川西地区海相碳酸盐岩储层预测研究
摘要
近几年,在塔里木、鄂尔多斯、四川等盆地的碳酸盐岩油气勘探领域取得了重大进展,故此,碳酸盐岩地层油气藏(田)勘探和研究一直受到世人的关注,同时也推动着在川西寻找海相油气藏(田)的步伐。虽然川西地区有大量的二、三维地震资料,但是绝大部分以中、浅层为目标,钻井极少,对海相碳酸盐岩领域油气生、聚、运移条件的研究相对较少,勘探研究程度很低。本次研究采用地质与物探结合、宏观与微观结合、点与面结合、研究过程与勘探动态结合的研究思路,在前人成果的基础上,依托新一轮针对海相层系的二维地震、勘探井、科探井等勘探实践所获信息,对海相地层的构造、沉积相、储层等进行综合研究,以期在川西地区发现有利的储层及分布规律,指导川西海相碳酸盐岩层系勘探工作。研究区位于四川盆地西部,呈北东向展布,西以龙门山为界,北至广元、旺苍,东至丹棱、资阳,南至邛崃,面积约20000km2。研究层位:二叠系-中下三叠统。根据本论文设计的研究任务,重点开展了地层、沉积、构造研究、储层预测与评价等方面的研究工作,做了大量的地层对比、剖面实地观察、钻井、地震剖面的解释研究等工作,对川西地区构造演化和沉积特点进行分析,预测了有利的储层特征及其分布。取得了如下主要成果:
(1)在前人研究的基础上,通过对研究区及邻区地层的划分对比,进一步完善了该区海相碳酸盐岩地层划分方案。
(2)根据区域沉积相背景、钻井、露头剖面、地震资料,对研究区内的沉积特征进行了分析,建立了川西地区二叠纪-中下三叠世海相碳酸盐岩沉积演化模式。川西地区主要发育两类沉积体系:一类为缓坡沉积体系,主要分布在下二叠统栖霞组、茅口组沉积期;二类为镶边台地沉积体系,分布于上二叠统-三叠系期。
(3)利用地震相分析技术,刻画川西地区二、三叠纪海相碳酸盐岩的有利沉积相展布。晚二叠世-飞仙关期台地边缘相带位于汉旺-江油-巴中一带;嘉陵江-雷口坡期台地边缘相位于扬子西缘的九顶山以东、马角坝-绵阳-德阳-彭洲-大邑一线以西地区。
(4)以模型分析为基础,从地震反射结构分析入手,结合速度分析成果、地震属性分析成果、频谱成像分析,是川西碳酸盐岩储层预测的有效方法技术组合。地震相分析表明:“低频、弱振幅、内部杂乱、丘状反射结构”、“低频、弱振幅、丘状和前积反射结构”、“中频、中-强振幅、断续反射结构”、“低频、中强振幅、叠置反射结构”四种反射结构具有台地边缘浅滩相及台内滩相储层的地震响应特征;地震反射强度、能量分频扫描等属性对岩性特征都有较好的刻画;速度分析认为浅滩储层为“亮点”反射特征,具有进积(或退积)型和丘形叠置的内部反射结构特征。
(5)研究表明,川西地区储层较发育,总体以低孔低渗为主,孔隙结构以中小孔细喉为主要特征;有利储层主要分布在雷三段、雷二段,其次为嘉二段、飞三段;以(藻)砂屑、鲕粒白云岩或中-细晶白云岩的储集物性最好;溶蚀孔是最主要的孔隙类型。
(6)在川西地区海相碳酸盐岩二叠系-中下三叠统地层中,主要发育Ⅱ～Ⅳ类较好～差储层,且多发育在台地边缘相带,分布在川西地区中段和北段地区。从层位上看,本区二叠系栖霞组和茅口组发育Ⅲ～Ⅳ类较差～差储层,而中下三叠统飞仙关组、嘉陵江组及雷口坡组发育Ⅱ～Ⅳ类较好～差储层。
The oil & gas exploration of carbonate rocks in Tarim, Erdos and Sichuan basins has made important progress in these years so the exploration and study of carbonate rock reservoirs regains attention from the world. This also increases the pace of discovering marine facies gas field in west Sichuan depression. There is much 2D and 3D seismic data about west Sichuan area, but most of them targets in middle and shallow formation and the drilling data are especially scarce. The study on the conditions of oil & gas generation, accumulation and migration is comparatively little and the exploration & research is in the primary phase. This study is conducted by the thoughts of combining the geology and seismic, the macroscopic and the microscopic, the spots and the areas, and the study progress plus the dynamic exploration. On the base of the former study and the information from the new practice about 2D seismic activities, exploration wells, study wells, this dissertation conducted compound research on the structure, sedimentary facies and reservoir formation, expecting to find advantageous reservoir stratum and the distribution laws to guide the exploration work on the carbonate rock depressions in west Sichuan marine Facies. The study area locates in west Sichuan Basin from Longmen Mount. in the west, Guangyuan, Wangcang in the north, Danling, Ziyang in the east and Qionglai in the south with total area about 20000km2. The study formation is between Permian and the Middle to Lower Triassic. According to the study work designed by this dissertation, many study work on the formation, sedimentation, structure and the reservoir prognosis & evaluation have been done and the comparison of formations, section observation, interpretation of drilling and seismic data study have been took to analyze the characteristics of structure evolvement and sedimentation, predicting the traits and distribution of advantageous reservoir and the following achievements have been made:
1. On the base of former researchers, improved the marine carbonate rock formation distribution plan by comparing the study area and the adjacent formations.
2. The evolving pattern of marine carbonate rock sedimentation from Permian to Middle & Lower Triassic in west Sichuan has been built according to the area sedimentary conditions, drilling, outcrop sections, seismic data and the analysis of sedimentary characteristics in this area. Two main sedimentary system have been evolved in west Sichuan depression: one is the slope sedimentary system, mainly distributes in the Qixia Formation and Maokou Formaion in Permian, the other is rimmed platform sedimentary system and located in the Upper Permian to the Triassic.
3. Advantageous sedimentary facies distribution of Permian and Triassic in west Sichuan depression has been depicted by the technology of seismic facies analysis. The platform rimmed facies of late Permian-Feixianguan locates in Hanwang-Jiangyou-Bazhong areas, the Jialingjiang-Leikoupo rimmed platform facies locates in the east of Jiuding Mount, which is on the west side of Yangzi, Majiaoba-Mianyang-Deyang-Pengzhou-Dayi areas.
4. Based on the model analysis and started from the seismic reflection structure, combining the velocity analysis results, seismic property analysis and spectrum imaging analysis will be the mainly effective technology combination of predicting carbonate rock reservoir in west Sichuan. The seismic facies analysis shows that four reflection structures has the features of platform margin shoal facies and intra-platform facies which include“low frequency, weak amplitude, inter chaos, mound seismic reflection configuration”,“low frequency, weak amplitude, mound and forest seismic reflection configuration”,“middle frequency, middle-strong amplitude, interrupted seismic reflection configuration”,“low frequency, middle-strong amplitude, stacked seismic reflection configuration”. The properties as seismic reflection intensity and the energy frequency scanning etc. have a good depiction of the rock characteristics. The velocity analysis took the shoal reservoir as“bright spot”reflection property and had the inter reflection structure traits of progressive (or regressive) type and the mound overlay.
5. The study shows that the reservoir mainly belongs to the low porosity and low permeability and the pore structure is mainly characterized by middle-small pore. The advantageous reservoirs mainly distribute in the second and third section of Leikoupo Phase, followed by the second section of Jialingjiang Phase and the third Feixianguan Formation. The best petrophysical properties will be in the oolitic dolomite or middle-fine crystal dolomite. The best pore type is the denudation pores.
6. The II-IV type of comparatively good or middle reservoir mainly formed in the west Sichuan marine carbonate rock formation of Permian-Middle/Lower Triassic, and most of them evolved on the platform rimmed facies, located in the middle and north section of west Sichuan. Considering the formations, the comparatively poor or poor reservoir of III-IV type evolved in the Qixia and Maokou Formation of Permian in this area and Feixianguan, Jialingjiang and Leikoupo formation of middle-lower Triassic evolved the II-IV type of comparatively rich or poor reservoirs.
(1)在前人研究的基础上,通过对研究区及邻区地层的划分对比,进一步完善了该区海相碳酸盐岩地层划分方案。
(2)根据区域沉积相背景、钻井、露头剖面、地震资料,对研究区内的沉积特征进行了分析,建立了川西地区二叠纪-中下三叠世海相碳酸盐岩沉积演化模式。川西地区主要发育两类沉积体系:一类为缓坡沉积体系,主要分布在下二叠统栖霞组、茅口组沉积期;二类为镶边台地沉积体系,分布于上二叠统-三叠系期。
(3)利用地震相分析技术,刻画川西地区二、三叠纪海相碳酸盐岩的有利沉积相展布。晚二叠世-飞仙关期台地边缘相带位于汉旺-江油-巴中一带;嘉陵江-雷口坡期台地边缘相位于扬子西缘的九顶山以东、马角坝-绵阳-德阳-彭洲-大邑一线以西地区。
(4)以模型分析为基础,从地震反射结构分析入手,结合速度分析成果、地震属性分析成果、频谱成像分析,是川西碳酸盐岩储层预测的有效方法技术组合。地震相分析表明:“低频、弱振幅、内部杂乱、丘状反射结构”、“低频、弱振幅、丘状和前积反射结构”、“中频、中-强振幅、断续反射结构”、“低频、中强振幅、叠置反射结构”四种反射结构具有台地边缘浅滩相及台内滩相储层的地震响应特征;地震反射强度、能量分频扫描等属性对岩性特征都有较好的刻画;速度分析认为浅滩储层为“亮点”反射特征,具有进积(或退积)型和丘形叠置的内部反射结构特征。
(5)研究表明,川西地区储层较发育,总体以低孔低渗为主,孔隙结构以中小孔细喉为主要特征;有利储层主要分布在雷三段、雷二段,其次为嘉二段、飞三段;以(藻)砂屑、鲕粒白云岩或中-细晶白云岩的储集物性最好;溶蚀孔是最主要的孔隙类型。
(6)在川西地区海相碳酸盐岩二叠系-中下三叠统地层中,主要发育Ⅱ～Ⅳ类较好～差储层,且多发育在台地边缘相带,分布在川西地区中段和北段地区。从层位上看,本区二叠系栖霞组和茅口组发育Ⅲ～Ⅳ类较差～差储层,而中下三叠统飞仙关组、嘉陵江组及雷口坡组发育Ⅱ～Ⅳ类较好～差储层。
The oil & gas exploration of carbonate rocks in Tarim, Erdos and Sichuan basins has made important progress in these years so the exploration and study of carbonate rock reservoirs regains attention from the world. This also increases the pace of discovering marine facies gas field in west Sichuan depression. There is much 2D and 3D seismic data about west Sichuan area, but most of them targets in middle and shallow formation and the drilling data are especially scarce. The study on the conditions of oil & gas generation, accumulation and migration is comparatively little and the exploration & research is in the primary phase. This study is conducted by the thoughts of combining the geology and seismic, the macroscopic and the microscopic, the spots and the areas, and the study progress plus the dynamic exploration. On the base of the former study and the information from the new practice about 2D seismic activities, exploration wells, study wells, this dissertation conducted compound research on the structure, sedimentary facies and reservoir formation, expecting to find advantageous reservoir stratum and the distribution laws to guide the exploration work on the carbonate rock depressions in west Sichuan marine Facies. The study area locates in west Sichuan Basin from Longmen Mount. in the west, Guangyuan, Wangcang in the north, Danling, Ziyang in the east and Qionglai in the south with total area about 20000km2. The study formation is between Permian and the Middle to Lower Triassic. According to the study work designed by this dissertation, many study work on the formation, sedimentation, structure and the reservoir prognosis & evaluation have been done and the comparison of formations, section observation, interpretation of drilling and seismic data study have been took to analyze the characteristics of structure evolvement and sedimentation, predicting the traits and distribution of advantageous reservoir and the following achievements have been made:
1. On the base of former researchers, improved the marine carbonate rock formation distribution plan by comparing the study area and the adjacent formations.
2. The evolving pattern of marine carbonate rock sedimentation from Permian to Middle & Lower Triassic in west Sichuan has been built according to the area sedimentary conditions, drilling, outcrop sections, seismic data and the analysis of sedimentary characteristics in this area. Two main sedimentary system have been evolved in west Sichuan depression: one is the slope sedimentary system, mainly distributes in the Qixia Formation and Maokou Formaion in Permian, the other is rimmed platform sedimentary system and located in the Upper Permian to the Triassic.
3. Advantageous sedimentary facies distribution of Permian and Triassic in west Sichuan depression has been depicted by the technology of seismic facies analysis. The platform rimmed facies of late Permian-Feixianguan locates in Hanwang-Jiangyou-Bazhong areas, the Jialingjiang-Leikoupo rimmed platform facies locates in the east of Jiuding Mount, which is on the west side of Yangzi, Majiaoba-Mianyang-Deyang-Pengzhou-Dayi areas.
4. Based on the model analysis and started from the seismic reflection structure, combining the velocity analysis results, seismic property analysis and spectrum imaging analysis will be the mainly effective technology combination of predicting carbonate rock reservoir in west Sichuan. The seismic facies analysis shows that four reflection structures has the features of platform margin shoal facies and intra-platform facies which include“low frequency, weak amplitude, inter chaos, mound seismic reflection configuration”,“low frequency, weak amplitude, mound and forest seismic reflection configuration”,“middle frequency, middle-strong amplitude, interrupted seismic reflection configuration”,“low frequency, middle-strong amplitude, stacked seismic reflection configuration”. The properties as seismic reflection intensity and the energy frequency scanning etc. have a good depiction of the rock characteristics. The velocity analysis took the shoal reservoir as“bright spot”reflection property and had the inter reflection structure traits of progressive (or regressive) type and the mound overlay.
5. The study shows that the reservoir mainly belongs to the low porosity and low permeability and the pore structure is mainly characterized by middle-small pore. The advantageous reservoirs mainly distribute in the second and third section of Leikoupo Phase, followed by the second section of Jialingjiang Phase and the third Feixianguan Formation. The best petrophysical properties will be in the oolitic dolomite or middle-fine crystal dolomite. The best pore type is the denudation pores.
6. The II-IV type of comparatively good or middle reservoir mainly formed in the west Sichuan marine carbonate rock formation of Permian-Middle/Lower Triassic, and most of them evolved on the platform rimmed facies, located in the middle and north section of west Sichuan. Considering the formations, the comparatively poor or poor reservoir of III-IV type evolved in the Qixia and Maokou Formation of Permian in this area and Feixianguan, Jialingjiang and Leikoupo formation of middle-lower Triassic evolved the II-IV type of comparatively rich or poor reservoirs.
引文
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