直齿圆柱齿轮渗碳—温挤压成形技术几个基本问题的研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
本文在于寻求一种制造直齿圆柱齿轮的新原理、新方法,以达到提高产品性能和生产率、降 低生产成本和能耗、减少环境污染的目的。
    首先系统研究了齿轮用钢20CrMnTi温变形力学行为和微观组织响应。发现该材料在650~850 ℃具有良好的塑性;在770℃形变诱导铁素体不仅可使晶粒超细化,而且使流变应力大幅度 下降,接近于850℃变形的流变应力,这种超细化的效果,在随后的热处理中,能够保留下 来。
    研究提出的“逐次控制变形”原理和实现该原理的“径向分流,轴向导流”、“开放式充填 ”方法,解决了直齿圆柱齿轮成形的关键问题。应用以上原理和方法制定的工艺和设计制造 的工装,并经小批量实验证明:成形力小、齿型充填好、产品精度高,表面粗糙度小,且便 于脱模。所成形的齿轮经检测达到用户的要求,并在工程上得到应用,说明了该原理是可行 的,方法是合理的。同时为齿轮“渗碳-温挤压”成形奠定了基础。
    为研究渗碳梯度材料的力学行为,本文提出使用圆环试样渗碳后获得不同的碳含量,并应用 渗碳-脱碳方法,得到了0.22%、0.44%、0.62%、0.81%和1.12% 5个不同碳含量的试样,达到 了离散化的目的。所有圆环试样选自同一根20CrMnTi棒料,因此渗碳后的样品除碳含量外, 其余成分完全一致,使试验结果 “突出”了碳浓度变化对材料宏、微观响应的影响,为非均 匀材料的特性研究提供了一种实验新方法。借助于计算机数值模拟技术,首次研究了圆环试 样压缩变形时,试样高度对变形均匀性的影响,结果表明:增加试样的相对高度和减少变形 时的摩擦,能够提高试样的变形均匀性。
    首次系统地研究了渗碳20CrMnTi钢的力学行为和微观组织响应。实验发现:流变应力随碳含 量的变化具有3个基本特征,即高温(850℃)变形时流变应力随碳含量的增加而下降;较低 温度(690℃)变形时流变应力随碳含量的增加而上升,介于两者之间变形时由于相组成的 变化使流变应力呈现出复杂的变化规律,在所有3种流变应力变化中0.62%的碳含量成为“突 变点”。同时还建立了渗碳20CrMnTi钢的力学模型,并给出了流变方程。
    微观组织研究结果表明:流变应力的变化是微观组织变化的宏观响应,其中较高温度变形流 变应力单调下降与碳含量增加动态再结晶率提高有关,尤其是碳含量达到0.62%时动态再结 晶明显加快,因此成为流变应力的“突变点”;较低温度变形流变应力单调上升,是因为微 观组织由低碳的铁素体和奥氏体复相组织变化到高碳的奥氏体和渗碳体复相组织。温变形的 渗碳20CrMnTi钢晶
    
    
    粒细化机制与热变形明显不同,温变形细化作用更为显著,在应变率0.1s-1,770~810℃变 形时,“项链式”动态再结晶成为细化晶粒的主要机制,可将未变形16??m~20??m晶粒细化 到2?m~3??m; 降低温度(690~730℃)、增加应变率使渗碳样品变形初期形成孪晶,条片 形孪晶借助于晶界滑动和局部变形,最终演变成貌似“糖葫芦串”的细晶粒,但细化率不高 ,不能覆盖整个基体组织。
    为提高齿轮的性能,提出直齿圆柱齿轮“先渗后挤”的渗碳层非均匀分布的制造技术,建立 了渗碳层合理分布模型。应用齿轮精密成形研究成果,对圆柱直齿轮进行了“先渗后挤”工 艺试验。结果表明:通过控制成形温度和模具参数,得到了渗碳层分布较为合理、晶粒显著 细化的齿轮,达到了预期的目的。
This paper presents a new method and principle for manufacturing straight cylind rical gear in order to improve production performance and productivity, reduce p roduction cost and energy consuming, and decrease environment pollution.
    The mechanical behavior and microstructure response during warm deformation of t he gear using 20CrMnTi steel have been studied firstly. We find that the materia l has better plasticity in the temperature range from 650℃ to 850℃; The deform ation inducing ferrite not only makes grain super refining, but also reduces flo w stress greatly at the temperature of 770℃. The effect of super refining can b e kept down in the heat treatment afterwords.
    The principle of "successive control deformation" and the method to realize "rad ial shunt, axial diversion and open filling" of the principle have solved the ke y problem of deforming for straight cylindrical gear. Proved by small lot produc tion, the set technology and the designed equipments using the above principle a nd method have many advantages such as small forming force, better filling for g ear teeth, high production precision, low surface roughness, and convenient patt erns drawing. The produced gears can satisfy the consumers demands and have been used in engineering, which show that the principle is feasible and the method i s reasonable, and lay the basis for "carburization- warmextrusion" forming techn ology of straight cylindrical gear. In order to study the mechanical behavior of carburized gradient materials, the annulus specimens with different carbon cont ents were obtained after carburization. By using the method of carburization- de carbonization, five specimens with different carbon content of 0.22%, 0.44%, 0.6 2%, 0.81% and 1.12% were acquired, so the purpose of dispersion was reached.
    With the help of computer simulation technology, how the specimens height affect the deformation homogeneous has been studied firstly by means of the annulus sp ecimens compression and results show that deformation homogeneous can be improve d by increasing relative height of the specimens and reducing friction. All the annulus specimens were chosen from the same 20CrMnTi bar, so the rest component are the same other than the carbon content after carburization. Therefore, the e xperimental results highlighted the effects of the carbon content on the macro a nd micro response of the materials and a new experimental method was provided fo r characteristic study of the nonuniform materials.
    The mechanical behavior and microstructure response of the carburized 20CrMnTi
    
    steel have been studied firstly. Experiments show that the flow stress has 3 bas ic characters with the change of the carbon content, i.e., the flow stress will fall at the temperature of 850℃, rise at the temperature of 690℃ and present t he complicated changing law at the temperature between 650℃ and 850℃ with the increase of the carbon content. 0.62% carbon content becomes a break point among the 3 kinds of the flow stress.
    The research of the microstructure shows that the change of the flow stress is t he macro response to the change of the microstructure. The monotonic decrease in the flow stress at higher temperature has a close relationship with the improve ment of the dynamic recrystallization rate caused by the increase of the carbon content. The rate of the dynamic recrystallization is obviously quickened when t he carbon content is up to 0.62% which is the break point of the flow stress, wh ile the monotone increase of the flow stress at lower temperature is the result of the micro structure changing from the heterogeneous structure of ferrite and austenite with low carbon to the heterogeneous structure of austenite and cement ite with high carbon. The grain fining mechanism of warm deformation, whose fini ng effect is more marked, is obviously different from that of hot deformation fo r the grain of the carburization 20CrMnTi.. The "necklace" dynamic recrystal, wh ich can fine grains from 16(m~20(m into (m~3(m, becomes the main
引文
1 张志红.直圆齿轮精密成型研究.[华北工学院硕士学位论文].
    2 1999 Etais Handbook.9th Ed.Vol.10.Failure Analysis and PreventiOn.1991 :428-430
    3 门间改三.日本金属学会志.1986,32(12):1193-1204
    4 黄明志.金属力学性能.西安:西安交通大学出版社,1986,221-225
    5 T.Ertirk,H.A.Kuhn,Material How and Defect Formation in Forging an Airfoi l Shape from
     Metal-matrix Composites.FOMABILITY OF METALIC MATERIALS -2000.A.D ASTM
     PCN 04-75300.23.1980.176-188
    6 小林干和(日).自动车部品疲劳强度向上法.热处理,1998。38(5):252-258
    7 许树勤.直齿圆柱齿轮的半精锻试验研究.In:先进制造技术(论文集).北京:机械工业出 版
    社,1996:480-482
    8 田福祥,林化春,孟凡利,等.直齿圆柱齿轮热精锻-冷推挤精密成形研究.锻压机
    械,1997,32(6):26-28
    9 藤田公明,吉田彰,高周波.烧入扎 钢 面压强度 最适硬化层深 .日本机械学会 论文
    集,1979,44(387)
    10 伏见慎二 SCM415H钢冲击特性.热处理(日)1990,(2)33-39
    11 胡建文.渗碳齿轮硬化层的强度设计热加工工艺,1999(1)19-20
    12 M.Lohrmann.W.Lerche.Investigation of Process and Steel Influences on the Extent of Internal
    Oxidation dunng Gas Carburision.HEAT TRANTMENT of METALS.2000.27(4):85-89
    13 A.Bloyce,Y.Sun.X.Y.LI.Duplex Thermochmical Processing of M50NiL for Gear Application.
    HEAT TRANTMENT of METALS.1999,26(2):37-40
    14 哈宽富,金属力学性质的微观理论。北京:科学出版社,1983
    15 张治民,温成形技术在车辆零件制造中的应用。北京:兵器工业出版社,1997
    16 张质良,温塑性成形,上海,上海科学技术出版社,1986
    17 赵家萍,回火渗数及应用,材料科学及工艺,1992,(2)
    18 A.K.Giumelli.M.Militzer.Analysis of the Austenite Grain Saze Distributio n in Plain Carbon
    Steels.ISIJ International,1 999,39(3).27l-280
    19 R.Bengochea.B.Lopez.I.Gutierrez Microstructural Evolution during the Au steniteto Ferrite
    Transformation forn Deformed Austenite. Metallurgical and materials Transact ions A.
    1998.29A:4l7-426
    20 张治民,李硕本.20CrMnTi钢温变形和组织变化研究.塑性工程学报,2000(2):9-11
    21 张宝红,张治民.直齿轮精密塑性成形研究.华北工学院学报,1999,l121-23
    22 A.J.Hick.Report:Heat Treatment for the 21st Century.HEAT TREATMENT OF MET ALS.
    
    
    
    
    
    
     1998.25(3):33-36
    23 K.Ohga.K.Kondo.Research on application range of the precision cold die fo rging utilizing
     divided flow tO thick products.In:Advanced technology of plasticity.Beijing :International
     Academic Publishers,1993
    24 K.Kondo.K.Ohga.Precision cold die forging of a ring gear by divided flow method.Int.J.Mech.
     Sci..1995,35(8):1105-1113
    25 E.Doege.B.A.Behrens.Reduce process chains due tO the precision forging o f gears-effect on the
     conventional forging technology.Joumal of Materials Processing Technology,1 9 97(7l):14-l7
    26 方敏.大口径弹体温挤成形过程数值模拟技术研究.[华北工学院硕士学位论文].1998
    27 高木节雄(Et).铁的结晶粒超微细化与强化限界.热处理,2000,40(6):292-297
    28 Naunit R.Chintkara,Yohngjo Kim.An analysis of external spfine gear forming by an upper bound
     energy method.Int.J.Mech..sci..1 996.38(7):777-789
    29 Kurt Lange.Modern metal forming technology for industrial production.Journa l of Materials
     Processing Technology,1997(71):2-13
    30 Yoshinori Nagai,Yasutomo Nagai et a1..The trial for forming of a spur gear made from the drawn
     cup.In:Advanced technology of plasticity,Beijing:International Academic Pub lishers,1 993
    31 滕木荣.热处理研究动向(B):表面热处理.热处理,2000,4l(1):3-10
    32 Yoshikazu Maisumura,Hiroshi yado.Evolution of Ultrafinegraine Ferrite in Ho t Sulcessive
     Deformection Trans[SI],1987.27:492
    33 池成忠,许树勤.齿轮半热精锻件的齿形设计.锻压机械,1997,5:15-16
    34 Tuncer C.Dean T A.Die design alternatives for precision forging holloe part s.Int.J.Mach.Tolls
     Manufacture,1987,27(1):65-76
    35 松永修一.98AIDA北京冷挤压技术讲座.AIDA工程株式会社编,1998
    36 M.H.Sadeghi.T.A.Dean.Pricision Forging Straight and Helical spur Gears.J ournal of Materials
     Processing Technology,1995(45):25-30
    37 J.c.Choi et a1..A study on the forging of spur gears.Int.J.Mech.Sci. .1996,38(12):1333-1347
    38 Jaechan Choi,Haeyong Cho,Hyukhong Kwon.A new extrusion process for helical -gears:
     experimental study.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1 994(44):3 3-53
     39 M.H.Sadeghi,T.A.Dean.The ejection of precision-gorged straight and hel ical spur‘gear forms.
     Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1 992(3 l、:1 47-1 60
     40 Winfried Beisel,Ingo Oberste-Dommes.Precision embossing Alternative method of forming fiat
     parts.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1 997(71):18-24
    41 Haeyong Cho et a1..An upper-bound analysis of the closed-died forging of s pur gears.Journal of
     Materials Processing Technology,1997(67):83-88
    
    
    
    42 V K.Sharma,GH.Walter.et a1..An analytical approach for establishing Tec hnical Conf..
    Chicago,IL,September 26-30,1977,ASME,Paper77-DET-152
     43 T.Altan,S.I.Oh.塑性加工模具和工艺的CAD/CAM.见:世界塑性加工最新技术( 译文集).北京
     机械工业出版社,1987,12:420-429
    44 史美堂.金属材料及热处理.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1994
    45 伏见慎二.SCM415H钢渗碳一形变热处理特性研究.热处理(日),1992,29(1):33.39
    46 任学平.变形功对金属组织细化影响的研究.板料冲压理论及先进技术研讨论文集,20 00
    47 牧正志.铁钢组织制御现状将来展望.铁钢,1995,81(1 1):547.555
    48 Sunjak lee,Dongil Kwon,Young kook lee et a1..Transformation strengtheojng by Thero.
     mechanical Treatments in C-Mn-Ni-Nb Steels.Metall and Marer Trans.1995.26 A f5、:1093
    49 伏见慎二;主力、.浸炭·锻造烧汇土否高疲劣强度伞齿卓阴凳.铁钢,19 92,(8):
     1383-1390
    50 伏见慎二.浸炭·锻造烧 影警.铁 钢,1992,(11):1721.1728
    5l 冯再新.直齿轮“渗碳-温挤”渗碳层合理分布模型建立.材料科学与工艺,2002,(2)
    52 《直齿圆柱齿轮精密成形工程化应用研究》鉴定证书,2001.4
    53 S.Sheelaskov.Warm forging in comparison with hot and cold forging.In Advan ced technology of
     plasticity.Beijing:International Academic Publishers,1993
    54 N.R.Chitkara.M.A.Bhutta.Near-net shape forging of spur gear forms:an a nalysis and some
     experiments。Int.J.Mech.Sci.,1996,38(8-9):891-916
    55 L.Lefevre.D.Domerrgue.The High-Efficiency Carburing Process HEAT TRANTMEN T of
     METALS.200 1,28(3):59-62
    56 Giannakopoulos A.E.et a1..Acta Metal.Mater,1995,43(4):1335
    57 李俊,游理华.金属材料高温本构方程的研究.金属材料研究,1998,24(1):6-9
    58 波卢欣著.金属与合金的塑性变形抗力.林治平译.北京:机械工业出版社,1984
    59 周纪华.金属塑性变形阻力.北京:机械工业出版社,1989
    60 王少林.TCl 1钛合金模锻质量控制与数值模拟研究.[清华大学博士学位论文】,1992
    61 张治民.弹钢温变形特性研究及力学模型建立.兵工学报,1998,(2)
    62 D L.Goetsch.Modem Manufacturing Processes.SME,199 1,73-78
    63 Eckart Doege,Jurgen Thalemann,Frank Weben Hot Forging of Precision Parts.J ournal of
     Materials Processing Technology,1 992(35):469-48 1
    64 S.SheOaskov.Current level of development of warm forging technology.Journa l of Materials
     Processing Technology,1994(46):3-18
    65 田中.浸炭後温间加工 结晶粒微细化匕强化 .塑性
    
    
    
    
     加工,2000(7):665-679
    66 山田治树力、.自动车用材料 热处理.热处理(日),1994,34(2) :80.86
    67 田村今男.钢形变热处理的最新动向.热处理(日),1981,22.(6):282-287
    68 田村今男.钢的再结晶行为和它对热处理的作用(上,下).热处理(Et),1982,22(2) :119.124,
    192.197
    69 王洪明编.结构钢手册.保定:河北科学技术出版社,1985,45l-1461
    70 Sakai T'Jonas J.Dynamic recrystallization:Mechanical and microstructural c onsiderations.Acta
    Metallurgica,1 984,32:1 89-209
    71 Sakai T.Dynamic recrystallization microstructures under hot working conditio ns.Journal of
    materials processing technology,1995,53:349-361
    72 田中智夫.钢的控制和组织.热处理(日),1978,18(6):304-310
    73 Sakai TMiura H.Microstructural evolution during Dynamic recrystallization in bicrystals and
    polycrystalline materials.Proceedings of the international symposium on hot wor kability of steels
    and other materials,Canada,1996,161-172
    74 大谷太夫.奥氏体低温区变形和显微组织(上,下).热处理(日),1980,20(3):136-14 0,201-206
    75 大内千秋.钢铁高温变形行为.热处理(日),1978,18(6):298.303
    76 K.P.Rao,E.B.Hawbdt.Development of Constitutive Relationships Using Comp ression Testing of
    a Medium Carbon Steel.J.of Engineering Materials and Technolog~1992,1 14:123
    77 A.Laasraoui.J-J.Jonas.Prediction of steel flow stresses at high temperatu re and strain rates.
    Metallurgical Transactions,1 99 l,22(A):1 545
    78 陈森灿.于圆环压缩的数学解.清华大学学报,1985,25(2):124.126
    79 林治平.关于圆环镦粗的数学解及其应用.锻压技术学报,1980,5(6):1.1 1
    80 陈森灿.塑性理论的应用.北京:清华大学出版社.1982
    81 汪大年.塑性成形原理.北京:机械工业出版社,1986
    82 张质良.温塑性成形.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1986
    83 Mingwang Fu,Baozhong Shang.Stress analysis of the precision forging die for a bevel gear and
    its optimal design using the boundary-element method.Journal of Material Proces sing
    Technology,1 995(53):511-520
    84 B.Edenhofer.An Overview of Advancesin Atmosphere and Vacuum Heat Treatment .HEAT
    TREATMENT OF METALS.1 998,25(4):79-85
    85 赵家萍.高能率热处理.北京:兵器工业出版社,1992
    86 雷廷权.热处理工艺方法300种.北京:农业机械出版社,1982
    87 候增寿,卢光熙.金属学原理.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1993,187-188
    88 B.艾维超..金属成形工艺与分析.王学文等译.北京:国防工业出版社,1988
    
    
    
    
    
    
    89 V.K.Sharma.GH.Walter.et al-An analytical approach for establishing Techn ical Conf..
     Chicago.IL,September 26-30,1 977.ASME,Paper77-DET-152
    90 张治民.温成形技术在车辆零件制造中的应用.北京:兵器工业出版社,1997
    9l 张治民,张宝红.20CrMnTi温变形性能研究.华北工学院学报,1997,l 8(3):197-20 0
    92 张治民等.20CrMnTi齿轮钢成形性能研究.见:第四届先进制造技术及齿轮加工论文集 。1997
    93 陈军,舒其复.一种采用圆环压缩测定材料应力应变函数关系的方法。金属成型工
     艺,1996,2:4l-43
    94 徐芝纶.弹性力学简明教程.第二版.北京:高等教育出版社,198 3.10
    95 王学文,刘汉贵.挤压组合凹模的设计.北京:国防工业出版社,1988.2
    96 张质良.温塑性成形.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1986
    97 吴诗淳.、冷温挤压技术.北京:国防工业出版社,1995
    98 吕炎.锻造工艺学.北京:机械工业出版社,1995
    99 山田治树c王力 自动车用材料 热处理.热处理(日),1994。34(2):80-86
    100 侯豁然.关于细化低合金钢铁素体晶粒的研究进展.钢铁。1999,70.74
    l0l 刘永铨.钢的热处理.北京:冶金工业出版社.198l
    102 野奇德彦.特殊形变热处理低温用钢制造方法.热处理(日),1981,21(6):313-317
    103 横山中正.高碳钢丝铅裕淬火.热处理(日),1981,21(6):318-323
    104 河部义帮.马氏体时效钢的形变热处理.热处理(日),324.330
    105 牧五正志.钢加工热处理的最新动向.热处理(日),1997,37(1):5-14
    106 刘国勋.金属学原理.北京:冶金工业出版社,1980
    107 马家骏.金属材料及热处理.太原:山西人民出版社,1979
    108 上海机械制造工艺研究所主编.金相分析技术.上海:上海科学技术文献出版社,1987 ,7:
     265-266
    109 Valiev R Z,Krasi~ikov N A,Tsenev N K.Plastic deformation of alloys with s ubmicron-grained
     structure[J],Material Science and Engineering,1991,A137:35-40
    l10 Grange R A.Strengthening Steel by Austenite Grain Refinement.Transaction of The ASM.1 966
     59:26-49
    111 Grange R A.The Rapid Heat Treatment of Steel.Metallurgical Transaction.1 97 1.2:65.78
    ll2 Dong H S.Kim B C.Park K-T.Microstructural Changes in Equal Channel Angular Pressed Low
     Carbon Steel by Static Annealing,Acta mater,2000.48:3245-3252
    ll3 Chang C P Sun P L.Kao P W.Dweformation Induced Grain Boundaries In Commmer cially Pure
     Aluminium,Acta mater.2000.48:3377-3385
    l14 1wahashf YHorita Z.Nemoto M.An Investigation of Microstructural Evolution During
     Equal-Channel Angular Pressed.Acta Mater,1 997,45:4733-474l
    
    
    
    
    115 田中 王加.侵炭後温间加工汇上.右低合金钢④才一叉于-)-/f吖卜结晶粒微细 化匕强化.塑性
     匕加工,2000,(7):665-679
    116 刘勇,朱景川,尹钟大.n.6-4V钛合金相颗粒粗化动力学及形貌变化.金属热处理,2 002,(2):
     115.118
    117 大和久重雄.齿轮材料和热处理.《齿轮热处理》编译组齿轮热处理译文集.北京:国 防工业出
     版社,1982,2:1-11
    118 A.J.Hick Report:Heat Treatment for the zlst Century.HEAT TREATMENT OF ME TALS.
     1998,25(2):33-36
    l19 ZhangZhimin,ZhangBaohong,LiangLiang.Investigation of Plastic Forming Proc ess For Spur
     Gear.The 6m ICTP Conference。1999
    120 海锦涛.锻造过程的数值模拟与设计优化.见:先进制造技术.北京:机械工业出版
     社,1996,12:527.531
    121 Jaechan Chie,Haeyong Cho,Hyukhong Kwon.A new extrusion process for hefica l-gear:
     experimental studyJournal of Materials Processing Technology,1994,44:35·53
    122 M.H.Sadeghi.T.A.Dean.The ejection of precision-forged straight and hel ical spur-gear
     forms.Journal ofMaterials Processing Technology,1992,31:147-160
    123 Adamczyk J et a1..Structure evolution during hot deformation of a C-Mn-V-N steel grade.
     Journal of Materials Processing Technology,1995.53:15-22
    124 安藤弘行.锻造部件刀高精度化.第5回中日精密锻造论文集,1996,12:52.55
    125 安藤弘行.冷温间锻造零件的高精度化铸锻造.热处理(日)1989,8:11.16
    126 Kazuyoshi Kondo.精密冷模锻新工艺的开发.见:世界塑性加工最新技术(译文集). 北京:机械
     工业出版社,1987,12:701.709
    127 《齿轮精密成形技术》鉴定证书,1999。12
    128 谢配良金属塑性成形过程的计算机模拟.锻压机械,1997,4:45-49
    129 M.H.Sadeghi.Precision Forging Straight and Hefical Spur Gears.Journal of Materials Processing
     Technology,1994,45:25-30
    130 束德林.金属力学性能.北京:机械工业出版社,1992,168.169
    131 藤田公明,吉田彰,高周波.烧人扎W5C钢④面压强度艺最适硬化层深墨.日本机械学 会论文
     集,1979,44(387)

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700