lifetime and so on. The simulation result shows that the performance of PE-AODV is better than that of AODV.
本文主要研究MANET网络按需路由协议,并针对MANET网络能量受限的特点,围绕节能路由协议进行了一些研究工作。论文的主要研究工作和创新性可体现在以下几个方面:
1)研究分析了MANET网络路由协议与技术,重点讨论了几种典型的路由协议:AODV(Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing,Ad hoc按需距离向量协议)、DSR(Dynamic Source Protocol,动态源路由协议)、DSDV(DestinationSequenced Distance Vector,目的节点排序距离向量路由协议),深入研究分析了上述几种路由协议的优缺点。并针对不同的网络模型和不同的移动场景进行仿真实验,选取了分组投递率、延迟和路由开销作为性能参数,在仿真平台NS2下进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,不同的协议在不同的应用环境中都有各自的优缺点,每种协议都有它的适用条件。
2)针对MANET网络能量受限的特点,本文设计和实现一种基于能量的AODV改进协议,即PE-AODV(Path based on energy of AODV)协议。PE-AODV协议根据节点的剩余能量对节点进行分类,不同类别的节点对RREQ采用不同的处理机制,尽量避免剩余能量小的节点,从而可延长网络的生存时间。
3)通过对节能路由协议的研究分析,文中建议了一种新的能量消耗模型,并在PE-AODV协议中采用了一种链路预测机制进行路由维护。
4)通过对仿真工具NS2和AODV协议源代码的研究分析,对PE-AODV协议进行了代码的实现,并针对不同的网络模型和不同的移动场景进行仿真实验,选取了分组投递率、延迟、网络生存时间和路由开销等作为性能参数,在仿真平台NS2下对PE-AODV和AODV进行了仿真实验。实验结果表明,PE-AODV协议较之AODV协议有更加良好的性能。
MANET is abbreviated of mobile Ad hoc networks, and it is composed of mobile nodes with wireless communication devices are typically characterized by their multi-hop, temporary and un-center. Each node in the network also acts as a router, forwarding data packets to other nodes. How to communicate with each other is one of the key issues in Ad hoc networks.
The thesis mainly studies On-Demand routing protocol in Ad hoc netwoks. In view of the energy-aware of MANET, this thesis does some research on routing protocol of energy-conservation. The main work and innovation illustrates the following aspects.
1) This thesis researches on the routing protocol and technology of MANET, and it focuses on some typical routing protocols: AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing), DSR (Dynamic Source Protocol), DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector), and then analyzes these protocols' advantages and disadvantages. Because routing protocol has different performance under different network environment, this thesis chooses the packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay of data packets and normalized routing load to simulate these protocols in just network environment through using NS2(Network Simulation of two version). The simulation result shows that these protocols have different performances under different cases and each protocol has its suitable condition.
2) As result of the energy-aware of MANET, this thesis designs and realizes a new protocol PE-AODV (Path based on energy of AODV) which is based on energy by improving the protocol of AODV. The protocol of PE-AODV classifies the nodes into three kinds according to the remaining energy, and different kinds of nodes use different strategies of route delay to process the routing request packets. It avoids these nodes whose remaining energy is too little, and then prolongs the lifetime of the network.
3) Through research on the protocol about energy-aware, this thesis suggests a new energy conservation model, and uses a forecasting mechanism in PE-AODV which forecasts the expiration link, then utilizes a new link to protect the data transmitting.
4) We implement the protocol of PE-AODV and analyze the code of AODV, and then simulate it by using NS2 with in such aspects of the packet delivery fraction, average end-to-end delay of data packets, normalized routing load and network lifetime and so on. The simulation result shows that the performance of PE-AODV is better than that of AODV.
引文
[1]李腊元,李春林.计算机网络技术.北京:国防工业出版社,2001:351-384
[2]史美林,英春.自组网路由协议综述.通信学报,2001.24(11):93-103
[3]郑少仁,王海涛等.Adhoe网络技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2000:2-6
[4]李腊元,李春林.多 QoS 约束的多播路由协议.软件学报,2004.2(15)286-291
[5]郑相全.无线自组织网技术使用教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2004:150-152
[6]Lee S,Belding-Royer E M,Perkins C E.Scalability Study of the Ad hoc on-demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol.International Journal of Network Management,2003,13:97-114
[7]M.R.Pearlma,Z.J.Haas,P.Sholander,S.S.Tabrizi.On the impact of alternate path routing for load balancing in mobile Ad hoc networking and computing(Mobile Ad hoc 2000),Boston,MA,Aug.2000
[8]C-K.Toh.A Novel Distributed Routing Protocol to Support Ad hoc Mobile Computing.Proc.1996 IEEE 15th Annual Int'I.Phoenix Conf.Comp.and Commum,Mar.1996:480-486
[9]Royer E.M,Chai-Keong Toh.A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Mobile Wireless Networks.IEEE Personal Communications,Apr.1999,6(2):46-55
[10]Hass Z J.The Zone Routing Protocol for Ad hoc Network.Internet Draft,draft-zone-routing-protocol-00.txt,Nov.1997
[11]Mario Joa Ng.Routing Protocol and Medium Access Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks[Ph D.dissertation].Polytechnic University,NY,1999:986-990
[12]Jiang M L,Li J Y,Tay Y C.Cluster Based Routing Protocol(CBRP).Internet Draft,draft-ietf-manet-cbrp-spec-01.txt,Aug.1999
[13]Uyless Black 著.IP路由协议.金甄平等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2000:124-129
[14]李腊元.动态大型计算机网络的通信协议.计算机学报,1998.2(21):137-144
[15]A.Nasipuri,S.R.Das.On-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad hoc Networks.IEEE ICCCN'99,Boston,MA,1999:64-70
[16]D.B.Johnson,D.A.Maltz,J.Broch.The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks.InternetDraft,MANET WorkingGroup,daft-ietf-manet-dsr-01.txt,Dec.1998:1323-1338
[17]V.D.Park,M.S.Conson.A highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Alogorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks.IEEE INFOCOM'97,1997:312-318
[18]Satyabrata Chakrabarti,Amitabh Mishra.QoS Issues in Ad hoc Wireless Networks.IEEE Comunications Magazine,2001,39(2):142-148
[19]S.J.Lee,M.Gerla.AODV-BR:Backup Routing in Ad hoc Networks,IEEE WCNC 2000,Chicago IL,Sept.2000:1311-1316
[20]S.J.Lee,M.Gerla.Split Multi-path Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad hoc Networks,ICC2001,Helsinki,Finland.June12,2001:124-131
[21]Roy Leung.MP-DSR:A QoS-aware Multi-path DSR Protocol for Wireless Ad hoc Networks.Proc 26th LCN,March.2001:132-142
[22]A.Valera,W.Seah,S.Rao.CHAMP:A Highly-Resilient and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks,Proc.Of Fourth IEEE Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks(MWCN 2002),Stockholm,Sweden,Sep,2002:9-11,
[23]Alvin Valera,Winston K.G.Seah,S V Rao.Cooperative Packet Caching and Shortest Multi-path Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks,Proceedings of the 22th IEEE INFOCOM,San Francisco,CA,April 1-3,2003:437-446
[24]Ching-Chuan Chiang,Gerla M,Lixia Zhang.Shared Tree Wireless Network Multicast.ICCCN'97,Sept.1997:28-33
[25]Ching-Chuan Chiang,Gerla M.Routing and Multicast in Multihop Mobile Wireless Networks.ICUPU'97,Oct.1997,2:546-551
[26]Gerasimov I,Simon R.Performance Analysis for Ad hoc QoS Routing Protocols.MobiWac'02,IEEE,Oct.2002:87-94
[27]Hueying Liu,Yiyung Li.A Location Based QoS Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Networks.AINA'03,IEEE,Mar.2003:830-833
[28]Munaretto A,Badis H,A1Agha K,Pujolle.A Link-state QoS Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Networks.4th International Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Communication Network,IEEE,Sept.2002:222-226
[29]Youngki Hwang,Varshney P.An Adaptive QoS Routing Protocol with Dispersity for Ad-hoc Networks.Proc.36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Science,IEEE,Jan.2003:1-10
[30]G Pei,M Gerla,T-W chen.Fisheye state routing:A routing scheme for Ad hoc wireless networks.The IEEE International Conference Communications(ICC),NewOrleans,LA,2000:679-686
[31]Perkins C E,Bhagwat P.Highly Dynamic Destination-sequenced distance-vector Routing(DSDV)for Mobile Computers.Comp.Comm.Rev.October,1994:234-244
[32]张远.DSDV算法实现及其性能分析.移动通信,2006,2(23):118-120
[33]David B.Johnson,David A.Maltz,Yih-Chun Hu.The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks(DSR).Internet draft,draft-ietf-manet-dsr-08.txt,February 2003
[34]郭中华,史浩山.有约束的动态局部化查询优化Adhoc网络DSR协议.计算机工程与应用.2007,43(26),121-124
[35]D B Johnson,D A Maltz.Dynamic Source Routing in Ad hoc Wireless Network.T Imielinski,H Korth eds.Mobile Computing,Kluwer,1996:421-429
[36]Gwalani S,Belding-Royer E.M,Perkins C.E.AODV-PA:AODV with path accumulation.IEEE Internatioal Conference on Communications.2003:527-531
[37]Zahary A,Ayesh A.Analytical study to detect threshold number of efficient routes in multipath AODV extensions.International Conference on Computer Engineering&System.2007:95-100
[38]葛文英,李腊元.AODV路由协议局部修复机制的优化与仿真研究.武汉理工大学学报,2007,3(31)464-467
[39]王绍青,聂景楠.一种改进的基于能量效率的AODV路由协议.计算机工程与应用,2007,43(28),150-152
[40]胡罡.Ad hoc路由协议的仿真及优化技术[D].长沙:国防科学技术大学研究生院,2004
[41]吴继春.Ad hoc网络路由协议的研究与NS2仿真[D].武汉:武汉理工大学计算机学院,2005
[41]汪李峰,于全,戴浩,孙小东.移动Ad hoc网络的仿真框架.系统仿真学报,2002,14(8):1100-1108
[43]Information Sciences Institute.The Network Simulator-ns-2.http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/index.html.2004.6
[44]俊洪,杨洋.网络仿真方法和OPNET仿真技术.计算机工程,2004,30(5):105—108
[45]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟.北京:人民邮电出版社.2003:57-117
[46]The Network Simulator ns-2[EB/OL],http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/,2005.7
[47]Lee Breslau,Deborah Estrin etc.Advances in Network Simulation.IEEE Computer 2000(5)
[48]S.Singh,M.Woo,C.Raghavendra,Power-aware routing in mobile Ad hoc networks,in MobiCom '98:Proceedings of the 4th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking.New York,NY,USA:ACM Press,1998:1123-1131
[49]W.Yu and J.Lee,Dsr-based energy-aware routing protocols in Ad hoc networks,in International Conference on Wireless Networks(ICWN'02),Las Vegas,Nevada,June 2002:761-770
[50]S.-M.Senouci and M.Naimi,New routing for balanced energy consumption in mobile Ad hoe networks in PE-WASUN '05:Proceedings of the 2rid ACM international workshop on Performance evaluation of wireless Ad hoc,sensor,and ubiquitous networks.New York,NY,USA:ACM Press,2005:521-528
[51]X.Wang,L.Li,C.Ran,An energy-aware probability routing in manets,in IEEE Workshop on IP Operations and Management,Oct 2004:632-638.
[52]C-K.Toh,Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless Adhocnetworks,IEEE Communications Magazine,2001,6(39),138-147
[53]袁培燕.能量受限的网络路由协议的仿真与研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学计算机学院,2007
[2]史美林,英春.自组网路由协议综述.通信学报,2001.24(11):93-103
[3]郑少仁,王海涛等.Adhoe网络技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,2000:2-6
[4]李腊元,李春林.多 QoS 约束的多播路由协议.软件学报,2004.2(15)286-291
[5]郑相全.无线自组织网技术使用教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2004:150-152
[6]Lee S,Belding-Royer E M,Perkins C E.Scalability Study of the Ad hoc on-demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol.International Journal of Network Management,2003,13:97-114
[7]M.R.Pearlma,Z.J.Haas,P.Sholander,S.S.Tabrizi.On the impact of alternate path routing for load balancing in mobile Ad hoc networking and computing(Mobile Ad hoc 2000),Boston,MA,Aug.2000
[8]C-K.Toh.A Novel Distributed Routing Protocol to Support Ad hoc Mobile Computing.Proc.1996 IEEE 15th Annual Int'I.Phoenix Conf.Comp.and Commum,Mar.1996:480-486
[9]Royer E.M,Chai-Keong Toh.A Review of Current Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Mobile Wireless Networks.IEEE Personal Communications,Apr.1999,6(2):46-55
[10]Hass Z J.The Zone Routing Protocol for Ad hoc Network.Internet Draft,draft-zone-routing-protocol-00.txt,Nov.1997
[11]Mario Joa Ng.Routing Protocol and Medium Access Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks[Ph D.dissertation].Polytechnic University,NY,1999:986-990
[12]Jiang M L,Li J Y,Tay Y C.Cluster Based Routing Protocol(CBRP).Internet Draft,draft-ietf-manet-cbrp-spec-01.txt,Aug.1999
[13]Uyless Black 著.IP路由协议.金甄平等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2000:124-129
[14]李腊元.动态大型计算机网络的通信协议.计算机学报,1998.2(21):137-144
[15]A.Nasipuri,S.R.Das.On-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad hoc Networks.IEEE ICCCN'99,Boston,MA,1999:64-70
[16]D.B.Johnson,D.A.Maltz,J.Broch.The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks.InternetDraft,MANET WorkingGroup,daft-ietf-manet-dsr-01.txt,Dec.1998:1323-1338
[17]V.D.Park,M.S.Conson.A highly Adaptive Distributed Routing Alogorithm for Mobile Wireless Networks.IEEE INFOCOM'97,1997:312-318
[18]Satyabrata Chakrabarti,Amitabh Mishra.QoS Issues in Ad hoc Wireless Networks.IEEE Comunications Magazine,2001,39(2):142-148
[19]S.J.Lee,M.Gerla.AODV-BR:Backup Routing in Ad hoc Networks,IEEE WCNC 2000,Chicago IL,Sept.2000:1311-1316
[20]S.J.Lee,M.Gerla.Split Multi-path Routing with Maximally Disjoint Paths in Ad hoc Networks,ICC2001,Helsinki,Finland.June12,2001:124-131
[21]Roy Leung.MP-DSR:A QoS-aware Multi-path DSR Protocol for Wireless Ad hoc Networks.Proc 26th LCN,March.2001:132-142
[22]A.Valera,W.Seah,S.Rao.CHAMP:A Highly-Resilient and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks,Proc.Of Fourth IEEE Conference on Mobile and Wireless Communications Networks(MWCN 2002),Stockholm,Sweden,Sep,2002:9-11,
[23]Alvin Valera,Winston K.G.Seah,S V Rao.Cooperative Packet Caching and Shortest Multi-path Routing in Mobile Ad hoc Networks,Proceedings of the 22th IEEE INFOCOM,San Francisco,CA,April 1-3,2003:437-446
[24]Ching-Chuan Chiang,Gerla M,Lixia Zhang.Shared Tree Wireless Network Multicast.ICCCN'97,Sept.1997:28-33
[25]Ching-Chuan Chiang,Gerla M.Routing and Multicast in Multihop Mobile Wireless Networks.ICUPU'97,Oct.1997,2:546-551
[26]Gerasimov I,Simon R.Performance Analysis for Ad hoc QoS Routing Protocols.MobiWac'02,IEEE,Oct.2002:87-94
[27]Hueying Liu,Yiyung Li.A Location Based QoS Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Networks.AINA'03,IEEE,Mar.2003:830-833
[28]Munaretto A,Badis H,A1Agha K,Pujolle.A Link-state QoS Routing Protocols for Ad hoc Networks.4th International Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Communication Network,IEEE,Sept.2002:222-226
[29]Youngki Hwang,Varshney P.An Adaptive QoS Routing Protocol with Dispersity for Ad-hoc Networks.Proc.36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Science,IEEE,Jan.2003:1-10
[30]G Pei,M Gerla,T-W chen.Fisheye state routing:A routing scheme for Ad hoc wireless networks.The IEEE International Conference Communications(ICC),NewOrleans,LA,2000:679-686
[31]Perkins C E,Bhagwat P.Highly Dynamic Destination-sequenced distance-vector Routing(DSDV)for Mobile Computers.Comp.Comm.Rev.October,1994:234-244
[32]张远.DSDV算法实现及其性能分析.移动通信,2006,2(23):118-120
[33]David B.Johnson,David A.Maltz,Yih-Chun Hu.The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad hoc Networks(DSR).Internet draft,draft-ietf-manet-dsr-08.txt,February 2003
[34]郭中华,史浩山.有约束的动态局部化查询优化Adhoc网络DSR协议.计算机工程与应用.2007,43(26),121-124
[35]D B Johnson,D A Maltz.Dynamic Source Routing in Ad hoc Wireless Network.T Imielinski,H Korth eds.Mobile Computing,Kluwer,1996:421-429
[36]Gwalani S,Belding-Royer E.M,Perkins C.E.AODV-PA:AODV with path accumulation.IEEE Internatioal Conference on Communications.2003:527-531
[37]Zahary A,Ayesh A.Analytical study to detect threshold number of efficient routes in multipath AODV extensions.International Conference on Computer Engineering&System.2007:95-100
[38]葛文英,李腊元.AODV路由协议局部修复机制的优化与仿真研究.武汉理工大学学报,2007,3(31)464-467
[39]王绍青,聂景楠.一种改进的基于能量效率的AODV路由协议.计算机工程与应用,2007,43(28),150-152
[40]胡罡.Ad hoc路由协议的仿真及优化技术[D].长沙:国防科学技术大学研究生院,2004
[41]吴继春.Ad hoc网络路由协议的研究与NS2仿真[D].武汉:武汉理工大学计算机学院,2005
[41]汪李峰,于全,戴浩,孙小东.移动Ad hoc网络的仿真框架.系统仿真学报,2002,14(8):1100-1108
[43]Information Sciences Institute.The Network Simulator-ns-2.http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/index.html.2004.6
[44]俊洪,杨洋.网络仿真方法和OPNET仿真技术.计算机工程,2004,30(5):105—108
[45]徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀.NS与网络模拟.北京:人民邮电出版社.2003:57-117
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