基于高分辨率遥感影像的柯坪推覆构造系的构造变形研究
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摘要
柯坪推覆构造系是西南天山前陆褶皱冲断带的重要组成部分,是印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞及陆内造山运动的结果。研究它的构造变形、褶皱与断裂的展布形态及形成机制等对于认识西南天山乃至整个天山断块具有重要意义。但是由于该区域自然条件恶劣,不适合大面积开展野外工作,导致对其构造变形研究程度相对偏低。再者,前陆冲断区地势陡峭复杂,受高陡岩层的影响,浅层构造的地震资料响应几乎为空白,又无任何河流冲沟切穿巨大褶皱山系,大量人工野外产状实测不具有可行性,仅靠地质图上有限的地层产状又难以对深部构造进行约束,导致构造解释的不确定性增加,迫切需要近地表地层产状进行控制。高分辨率遥感卫星影像技术和数字影像摄影测量方法的迅速发展为该区域的近地表地层产状的测量及构造变形的研究提供了新的技术和方法。
首先,论文以ETM+多光谱影像数据和2.5m SPOT-5高分辨率全色波段影像数据作为数据源,通过对数字影像的处理与分析,完成了对研究区3个典型地点(西克尔、巴楚磷矿、五郎塔格)的ETM+和SPOT-5融合影像的关于层状地貌面、活动构造的位置及展布形态的解译和野外考察验证及测量,证实了ETM+与SPOT-5 Pan融合影像用于逆冲推覆构造系最新构造变形具有可行性,尤其适用于植被稀少、构造地貌保存较好、交通不便的复杂构造区。并在此基础上,总结了最新构造变形的解译标志:阴影纹理结构和色调标志、地层标志、地形地貌标志、洪积扇的排列形态和规模标志、水系和冲沟密度标志,利用这些解译标志对研究区的最新构造变形进行了解译,得到了关于构造变形的以下初步认识:
1)在成熟褶皱前缘,由多期老戈壁面组成的层状地貌发育,反映晚第四纪以来逆断层变形是柯坪推覆构造系主要的变形样式。
2)构造变形形成的层状地貌面大致可以分为五个期次,说明断裂活动具有多期次性。
3)断坎多分布在冲洪扇的中上部,平面上呈波浪状有间断的连续展布,显示出低角度逆断层展布特征。
4)切割第四纪新生褶皱的冲沟发育了新的阶地面,并且阶地被断错,揭示了新生褶皱前缘的最新活动。
其次,论文利用2.5m分辨率IRS-P5立体像对提取了垂直褶皱山系的廊带状DEM,DEM的质量评价显示水平误差小于2 m,垂直误差在5m以内。利用提取的DEM生成了P5正射影像,再将从Google Earth上获取的分辨率约为1m的GeoEye-1多光谱影像与P5正射影像相匹配,即将更高分辨率的GeoEye-1影像与DEM统一到同一坐标系下,以便于地层界线的识别、提取及地层的划分。根据地层边界的划分,在不同地层内部选择三角面发育较好、等高线较平直、产状稳定、V形山谷或者山脊附近、两侧岩层色调反差较大的区域选取产状测量点,并获取其三维坐标,然后在matlab环境下根据公式编程计算地层的产状。然后借助GPS等工具进行产状的野外实地测量和验证,结果表明提取的产状误差均在6度以内,其中85%以上的误差在4度以内,中误差在3度以内,在可以接受的范围之内。由于基于遥感影像的数字影像摄影测量方法受区域自然条件限制较小,一定程度上弥补了由于地势陡峭复杂等自然条件限制而导致的无法展开野外地表产状测量的不足,对其他类似区域具有一定的参考价值。
最后,论文根据高分辨率遥感影像获取的近地表地层产状(有效约束了断层、褶皱等浅部构造形态)和地层厚度信息,结合野外对断层与褶皱形态的考察、地形地质资料、石油地震反射剖面资料和断层传播褶皱的模型,绘制了柯坪褶皱冲断带的三岔口镇至柯坪县段的垂直于柯坪塔格背斜、依木干他乌背斜和克拉布克赛背斜走向的平衡地质剖面,剖面恢复的原始长度为113km,现今长度72km,地壳缩短量为41km,缩短率为36.3%。在假定柯坪逆断裂-褶皱带的变形起始年代为距今2.5Ma的情况下,获得了16.4mm/a的缩短速率,一定程度上反映了第四纪以来柯坪推覆构造系的构造变形强度。研究结果表明P5立体像对与GeoEye-1相结合提取的近地表地层产状为约束深部地震资料、确定浅层构造形态以及计算地壳缩短量提供了可靠的资料和依据。
The Kalpin thrust tectonic system is the result of India-Asia collision and intracontinent orogeny, which is an important part of the foreland fold-thrust zone (belt) in the southwestern Tien Shan. It is greatly significant for the research on geological structural features, tectonic deformation, distribution and mechanism of folds and faults of the Tien Shan. Unfortunately, because of the adverse nature condition, complicated topography and poor transport facilites, the field investigation is difficult so that the research level degree of its tectonic deformation is low. Not come singly but a pairs, under the influence of steep terrain of the foreland thrust zone, the seismic information of the upper lithostratigraphy is almost blank. The field survey at attitude of bedding won’t work without great river breaking the fold mountains. There will be more uncertainty only useing the limited stratigraphic data from geologic maps. The high resolution satellite image technique and digital photographic methods are new approaches to study the tectonic deformation and attitude of surface bedding, which can help solve the problems above.
Firstly, based on the processing and analysis of the Landsat 7 ETM+ multispectral image and SPOT-5 Pan, the interpretation and field investigation of three typical sites (named Xikeer,Bachulinkuang,Wulangtage)have been done about the bedded geomorphologic surfaces, the location and distribution of active tectonics. It is testified to be feasible for using the ETM+ and SPOT-5 Pan fused image to interpret the late tectonic deformation of the thrust tectonic system, especially fit to the tectonic area with sparse vegetation, preserved tectonic geomorphology and inconvenient transportation. At the same time, interpretation symbols of tectonic deformation are summarized such as shadow, texture and hue symbol; stratum symbol; distribution and size of alluvial and proluvial fan symbol; gully and river system symbol.These symbols are used to interpret the fused image of the other area and get some preliminary determinations of late tectonic deformation of the Kalpin thrust tetonic system.
The determinations are as follows:
1) There are bedded geomorphologic surfaces composed of gobi gravel of different times, which reflects that the deformation of the thrust faults is the main deformation style of the Kalpin thrust tectonic system.
2)Bedded geomorphologic surfaces are generally divided into five episodes, which shows the activity of faults in several times.
3) Most of fault scarps are continually wavily distributed on the middle top of the alluvial and proluvial fan, which corresponds to characteristics of the low-angle thrust fault; 4) There are young terraces near the outlets of Quaternary neonatal folds, which reveals late Quaternary activity of the neonatal folds.
Secondly, high-resolution satellite IRS-P5 stereo pairs are used to extract the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) which is perpendicular to strike of the fold mountains. The horizontal Root Mean Square (RMS) of the DEM is less than 2 meters,the vertical is less than 5 meters .Then the IRS-P5 Digital Orthophoto Map is made with the input from generated DEM. In order to accurately extract the stratigraphic boundary and classify strata, GeoEye-1 multispectral images downloaded from Google Earth must be matched to rectified P5 images. And then the points will be selected in every stratum at the locations of ridge and valley, stratum with different colors and stable attitudes. The strike and dip of bedding are programming calculated in the matlab system using the three-dimension coordinates of the points. With the help of GPS, the field survey shows that the measurement error of surface bedding attitude is less than 6 degree, and 85% is less than 4 degree, and the RMS of dipangel is less than 3 degree, which can be accepted. Because the digital photogrammetry method based on high-resolution satellite images is less affected by natural conditions, it makes up for the lack of surface bedding attitude and has some referential value for other similar areas.
At last, according to the stratigraphic attitude and its thickness, a geological cross-section of the Kalpin fold-thrust belt is constructed using the fault-propagation fold model and some other data such as topographic and geological data, the faults and folds morphology evidence through field survey, seismic reflection profiles and so on. The present-day length of the section is 72km, and the original length of the restored section is 113 km, Tthat is to say, the restored section yields a crustal shortening of 41km, and the shortening rate is 36.3%. If the initial time of tectonic deformation is about 2.5 Ma B.P, the shortening rate of the Kalpin thrust tectonic zone is 16.4mm/a, which reflects its intensity of tectonic deformation to a certain extent. The result indicates that the surface stratigraphic attitude which is gotten from the IRS-P5 stereo pairs and GeoEye-1 imagine, can provide trustworthy data to constrain deep seismic data, ascertain shallow tectonic features, and calculate crustal shortening.
首先,论文以ETM+多光谱影像数据和2.5m SPOT-5高分辨率全色波段影像数据作为数据源,通过对数字影像的处理与分析,完成了对研究区3个典型地点(西克尔、巴楚磷矿、五郎塔格)的ETM+和SPOT-5融合影像的关于层状地貌面、活动构造的位置及展布形态的解译和野外考察验证及测量,证实了ETM+与SPOT-5 Pan融合影像用于逆冲推覆构造系最新构造变形具有可行性,尤其适用于植被稀少、构造地貌保存较好、交通不便的复杂构造区。并在此基础上,总结了最新构造变形的解译标志:阴影纹理结构和色调标志、地层标志、地形地貌标志、洪积扇的排列形态和规模标志、水系和冲沟密度标志,利用这些解译标志对研究区的最新构造变形进行了解译,得到了关于构造变形的以下初步认识:
1)在成熟褶皱前缘,由多期老戈壁面组成的层状地貌发育,反映晚第四纪以来逆断层变形是柯坪推覆构造系主要的变形样式。
2)构造变形形成的层状地貌面大致可以分为五个期次,说明断裂活动具有多期次性。
3)断坎多分布在冲洪扇的中上部,平面上呈波浪状有间断的连续展布,显示出低角度逆断层展布特征。
4)切割第四纪新生褶皱的冲沟发育了新的阶地面,并且阶地被断错,揭示了新生褶皱前缘的最新活动。
其次,论文利用2.5m分辨率IRS-P5立体像对提取了垂直褶皱山系的廊带状DEM,DEM的质量评价显示水平误差小于2 m,垂直误差在5m以内。利用提取的DEM生成了P5正射影像,再将从Google Earth上获取的分辨率约为1m的GeoEye-1多光谱影像与P5正射影像相匹配,即将更高分辨率的GeoEye-1影像与DEM统一到同一坐标系下,以便于地层界线的识别、提取及地层的划分。根据地层边界的划分,在不同地层内部选择三角面发育较好、等高线较平直、产状稳定、V形山谷或者山脊附近、两侧岩层色调反差较大的区域选取产状测量点,并获取其三维坐标,然后在matlab环境下根据公式编程计算地层的产状。然后借助GPS等工具进行产状的野外实地测量和验证,结果表明提取的产状误差均在6度以内,其中85%以上的误差在4度以内,中误差在3度以内,在可以接受的范围之内。由于基于遥感影像的数字影像摄影测量方法受区域自然条件限制较小,一定程度上弥补了由于地势陡峭复杂等自然条件限制而导致的无法展开野外地表产状测量的不足,对其他类似区域具有一定的参考价值。
最后,论文根据高分辨率遥感影像获取的近地表地层产状(有效约束了断层、褶皱等浅部构造形态)和地层厚度信息,结合野外对断层与褶皱形态的考察、地形地质资料、石油地震反射剖面资料和断层传播褶皱的模型,绘制了柯坪褶皱冲断带的三岔口镇至柯坪县段的垂直于柯坪塔格背斜、依木干他乌背斜和克拉布克赛背斜走向的平衡地质剖面,剖面恢复的原始长度为113km,现今长度72km,地壳缩短量为41km,缩短率为36.3%。在假定柯坪逆断裂-褶皱带的变形起始年代为距今2.5Ma的情况下,获得了16.4mm/a的缩短速率,一定程度上反映了第四纪以来柯坪推覆构造系的构造变形强度。研究结果表明P5立体像对与GeoEye-1相结合提取的近地表地层产状为约束深部地震资料、确定浅层构造形态以及计算地壳缩短量提供了可靠的资料和依据。
The Kalpin thrust tectonic system is the result of India-Asia collision and intracontinent orogeny, which is an important part of the foreland fold-thrust zone (belt) in the southwestern Tien Shan. It is greatly significant for the research on geological structural features, tectonic deformation, distribution and mechanism of folds and faults of the Tien Shan. Unfortunately, because of the adverse nature condition, complicated topography and poor transport facilites, the field investigation is difficult so that the research level degree of its tectonic deformation is low. Not come singly but a pairs, under the influence of steep terrain of the foreland thrust zone, the seismic information of the upper lithostratigraphy is almost blank. The field survey at attitude of bedding won’t work without great river breaking the fold mountains. There will be more uncertainty only useing the limited stratigraphic data from geologic maps. The high resolution satellite image technique and digital photographic methods are new approaches to study the tectonic deformation and attitude of surface bedding, which can help solve the problems above.
Firstly, based on the processing and analysis of the Landsat 7 ETM+ multispectral image and SPOT-5 Pan, the interpretation and field investigation of three typical sites (named Xikeer,Bachulinkuang,Wulangtage)have been done about the bedded geomorphologic surfaces, the location and distribution of active tectonics. It is testified to be feasible for using the ETM+ and SPOT-5 Pan fused image to interpret the late tectonic deformation of the thrust tectonic system, especially fit to the tectonic area with sparse vegetation, preserved tectonic geomorphology and inconvenient transportation. At the same time, interpretation symbols of tectonic deformation are summarized such as shadow, texture and hue symbol; stratum symbol; distribution and size of alluvial and proluvial fan symbol; gully and river system symbol.These symbols are used to interpret the fused image of the other area and get some preliminary determinations of late tectonic deformation of the Kalpin thrust tetonic system.
The determinations are as follows:
1) There are bedded geomorphologic surfaces composed of gobi gravel of different times, which reflects that the deformation of the thrust faults is the main deformation style of the Kalpin thrust tectonic system.
2)Bedded geomorphologic surfaces are generally divided into five episodes, which shows the activity of faults in several times.
3) Most of fault scarps are continually wavily distributed on the middle top of the alluvial and proluvial fan, which corresponds to characteristics of the low-angle thrust fault; 4) There are young terraces near the outlets of Quaternary neonatal folds, which reveals late Quaternary activity of the neonatal folds.
Secondly, high-resolution satellite IRS-P5 stereo pairs are used to extract the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) which is perpendicular to strike of the fold mountains. The horizontal Root Mean Square (RMS) of the DEM is less than 2 meters,the vertical is less than 5 meters .Then the IRS-P5 Digital Orthophoto Map is made with the input from generated DEM. In order to accurately extract the stratigraphic boundary and classify strata, GeoEye-1 multispectral images downloaded from Google Earth must be matched to rectified P5 images. And then the points will be selected in every stratum at the locations of ridge and valley, stratum with different colors and stable attitudes. The strike and dip of bedding are programming calculated in the matlab system using the three-dimension coordinates of the points. With the help of GPS, the field survey shows that the measurement error of surface bedding attitude is less than 6 degree, and 85% is less than 4 degree, and the RMS of dipangel is less than 3 degree, which can be accepted. Because the digital photogrammetry method based on high-resolution satellite images is less affected by natural conditions, it makes up for the lack of surface bedding attitude and has some referential value for other similar areas.
At last, according to the stratigraphic attitude and its thickness, a geological cross-section of the Kalpin fold-thrust belt is constructed using the fault-propagation fold model and some other data such as topographic and geological data, the faults and folds morphology evidence through field survey, seismic reflection profiles and so on. The present-day length of the section is 72km, and the original length of the restored section is 113 km, Tthat is to say, the restored section yields a crustal shortening of 41km, and the shortening rate is 36.3%. If the initial time of tectonic deformation is about 2.5 Ma B.P, the shortening rate of the Kalpin thrust tectonic zone is 16.4mm/a, which reflects its intensity of tectonic deformation to a certain extent. The result indicates that the surface stratigraphic attitude which is gotten from the IRS-P5 stereo pairs and GeoEye-1 imagine, can provide trustworthy data to constrain deep seismic data, ascertain shallow tectonic features, and calculate crustal shortening.
引文
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