山东省滨海休闲渔业结构优化研究
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摘要
山东作为中国的海洋渔业大省,近年来,海洋渔业发展面临的问题日显突出,渔业结构调整的压力愈显严重。特别是随着中日、中韩渔业协定的签署使近海渔业资源迅速减少,面临枯竭。解决上述问题的根本出路是发展高效、生态、可持续发展的新型海洋渔业形态。除由捕捞渔业向增养殖渔业、传统渔业向工厂化渔业、近海渔业向远洋渔业转型外,受山东滨海旅游业迅猛发展的驱动,滨海休闲渔业是日益被看好的服务型海洋渔业产业形态之一
在山东滨海地区的休闲渔业“遍地开花”的同时,山东休闲渔业的发展并未得到市场的认可。从比较准确体现产业规模、效益和速度的产业增加值来看,2005-2010年,山东休闲渔业增加值在渔业总的增加值中的比重变化不显著,而在渔业流通和服务业增加值中的比重呈现下降趋势,渔业经济新增长点的引领作用未能有效发挥。
山东滨海休闲渔业存在的主要问题是：管理机制落后：条块分割、缺少跨区域、跨部门协调机制；缺少统筹规划,地方利益至上；经营单位市场化程度低,市场运作能力差；关联度较低,产业链条较短,效益较低；滨海休闲渔业产品低水平趋同,各市之间同质化严重,削弱总体竞争力；海岛开发中环保措施不力,开发特色不明显,等等。解决上述问题的关键是优化滨海休闲渔业的产业结构和地域结构。
基于海洋渔业与休闲产业的关联,本文结合国内外学者有关滨海休闲渔业的概念,阐述了海洋休闲渔业的内涵和特征,并对之进行分类。作者借鉴产业结构优化理论、旅游可持续发展理论、熊彼特创新理论、产业组织理论等相关理论,在山东统计信息网和中国统计数据库有关数据的支持下,对山东滨海休闲渔业现状进行归纳总结,并进行了SWOT分析。运用德尔菲法和层次分析法构建滨海休闲渔业结构评价指标体系,在此基础上,对山东省及山东沿海7市的渔业结构进行量化评价。
文章基于前述的定性和定量分析,围绕休闲渔业结构合理化和高度化两个维度,从产业运营模式、发展路径和管理机制三个方面,对山东滨海休闲渔业的结构优化提出对策,主要研究结论如下：
就发展模式而言,笔者认为“国有(集体)公司+渔户(渔业合作社)”模式和獐子岛首创的“五合一”模式是非常值得借鉴的成功模式。
在发展路径选择上,须强调“海陆统筹”发展；注重发展规划的科学性、合理性并强调规划的法律权威性；在区域上与滨海旅游业等相关产业形成地域综合体,通过培育示范园区,提倡循环经济。
在管理机制上,建立跨区域、跨部门的协调联动管理机制；培育涉足休闲渔业的大型国有休闲企业集团；充分发挥休闲渔业协会等中介组织的作用；完善地方行政立法。
在地域结构优化方面,提出山东省滨海休闲渔业地域结构优化的原则是“梯度发展、各有侧重、整体融合”,依据不同的资源禀赋、市场、相关联产业发展水平等因素,运用SPSS聚类分析方法,把山东滨海地区分为休闲渔业引领发展区、重点突破区和引导发展区。引领发展区肩负滨海休闲渔业结构高度化重任；重点突破区在结构合理化基础上,在特色项目、优势项目上要有所突破；引导发展区重点在于产业结构的合理化,政府扶植休闲渔业向良性发展。由于定位不同,三个区域的市场选择亦不相同。
在当前山东半岛蓝色经济区建设以及海洋渔业需要战略转型的形势下,亟需加快滨海休闲渔业的产业结构升级和区域整合。休闲渔业发展需要体制环境、生态环境、人文环境以及关联产业的支持。滨海休闲渔业的结构优化以产业所具有的生态建设功能、社会功能和经济功能为基础,实现产业结构高度化和高效化。发展休闲渔业要协同发挥政府导向、行业协会、产业自身的作用,促进产业高效运行、有序竞争和可持续发展。本文通过对山东滨海休闲渔业结构优化的研究,试图为山东乃至中国沿海地区休闲渔业发展提供有益的决策参考。
Shandong is a Chinese province rich in fishery. But in recent years, Shandong facesincreasingly serious problems in the development of ocean fishery, the pressure to adjustfishery structure becomes important day by day. Especially with the fishery agreementamong China, Korea and Japan starts to work, the resource of offshore fishery hasdecreased sharply. The ultimate way to solve these problems is to develop new oceanfishery form which is more efficient sustainable and environmental. Beside thetransformation from capture fishery to farming fishery and the transformation fromtraditional fishery to industrial fishery the ocean recreational fishery drived byflourishing tourism is treated as one of the service ocean fishery form.
Although ocean recreational fishery has emerged all over Shandong Province,however such development was not were recognized by the market. Take the point ofindustry added value which can reflect the industry scale development rate and benefitaccurately, the proportion of ocean recreational fishery in fishery added value did notchange significantly from2005to2011, at the same time, the proportion in fisherycirculation and service added value showed downward trend. See from this, as the newgrowth point of fishery, ocean recreational fishery did not play the leading role.
The main problems for Shandong ocean recreational fishery are following First ofall, the management is still at low level lacking corporation between different area anddifferent department. Second lack of overall planning, local interests is more important.Third, business units are lower degree of marketrization and lack enough market capacity.Fourth, Shandong ocean recreational fishery has a lower industry correlation and a shortindustry chain, so lead to the low benefit. Fifth as far as product is concerned there is aphenomenon that the product of ocean recreational fishery in different cities are similar atlow level, the whole competition is bad. Last, the development of island ignores theprotection of environment and does not have enough characteristic. Generally the key tosolve these problems above is to optimize the industry structure of ocean recreationalfishery.
Based on Marine fishery and leisure industry association, combined the concept ofocean recreational fishery from domestic and foreign scholars, this paper expounds theconnotation and features of ocean recreational fishery, This paper also classifies it. Theauthor referred the industrial structure optimization theory, tourism sustainabledevelopment theory, the innovation theory of Schumpeter, industrial organization theoryand other related theories, in the support of the data of Shandong province statisticalinformation nets and the China statistical database, summarizes and uses the SWOT analysis the present situation of ocean recreational fishery of Shandong province. Utilizesthe Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process to construct the structure evaluationindex system of ocean recreational fishery, on the basis of above, make the quantitativeevaluation for the fishery structure of seven ocean cities in Shandong province.
Based on the above qualitative and quantitative analysis, Centred on this twodimensions-advances and rationalized of Recreational Fishery structure-puts forwardcountermeasures from industrial operation mode, the path and management for Shandongprovince ocean recreational fishery, the results are as follows:
As far as the development model are concerned, the author thinks the modelcombined state-owned company with fishery cooperative and the model of “five in one”invented by Zhangzi island are successful worth to learn.
In the choice of development path ocean recreational fishery need emphasize thedevelopment of “land and sea co-ordination ocean recreational fishery should payattention to the scientific rationality of the development planning and stress on the legalauthority forming a regional complex with ocean tourism and other related industriesocean recreational fishery advocate the recycling economy through fosteringdemonstration park.
In the aspect of management mechanism ocean recreational fishery should establisha cross-regional and inter-departmental coordination linkage management mechanismfoster a large state-owned leisure enterprise group involved in recreational fishery fullystrengthen the role of recreational fishery associations and other intermediaryorganizations improve the local administrative legislation.
In the aspect of regional structure optimization propose the principle of structureoptimization of ocean recreational fishery in Shandong province is “gradientdevelopment possessing each characteristics overall fusion”. According to the differentresources endowment market the development level of related industry and otherassociated factors using SPSS clustering analysis method the Shandong ocean area isdivided into the recreational fisheries leading development zone the key breakthroughzone and guide development zone. Leading development zone takes the responsibility ofocean recreational fishery highly structure development the key breakthrough zoneshould makes a breakthrough for the characteristic projects and advantage projects basedon the rationalization of the structure guide development zone focus on therationalization of industrial structure and government foster ocean recreational in thedirection of healthy development. Due to the different positioning the markets of thethree areas have different choices.
In the current situation of construction of Shandong peninsula blue economic zoneand the strategic transformation of marine fishery the upgrading of industrial structureand regional integration of ocean recreational fishery needs to be speeded up. The development of ocean recreational fishery needs the support of the system environmentecological environment and cultural environment and related industry. On the basis of theecological construction function social function and economic function the structureoptimization of ocean recreational fishery could realize the industry structure’s highlyand efficient development. Developing recreational fishery needs collaboratively play therole of government guidance industry association and the industry itself to promote theefficient operation orderly competition and sustainable development of the industry.Through the research of structure optimization of ocean recreational fishery in Shandongprovince this article attempts to provide an useful reference for recreational fishery ofShandong province and even China's other ocean areas.
在山东滨海地区的休闲渔业“遍地开花”的同时,山东休闲渔业的发展并未得到市场的认可。从比较准确体现产业规模、效益和速度的产业增加值来看,2005-2010年,山东休闲渔业增加值在渔业总的增加值中的比重变化不显著,而在渔业流通和服务业增加值中的比重呈现下降趋势,渔业经济新增长点的引领作用未能有效发挥。
山东滨海休闲渔业存在的主要问题是：管理机制落后：条块分割、缺少跨区域、跨部门协调机制；缺少统筹规划,地方利益至上；经营单位市场化程度低,市场运作能力差；关联度较低,产业链条较短,效益较低；滨海休闲渔业产品低水平趋同,各市之间同质化严重,削弱总体竞争力；海岛开发中环保措施不力,开发特色不明显,等等。解决上述问题的关键是优化滨海休闲渔业的产业结构和地域结构。
基于海洋渔业与休闲产业的关联,本文结合国内外学者有关滨海休闲渔业的概念,阐述了海洋休闲渔业的内涵和特征,并对之进行分类。作者借鉴产业结构优化理论、旅游可持续发展理论、熊彼特创新理论、产业组织理论等相关理论,在山东统计信息网和中国统计数据库有关数据的支持下,对山东滨海休闲渔业现状进行归纳总结,并进行了SWOT分析。运用德尔菲法和层次分析法构建滨海休闲渔业结构评价指标体系,在此基础上,对山东省及山东沿海7市的渔业结构进行量化评价。
文章基于前述的定性和定量分析,围绕休闲渔业结构合理化和高度化两个维度,从产业运营模式、发展路径和管理机制三个方面,对山东滨海休闲渔业的结构优化提出对策,主要研究结论如下：
就发展模式而言,笔者认为“国有(集体)公司+渔户(渔业合作社)”模式和獐子岛首创的“五合一”模式是非常值得借鉴的成功模式。
在发展路径选择上,须强调“海陆统筹”发展；注重发展规划的科学性、合理性并强调规划的法律权威性；在区域上与滨海旅游业等相关产业形成地域综合体,通过培育示范园区,提倡循环经济。
在管理机制上,建立跨区域、跨部门的协调联动管理机制；培育涉足休闲渔业的大型国有休闲企业集团；充分发挥休闲渔业协会等中介组织的作用；完善地方行政立法。
在地域结构优化方面,提出山东省滨海休闲渔业地域结构优化的原则是“梯度发展、各有侧重、整体融合”,依据不同的资源禀赋、市场、相关联产业发展水平等因素,运用SPSS聚类分析方法,把山东滨海地区分为休闲渔业引领发展区、重点突破区和引导发展区。引领发展区肩负滨海休闲渔业结构高度化重任；重点突破区在结构合理化基础上,在特色项目、优势项目上要有所突破；引导发展区重点在于产业结构的合理化,政府扶植休闲渔业向良性发展。由于定位不同,三个区域的市场选择亦不相同。
在当前山东半岛蓝色经济区建设以及海洋渔业需要战略转型的形势下,亟需加快滨海休闲渔业的产业结构升级和区域整合。休闲渔业发展需要体制环境、生态环境、人文环境以及关联产业的支持。滨海休闲渔业的结构优化以产业所具有的生态建设功能、社会功能和经济功能为基础,实现产业结构高度化和高效化。发展休闲渔业要协同发挥政府导向、行业协会、产业自身的作用,促进产业高效运行、有序竞争和可持续发展。本文通过对山东滨海休闲渔业结构优化的研究,试图为山东乃至中国沿海地区休闲渔业发展提供有益的决策参考。
Shandong is a Chinese province rich in fishery. But in recent years, Shandong facesincreasingly serious problems in the development of ocean fishery, the pressure to adjustfishery structure becomes important day by day. Especially with the fishery agreementamong China, Korea and Japan starts to work, the resource of offshore fishery hasdecreased sharply. The ultimate way to solve these problems is to develop new oceanfishery form which is more efficient sustainable and environmental. Beside thetransformation from capture fishery to farming fishery and the transformation fromtraditional fishery to industrial fishery the ocean recreational fishery drived byflourishing tourism is treated as one of the service ocean fishery form.
Although ocean recreational fishery has emerged all over Shandong Province,however such development was not were recognized by the market. Take the point ofindustry added value which can reflect the industry scale development rate and benefitaccurately, the proportion of ocean recreational fishery in fishery added value did notchange significantly from2005to2011, at the same time, the proportion in fisherycirculation and service added value showed downward trend. See from this, as the newgrowth point of fishery, ocean recreational fishery did not play the leading role.
The main problems for Shandong ocean recreational fishery are following First ofall, the management is still at low level lacking corporation between different area anddifferent department. Second lack of overall planning, local interests is more important.Third, business units are lower degree of marketrization and lack enough market capacity.Fourth, Shandong ocean recreational fishery has a lower industry correlation and a shortindustry chain, so lead to the low benefit. Fifth as far as product is concerned there is aphenomenon that the product of ocean recreational fishery in different cities are similar atlow level, the whole competition is bad. Last, the development of island ignores theprotection of environment and does not have enough characteristic. Generally the key tosolve these problems above is to optimize the industry structure of ocean recreationalfishery.
Based on Marine fishery and leisure industry association, combined the concept ofocean recreational fishery from domestic and foreign scholars, this paper expounds theconnotation and features of ocean recreational fishery, This paper also classifies it. Theauthor referred the industrial structure optimization theory, tourism sustainabledevelopment theory, the innovation theory of Schumpeter, industrial organization theoryand other related theories, in the support of the data of Shandong province statisticalinformation nets and the China statistical database, summarizes and uses the SWOT analysis the present situation of ocean recreational fishery of Shandong province. Utilizesthe Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process to construct the structure evaluationindex system of ocean recreational fishery, on the basis of above, make the quantitativeevaluation for the fishery structure of seven ocean cities in Shandong province.
Based on the above qualitative and quantitative analysis, Centred on this twodimensions-advances and rationalized of Recreational Fishery structure-puts forwardcountermeasures from industrial operation mode, the path and management for Shandongprovince ocean recreational fishery, the results are as follows:
As far as the development model are concerned, the author thinks the modelcombined state-owned company with fishery cooperative and the model of “five in one”invented by Zhangzi island are successful worth to learn.
In the choice of development path ocean recreational fishery need emphasize thedevelopment of “land and sea co-ordination ocean recreational fishery should payattention to the scientific rationality of the development planning and stress on the legalauthority forming a regional complex with ocean tourism and other related industriesocean recreational fishery advocate the recycling economy through fosteringdemonstration park.
In the aspect of management mechanism ocean recreational fishery should establisha cross-regional and inter-departmental coordination linkage management mechanismfoster a large state-owned leisure enterprise group involved in recreational fishery fullystrengthen the role of recreational fishery associations and other intermediaryorganizations improve the local administrative legislation.
In the aspect of regional structure optimization propose the principle of structureoptimization of ocean recreational fishery in Shandong province is “gradientdevelopment possessing each characteristics overall fusion”. According to the differentresources endowment market the development level of related industry and otherassociated factors using SPSS clustering analysis method the Shandong ocean area isdivided into the recreational fisheries leading development zone the key breakthroughzone and guide development zone. Leading development zone takes the responsibility ofocean recreational fishery highly structure development the key breakthrough zoneshould makes a breakthrough for the characteristic projects and advantage projects basedon the rationalization of the structure guide development zone focus on therationalization of industrial structure and government foster ocean recreational in thedirection of healthy development. Due to the different positioning the markets of thethree areas have different choices.
In the current situation of construction of Shandong peninsula blue economic zoneand the strategic transformation of marine fishery the upgrading of industrial structureand regional integration of ocean recreational fishery needs to be speeded up. The development of ocean recreational fishery needs the support of the system environmentecological environment and cultural environment and related industry. On the basis of theecological construction function social function and economic function the structureoptimization of ocean recreational fishery could realize the industry structure’s highlyand efficient development. Developing recreational fishery needs collaboratively play therole of government guidance industry association and the industry itself to promote theefficient operation orderly competition and sustainable development of the industry.Through the research of structure optimization of ocean recreational fishery in Shandongprovince this article attempts to provide an useful reference for recreational fishery ofShandong province and even China's other ocean areas.
引文
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