拖拉机驾驶室噪声控制技术研究
摘要
现今的各大车辆生产厂家纷纷把对车辆噪声特性的预测、设计放在非常重要的地位,以期提高自己产品的市场竞争力从而获得更好的经济效益。本文在声振理论分析的基础上,利用计算机仿真软件,对拖拉机驾驶室内低频噪声的预测、分析等方面做了一系列的研究。
首先,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立FT80拖拉机驾驶室空腔模型,将模型导入声学分析软件LMS Virtual.lab,并在LMS Virtual.lab中实现了有限元法和间接边界元法的声固耦合；采用间接边界元法分析计算了驾驶室的声学特性；对空腔、有座椅、有座椅及驾驶员三种模型驾驶员的耳旁声场声压进行比较；分析研究了座椅和驾驶员对驾驶室内的声学贡献,证明了座椅、驾驶员对拖拉机驾驶室内噪声存在一定的影响,建模时应加以考虑。
其次,讨论了玻璃的隔声原理和声固耦合理论,利用ANSYS和LMSVirtual.lab进行建模分析,运用声场边界元声-固耦合的方法计算,比较了单层玻璃和双层玻璃对拖拉机驾驶室噪声的影响,重点比较了中间夹层为空气的双层玻璃在不同空气层厚度、不同玻璃厚度的条件下驾驶员耳旁噪声的区别,总结出了隔声性能最好的玻璃结构。
最后,采用间接边界元法和无限元法,在噪声分析软件LMS Virtual.lab中实现了对拖拉机驾驶室外声场的分析,并比较了两种分析方法在求解外声场中的区别,对拖拉机外声场的分析具有一定的帮助和指导。
本文对拖拉机驾驶室内低频噪声预测进行了比较系统的研究,对降低驾驶室内噪声具有一定的理论依据和设计参考。
Nowadays, the prediction and the design of the noise of the car were put in a very important position in major car companies, in order to improve the market competitiveness of their products to gain more economic benefits. In this thesis, Series of studies about forecasts and analysis of low-frequency noise of the tractor cab have been done on the basis of theoretical analysis of the sound and vibration.
Firstly, This article build the model of a tractor cab called FT80 by using FEM software ANSYS, the building model was imported into BEM software LMS Virtual.lab, and vibro-acoustic coupling was achieved with the method of FEM and BEM by using LMS Virtual.lab; At last, the sound response of tractor cab with chair is calculated by using indirect BEM with software LMS Virtual.lab, The acoustic contribution of the chair and the driver of the cab was calculated and analyzed by comparing the sound response of tractor cab with no chair, chair and driver, It is proved that there is a certain impact on the noise to the tractor cab from the chair and the driver, It should be thought in building model.
Secondly, Discussed the principles of noise insulation glass and the theory of solid coupling, It build the model of a tractor cab by using FEM software ANSYS and LMS Virtual.lab, using the acoustic field BEM method to calculate sound-solid coupling. Compare the affect of single-layer glass and double glazing to the noise of the tractor cab. Emphatically compare and validate the difference of the driver's ear noise under the condition between the air double-decker sandwich of glass at different thickness of air-layer and different glass thickness. Make a summary the glass structure of the best sound insulation properties.
Finally, it achieved the analysis to the outside acoustic field of a tractor cab with the noise analysis software LMS Virtual.lab. Compare the difference of the two methods in solving outside acoustic field. Make a summary of a more simple method to solve the outside acoustic field.
In this thesis, a relatively systematic study of noise prediction from low-frequency tractor cab has been done. It provides a certain theoretical basis for reducing cab noise.
首先,利用有限元分析软件ANSYS建立FT80拖拉机驾驶室空腔模型,将模型导入声学分析软件LMS Virtual.lab,并在LMS Virtual.lab中实现了有限元法和间接边界元法的声固耦合；采用间接边界元法分析计算了驾驶室的声学特性；对空腔、有座椅、有座椅及驾驶员三种模型驾驶员的耳旁声场声压进行比较；分析研究了座椅和驾驶员对驾驶室内的声学贡献,证明了座椅、驾驶员对拖拉机驾驶室内噪声存在一定的影响,建模时应加以考虑。
其次,讨论了玻璃的隔声原理和声固耦合理论,利用ANSYS和LMSVirtual.lab进行建模分析,运用声场边界元声-固耦合的方法计算,比较了单层玻璃和双层玻璃对拖拉机驾驶室噪声的影响,重点比较了中间夹层为空气的双层玻璃在不同空气层厚度、不同玻璃厚度的条件下驾驶员耳旁噪声的区别,总结出了隔声性能最好的玻璃结构。
最后,采用间接边界元法和无限元法,在噪声分析软件LMS Virtual.lab中实现了对拖拉机驾驶室外声场的分析,并比较了两种分析方法在求解外声场中的区别,对拖拉机外声场的分析具有一定的帮助和指导。
本文对拖拉机驾驶室内低频噪声预测进行了比较系统的研究,对降低驾驶室内噪声具有一定的理论依据和设计参考。
Nowadays, the prediction and the design of the noise of the car were put in a very important position in major car companies, in order to improve the market competitiveness of their products to gain more economic benefits. In this thesis, Series of studies about forecasts and analysis of low-frequency noise of the tractor cab have been done on the basis of theoretical analysis of the sound and vibration.
Firstly, This article build the model of a tractor cab called FT80 by using FEM software ANSYS, the building model was imported into BEM software LMS Virtual.lab, and vibro-acoustic coupling was achieved with the method of FEM and BEM by using LMS Virtual.lab; At last, the sound response of tractor cab with chair is calculated by using indirect BEM with software LMS Virtual.lab, The acoustic contribution of the chair and the driver of the cab was calculated and analyzed by comparing the sound response of tractor cab with no chair, chair and driver, It is proved that there is a certain impact on the noise to the tractor cab from the chair and the driver, It should be thought in building model.
Secondly, Discussed the principles of noise insulation glass and the theory of solid coupling, It build the model of a tractor cab by using FEM software ANSYS and LMS Virtual.lab, using the acoustic field BEM method to calculate sound-solid coupling. Compare the affect of single-layer glass and double glazing to the noise of the tractor cab. Emphatically compare and validate the difference of the driver's ear noise under the condition between the air double-decker sandwich of glass at different thickness of air-layer and different glass thickness. Make a summary the glass structure of the best sound insulation properties.
Finally, it achieved the analysis to the outside acoustic field of a tractor cab with the noise analysis software LMS Virtual.lab. Compare the difference of the two methods in solving outside acoustic field. Make a summary of a more simple method to solve the outside acoustic field.
In this thesis, a relatively systematic study of noise prediction from low-frequency tractor cab has been done. It provides a certain theoretical basis for reducing cab noise.
引文
[1]Wang Yanping, Zheng Mujiao. Prediction and reduction of structure borne noise in wehile[J]. Journal of Beijing institute of technology.1995,4(2):160-166.
[2]Sang W K.Jang M L, Seock H K.Structural-acoustic coupling analysis of the vehile passenger compartment with the roof, air-gap, and trim Boundary [J]. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics,2001,122(3):196-202.
[3]吴小清,王登峰,徐成,程悦荪.壁面有吸声材料时驾驶室内噪声响应的灵敏度分析[J].农业工程学报.1999,15(3)：151-154.
[4]张燕,崔喆,陈花玲.金属纤维材料的吸声特性及应用研究[J].噪声与振动控制.1999,第5期：33-36.
[5]于晓强,李耀先,王静媛.聚合物材料的吸音系数-温度-频率三元关系的研究[J].2000,21(1)：144-147.
[6]房法成,王登峰,陈书明,梁杰,吴丹.轻型载货汽车车外噪声分析与控制[J].汽车技术.2006,第12期：12-15.
[7]叶武平,彭辉,靳晓雄.利用有限元方法进行汽车室内噪声预测的研究.同济大学学报,2000,28(3)：337-341.
[8]Seybert A F, Wu T W, Li W L. A coupled FEM/BEM for fluid-structure interaction using Ritz vectors and eigenvectors. Transactions of the ASME, 1993,115:152-158.
[9]Lamancusa J S. Acoustic finite element modeling using commercial structural analysis programs[J]. Noise Control Eng,1988,30(2):65-71.
[10]Thompson L L, Pinsky P M.A space-time finite element method for the exterior acoustics problem[J]. Acoust. Soc. Am,1996,99(6):3297-3311.
[11]S.H. Sung.D.J.Nefske. A Coupled Structural-Acoustic Finite Element Model for Vehicle Interior Noise Analysis[J].Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Vibration,Acoustics. Stress.and Reliability in Desi 1984,106:314-318.
[12]Langley R S.A dynamic stiffness/boundary element method for the Predication of interior noise levels[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration.1993,163(2):207-230
[13]吴小清,刘志云,王登峰.车辆乘坐室内饰吸声的有限元分析[J].汽车技术1999, 17-18.
[14]靳晓雄,易明,钟再敏,张立军.利用有限元分析方法控制车内噪声[J].汽车工艺与材料,2002,第5期：34-37.
[15]惠巍,刘更等.轿车声固耦合低频噪声的有限元分析[J].汽车工程,2006,28(12)：1070-1073.1077.
[16]刘鹏,刘更,吴立言,谢昌林,刘天祥.有限元／边界元方法在卡车驾驶室声学分析中的应用[J].噪声与振动控制.2005,第3期：25-36.
[17]曹友强,邓兆祥,李昌敏.车内耦合声场振动噪声预测研究[J].汽车工程,2008,30(6)：481-487,538.
[18]陈鑫,王登峰,马正东.SEA方法在车身声振设计中的应用[J].汽车技术.2008,第4期：13-17.
[19]Jerome Couche. Active control of automobile carbin noise with conventional and advanced speakers[J]. master thesis, Blacksburg, Virginia, February 1999.
[20]庞剑,谌刚等,汽车噪声与振动理论与应用[M].北京理工大学出版社.2008年6月：20-21.
[21]周新祥.噪声控制技术及其新进展[M].冶金工业出版社,2007,第1版,25.
[22]周新祥.噪声控制技术及其新进展[M].冶金工业出版社,2007,第l版,31-33.
[23]周新祥.噪声控制技术及其新进展[M].冶金工业出版社,2007,第1版,34.
[24]周新祥.噪声控制技术及其新进展[M].冶金工业出版社,2007,第1版,38-40.
[25]杜功焕.声学基础[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2001,200-201.
[26]何渝生.汽车噪声控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1999.
[27]殷祥超.振动理论与测试技术[M].中国矿业大学出版社.2007,第1版.
[28]赵玫,周海亭,陈光冶,朱蓓丽.机械振动与噪声学[M].科学出版社.2004,第1版.
[29]过学迅,陈孟华.车内噪声控制技术的研究现状及发展趋势[J].汽车研究与开发.2005, 16-21.
[30]陈南.汽车振动与噪声控制[M].人民交通出版社.2005,202.
[31]陈南.汽车振动与噪声控制[M].人民交通出版社.2005,205.
[32]LMS International Numerical Acoustics Theoretical Manual [M], LMS International.
[33]曾攀.有限元分析及应用[M].北京清华大学出版社.2004,3-5.
[34]武洪建.车辆驾驶室结构振动噪声预估与控制的研究[J].中国学位论文全文数据库,2005.41.
[35]李增刚,SYSNOISE5.6详解[M],国防工业出版社.2005.8(1)：33-35.
[36]Langley R S. A dynamic stiffness/boundary element method for the predication of interior noise levels[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration.1993,163(2):207-230.
[37]刘鹏,刘更,吴立言等.有限元／边界元方法在卡车驾驶室声学分析中的应用[J].噪声与振动控制,2005,第3期,25-36.
[38]Kamada Y, Seino H. Application of finite element model updating technique using experimental data to dynamic analysis of suspension in a passenger car [J].T ransact ions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,1995,61 (588):3196-3202.
[39]何渝生.汽车噪声控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1995.103-104.
[40]车世光.项端祈.噪声控制与室内声学[M].北京：工人出版社.1981.
[41]杜功焕,朱哲民,龚秀芳.声学基础(下)[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社.1981.
[42]M.P.诺顿(澳)著,盛元生等译.工程噪声和振动分析基础[M].北京：航空工业出版社,1993.
[43]丁建洛,王新春.玻璃的隔声性能及降噪设计[J],全国性建材科技周刊-《玻璃》第6期.
[44]车世光,项端祈.噪声控制与室内声学[M],北京：工人出版社,48-49.
[45]张宪民,吴忆峰,苏伟锋.基于传声损失的双层隔声窗参数的优化设计[J].汕头大学学报(自然科学版).2005,20(2)：63.
[46]Semyon V Tsynkov. Numerical solution of problems on unbounded domains. A Review Applied Numerical Mathematics,1998,27:465-532.
[47]Assaad J, Decarpigny J N, Bruneel C. Application of the finite element method to two-dimensional radiation problem[J].Journal of Acoustic Society of America,1993, 94(2):562-573.
[48]Kallivokas L F, Bielak J. Time-domain analysis of transient structural acoustics problems based on the finite element method and a novel absorbing boundary element[J]. Journal of Acoustic Society of America,1993,94(10):3480-3492.
[49]张邦俊,翟国庆.环境噪声[M].浙江大学出版社.2006,4,264-266.
[50]Seybert A F, Cheng C Y R, Wu T W. The solution of coupled interior/exterior acoustic problems using the boundary element method [J]. Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 1990,88:1612-1618.
[51]Manoj K G, Bhattacharyya S K. Transient acoustic radiation from impulsively accelerated bodies by the finite element method [J]. Journal of Acoustic Society of America,2000,107(3):723-731.
[51]Gennaretti M, Giordani A, Morino L. A third-order boundary element method for exterior acoustics with applications to scattering by rigid and elastic shells[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,1999,222(2):699-722.
[53]Astly R J, Eversman W. Wave envelope elements for acoustical radiation in inhomogeneous media[J]. Computers and Structures,1988,30(4):801-810.
[54]Asttly R J, Macaulay G J, Coyette J P. Mapped wave envelope elements for acoustic radiation and scattering[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,1994,170(1):97-118.
[55]杨瑞梁,汪鸿振.一种新的声椭球无限单元[J].应用数学和力学,2005,26(2)：239-246.
[56]Burnett D S. A three-dimensional acoustic infinite element based on a prolate spheroidal multipole expansion[J]. Acoust. Soc. Am.1994,96(5):2798-2816.
[57]杨瑞梁,汪鸿振.声无限元进展[J].机械工程学报.2003,39(11),82-87.
[58]刘鹏,刘更,吴立言等.有限元／边界元方法在卡车驾驶室声学分析中的应用[J].噪声与振动控制.2005,第3期：25-36.
[59]李增刚,SYSNOISE5.6详解[M].国防工业出版社,2005,8(1)：2.
[2]Sang W K.Jang M L, Seock H K.Structural-acoustic coupling analysis of the vehile passenger compartment with the roof, air-gap, and trim Boundary [J]. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics,2001,122(3):196-202.
[3]吴小清,王登峰,徐成,程悦荪.壁面有吸声材料时驾驶室内噪声响应的灵敏度分析[J].农业工程学报.1999,15(3)：151-154.
[4]张燕,崔喆,陈花玲.金属纤维材料的吸声特性及应用研究[J].噪声与振动控制.1999,第5期：33-36.
[5]于晓强,李耀先,王静媛.聚合物材料的吸音系数-温度-频率三元关系的研究[J].2000,21(1)：144-147.
[6]房法成,王登峰,陈书明,梁杰,吴丹.轻型载货汽车车外噪声分析与控制[J].汽车技术.2006,第12期：12-15.
[7]叶武平,彭辉,靳晓雄.利用有限元方法进行汽车室内噪声预测的研究.同济大学学报,2000,28(3)：337-341.
[8]Seybert A F, Wu T W, Li W L. A coupled FEM/BEM for fluid-structure interaction using Ritz vectors and eigenvectors. Transactions of the ASME, 1993,115:152-158.
[9]Lamancusa J S. Acoustic finite element modeling using commercial structural analysis programs[J]. Noise Control Eng,1988,30(2):65-71.
[10]Thompson L L, Pinsky P M.A space-time finite element method for the exterior acoustics problem[J]. Acoust. Soc. Am,1996,99(6):3297-3311.
[11]S.H. Sung.D.J.Nefske. A Coupled Structural-Acoustic Finite Element Model for Vehicle Interior Noise Analysis[J].Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Vibration,Acoustics. Stress.and Reliability in Desi 1984,106:314-318.
[12]Langley R S.A dynamic stiffness/boundary element method for the Predication of interior noise levels[J].Journal of Sound and Vibration.1993,163(2):207-230
[13]吴小清,刘志云,王登峰.车辆乘坐室内饰吸声的有限元分析[J].汽车技术1999, 17-18.
[14]靳晓雄,易明,钟再敏,张立军.利用有限元分析方法控制车内噪声[J].汽车工艺与材料,2002,第5期：34-37.
[15]惠巍,刘更等.轿车声固耦合低频噪声的有限元分析[J].汽车工程,2006,28(12)：1070-1073.1077.
[16]刘鹏,刘更,吴立言,谢昌林,刘天祥.有限元／边界元方法在卡车驾驶室声学分析中的应用[J].噪声与振动控制.2005,第3期：25-36.
[17]曹友强,邓兆祥,李昌敏.车内耦合声场振动噪声预测研究[J].汽车工程,2008,30(6)：481-487,538.
[18]陈鑫,王登峰,马正东.SEA方法在车身声振设计中的应用[J].汽车技术.2008,第4期：13-17.
[19]Jerome Couche. Active control of automobile carbin noise with conventional and advanced speakers[J]. master thesis, Blacksburg, Virginia, February 1999.
[20]庞剑,谌刚等,汽车噪声与振动理论与应用[M].北京理工大学出版社.2008年6月：20-21.
[21]周新祥.噪声控制技术及其新进展[M].冶金工业出版社,2007,第1版,25.
[22]周新祥.噪声控制技术及其新进展[M].冶金工业出版社,2007,第l版,31-33.
[23]周新祥.噪声控制技术及其新进展[M].冶金工业出版社,2007,第1版,34.
[24]周新祥.噪声控制技术及其新进展[M].冶金工业出版社,2007,第1版,38-40.
[25]杜功焕.声学基础[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2001,200-201.
[26]何渝生.汽车噪声控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1999.
[27]殷祥超.振动理论与测试技术[M].中国矿业大学出版社.2007,第1版.
[28]赵玫,周海亭,陈光冶,朱蓓丽.机械振动与噪声学[M].科学出版社.2004,第1版.
[29]过学迅,陈孟华.车内噪声控制技术的研究现状及发展趋势[J].汽车研究与开发.2005, 16-21.
[30]陈南.汽车振动与噪声控制[M].人民交通出版社.2005,202.
[31]陈南.汽车振动与噪声控制[M].人民交通出版社.2005,205.
[32]LMS International Numerical Acoustics Theoretical Manual [M], LMS International.
[33]曾攀.有限元分析及应用[M].北京清华大学出版社.2004,3-5.
[34]武洪建.车辆驾驶室结构振动噪声预估与控制的研究[J].中国学位论文全文数据库,2005.41.
[35]李增刚,SYSNOISE5.6详解[M],国防工业出版社.2005.8(1)：33-35.
[36]Langley R S. A dynamic stiffness/boundary element method for the predication of interior noise levels[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration.1993,163(2):207-230.
[37]刘鹏,刘更,吴立言等.有限元／边界元方法在卡车驾驶室声学分析中的应用[J].噪声与振动控制,2005,第3期,25-36.
[38]Kamada Y, Seino H. Application of finite element model updating technique using experimental data to dynamic analysis of suspension in a passenger car [J].T ransact ions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers,1995,61 (588):3196-3202.
[39]何渝生.汽车噪声控制[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1995.103-104.
[40]车世光.项端祈.噪声控制与室内声学[M].北京：工人出版社.1981.
[41]杜功焕,朱哲民,龚秀芳.声学基础(下)[M].上海：上海科学技术出版社.1981.
[42]M.P.诺顿(澳)著,盛元生等译.工程噪声和振动分析基础[M].北京：航空工业出版社,1993.
[43]丁建洛,王新春.玻璃的隔声性能及降噪设计[J],全国性建材科技周刊-《玻璃》第6期.
[44]车世光,项端祈.噪声控制与室内声学[M],北京：工人出版社,48-49.
[45]张宪民,吴忆峰,苏伟锋.基于传声损失的双层隔声窗参数的优化设计[J].汕头大学学报(自然科学版).2005,20(2)：63.
[46]Semyon V Tsynkov. Numerical solution of problems on unbounded domains. A Review Applied Numerical Mathematics,1998,27:465-532.
[47]Assaad J, Decarpigny J N, Bruneel C. Application of the finite element method to two-dimensional radiation problem[J].Journal of Acoustic Society of America,1993, 94(2):562-573.
[48]Kallivokas L F, Bielak J. Time-domain analysis of transient structural acoustics problems based on the finite element method and a novel absorbing boundary element[J]. Journal of Acoustic Society of America,1993,94(10):3480-3492.
[49]张邦俊,翟国庆.环境噪声[M].浙江大学出版社.2006,4,264-266.
[50]Seybert A F, Cheng C Y R, Wu T W. The solution of coupled interior/exterior acoustic problems using the boundary element method [J]. Journal of Acoustic Society of America, 1990,88:1612-1618.
[51]Manoj K G, Bhattacharyya S K. Transient acoustic radiation from impulsively accelerated bodies by the finite element method [J]. Journal of Acoustic Society of America,2000,107(3):723-731.
[51]Gennaretti M, Giordani A, Morino L. A third-order boundary element method for exterior acoustics with applications to scattering by rigid and elastic shells[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,1999,222(2):699-722.
[53]Astly R J, Eversman W. Wave envelope elements for acoustical radiation in inhomogeneous media[J]. Computers and Structures,1988,30(4):801-810.
[54]Asttly R J, Macaulay G J, Coyette J P. Mapped wave envelope elements for acoustic radiation and scattering[J]. Journal of Sound and Vibration,1994,170(1):97-118.
[55]杨瑞梁,汪鸿振.一种新的声椭球无限单元[J].应用数学和力学,2005,26(2)：239-246.
[56]Burnett D S. A three-dimensional acoustic infinite element based on a prolate spheroidal multipole expansion[J]. Acoust. Soc. Am.1994,96(5):2798-2816.
[57]杨瑞梁,汪鸿振.声无限元进展[J].机械工程学报.2003,39(11),82-87.
[58]刘鹏,刘更,吴立言等.有限元／边界元方法在卡车驾驶室声学分析中的应用[J].噪声与振动控制.2005,第3期：25-36.
[59]李增刚,SYSNOISE5.6详解[M].国防工业出版社,2005,8(1)：2.