青少年女子长跑运动员基础训练阶段研究
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摘要
本文通过问卷调查、个案(山东省省体校)法,对我国青少年女子长跑运动员基础训练阶段进行研究。得出以下主要结论：
1、我国青少年女子长跑运动员群体波动较大,队伍稳定性差,注册人数逐年递减,直接威胁我国潜优势项目人才储备；女子注册人数大大低于男子；后备人才年龄分布不合理,注册年龄限制偏大,未考虑性别差异；运动员选择专项时较盲目,缺乏宏观指导和调控,导致参与长跑项目人数分布极不平衡；少年优秀长跑运动员(女11-14岁,男11-16岁)年龄结构较合理,女子运动员比例趋于合理,甘肃、河北、内蒙古、青海等优势省份人才偏少。
2、大部分长跑青少年家庭条件较差,进入少体校年龄偏晚,平均滞后1-3年；成就动机较高、训练目标切合实际,能够处理好文化课与运动训练关系,与教练员交流状况良好,但对将来就业有后顾之忧,对文化课持态度不积极；存在过度训练情况,损伤情况在接受范围之内,多为劳损和骨膜炎,且多为训练学原因造成。
3、其执教教练员年龄分布较合理,高学历和高职称人才比例较低,专业运动员出身比例较高；基础训练指导思想不明确,执教目标存在偏差和短视行为,对文化课的态度和训练中的重视程度并不相符,参与科研和训练计划制定情况不甚理想,大部分体校经费和场地、科研条件不能满足训练需求；较少采用训练过程控制较为精细、科技含量高、对于客观条件要求高、不符合长跑项目竞技特征、过程控制性等训练方法；一般耐力、专项耐力、速度力量、心理训练内容单一,手段落后,其选用受经费设施等软硬件客观条件制约较大。
4、女子长跑运动员青少年时期专项成绩的增长比例,在少年基础训练阶段增长过快,青年专项提高阶段增长比例低于训练大纲标准,高水平阶段增长预留空间不足,最终将限制运动员应该达到的最高成绩水平。
5、女子长跑运动员基础训练阶段训练和参赛安排与青年阶段“趋同”,年(周)训练次数大大超出大纲标准,年度参赛略显不足,且分布不均级别不高,存在较为严重的早期专项化；一般训练、技术、速度、力量训练比例偏低,训练内容、方法和手段缺乏多样性,多项训练较少；训练负荷安排节奏变化合理,训练的高负荷量和高强度比例导致有氧训练不足,有氧和无氧训练比例失衡和倒置,训练效益不高；准备和整理活动监督管理情况较差,协调能力训练安排不足,少年长跑运动员协调能力(反复横跨)明显优于青年优秀长跑运动员。
Through investigation and case studying on the basic training about the female long-distance teenage runners. The conclusion will be summarized:
1.The group of female long-distance teenage runners were not stable in china, the number of registration was much less than the male. The age distribution of reserved talents were not unreasonable, the limitation to age of registration was just older, and without having considering the gender differences. It was blind when the runners select their specifics, at the same time, lacking of macroscopically adjusting control bring about the number of distribution unbalanced about long-distance runners. In the recent years, the registration number of teenage female long-distance runners was decrease annually, which will have a threat to the reserving talents of potential superior. The age structure of elite long-distance juveniles (Female:11-14,Male:11-16) was reasonable, the proportional of female runners has become rational, and the reserved talents of superior provinces were not enough, such as Gansu, Hebei, Neimenggu and Qinghai.
2. Most families of the teenage long-distance runners are poor, the age of entering youth sports school was average later for 1-3 years The achievement motivation of runners were high, and their training goal were practical, they can deal with the relationship between training and study, and can exchange freely with their coaches, but they worried about the employment in the future, so they can not active approach their study. The excessive training was existence, the level of sporting injuries can be accepted, most of the injuries which were caused by training. were of strain and shin splint.
3. The age distribution of the coaches group was reasonable, the proportion of high academic degrees and ranking talents was lower, and the proportion of professional athlete background was high. The guideline of basic training was not clear, there are problems and short-sighted in the goal of basic training, the attitude about study were positive, but they have less emphasis on study in training, the situation of scientific research and training plans were dissatisfied, the funds, grounds and scientific research condition of most sports school can not meet training requirement. Some training methods were rarely used, for example, more fine control of training process, high technological level, needing high objective conditions, do not meet the feature of long-distance running, process controlling and so on. Some training contents were too simple and methods were too lag, such as general endurance, specific endurance, speed, strength, psychology training and so on, these contents and methods were much influenced by the objective conditions of software and hardware, espcially by funds and facilities.
4. The increase percentage of the specific results about female long-distance runners was too fast in teenage basic training stage, the increase percentage was lower than the standard of training guideline in the specialized improving stage of youth, the reserved space of results increasing was not enough in high level stage, which limit their best achievement level eventually
5. The arrangement of training and competition were similar to female long-distance runners between the basic training stage and the youth stage, the training times of year and week were much more than the standard of training guideline, the competition times of year was not enough, moreover the distribution was not balance and the level was lower, There is serious early specialized training. And the proportion of training in technical, speed and strength was less, the diversity of training contents were little, the multiple events training was poor. The arrange of load rhythm is reasonable. Because the load and specific of training were high, which caused the aerobic training being not insufficient, the proportion of aerobic and anaerobic being not balance, even invert, last caused the efficiency of training was not high. The management and supervision of warm-up and cool-down were not enough, the coordination training was poor, the coordination (astride repeatedly) of juvenile long-distance runners were much better than the youth long-distance runners.
1、我国青少年女子长跑运动员群体波动较大,队伍稳定性差,注册人数逐年递减,直接威胁我国潜优势项目人才储备；女子注册人数大大低于男子；后备人才年龄分布不合理,注册年龄限制偏大,未考虑性别差异；运动员选择专项时较盲目,缺乏宏观指导和调控,导致参与长跑项目人数分布极不平衡；少年优秀长跑运动员(女11-14岁,男11-16岁)年龄结构较合理,女子运动员比例趋于合理,甘肃、河北、内蒙古、青海等优势省份人才偏少。
2、大部分长跑青少年家庭条件较差,进入少体校年龄偏晚,平均滞后1-3年；成就动机较高、训练目标切合实际,能够处理好文化课与运动训练关系,与教练员交流状况良好,但对将来就业有后顾之忧,对文化课持态度不积极；存在过度训练情况,损伤情况在接受范围之内,多为劳损和骨膜炎,且多为训练学原因造成。
3、其执教教练员年龄分布较合理,高学历和高职称人才比例较低,专业运动员出身比例较高；基础训练指导思想不明确,执教目标存在偏差和短视行为,对文化课的态度和训练中的重视程度并不相符,参与科研和训练计划制定情况不甚理想,大部分体校经费和场地、科研条件不能满足训练需求；较少采用训练过程控制较为精细、科技含量高、对于客观条件要求高、不符合长跑项目竞技特征、过程控制性等训练方法；一般耐力、专项耐力、速度力量、心理训练内容单一,手段落后,其选用受经费设施等软硬件客观条件制约较大。
4、女子长跑运动员青少年时期专项成绩的增长比例,在少年基础训练阶段增长过快,青年专项提高阶段增长比例低于训练大纲标准,高水平阶段增长预留空间不足,最终将限制运动员应该达到的最高成绩水平。
5、女子长跑运动员基础训练阶段训练和参赛安排与青年阶段“趋同”,年(周)训练次数大大超出大纲标准,年度参赛略显不足,且分布不均级别不高,存在较为严重的早期专项化；一般训练、技术、速度、力量训练比例偏低,训练内容、方法和手段缺乏多样性,多项训练较少；训练负荷安排节奏变化合理,训练的高负荷量和高强度比例导致有氧训练不足,有氧和无氧训练比例失衡和倒置,训练效益不高；准备和整理活动监督管理情况较差,协调能力训练安排不足,少年长跑运动员协调能力(反复横跨)明显优于青年优秀长跑运动员。
Through investigation and case studying on the basic training about the female long-distance teenage runners. The conclusion will be summarized:
1.The group of female long-distance teenage runners were not stable in china, the number of registration was much less than the male. The age distribution of reserved talents were not unreasonable, the limitation to age of registration was just older, and without having considering the gender differences. It was blind when the runners select their specifics, at the same time, lacking of macroscopically adjusting control bring about the number of distribution unbalanced about long-distance runners. In the recent years, the registration number of teenage female long-distance runners was decrease annually, which will have a threat to the reserving talents of potential superior. The age structure of elite long-distance juveniles (Female:11-14,Male:11-16) was reasonable, the proportional of female runners has become rational, and the reserved talents of superior provinces were not enough, such as Gansu, Hebei, Neimenggu and Qinghai.
2. Most families of the teenage long-distance runners are poor, the age of entering youth sports school was average later for 1-3 years The achievement motivation of runners were high, and their training goal were practical, they can deal with the relationship between training and study, and can exchange freely with their coaches, but they worried about the employment in the future, so they can not active approach their study. The excessive training was existence, the level of sporting injuries can be accepted, most of the injuries which were caused by training. were of strain and shin splint.
3. The age distribution of the coaches group was reasonable, the proportion of high academic degrees and ranking talents was lower, and the proportion of professional athlete background was high. The guideline of basic training was not clear, there are problems and short-sighted in the goal of basic training, the attitude about study were positive, but they have less emphasis on study in training, the situation of scientific research and training plans were dissatisfied, the funds, grounds and scientific research condition of most sports school can not meet training requirement. Some training methods were rarely used, for example, more fine control of training process, high technological level, needing high objective conditions, do not meet the feature of long-distance running, process controlling and so on. Some training contents were too simple and methods were too lag, such as general endurance, specific endurance, speed, strength, psychology training and so on, these contents and methods were much influenced by the objective conditions of software and hardware, espcially by funds and facilities.
4. The increase percentage of the specific results about female long-distance runners was too fast in teenage basic training stage, the increase percentage was lower than the standard of training guideline in the specialized improving stage of youth, the reserved space of results increasing was not enough in high level stage, which limit their best achievement level eventually
5. The arrangement of training and competition were similar to female long-distance runners between the basic training stage and the youth stage, the training times of year and week were much more than the standard of training guideline, the competition times of year was not enough, moreover the distribution was not balance and the level was lower, There is serious early specialized training. And the proportion of training in technical, speed and strength was less, the diversity of training contents were little, the multiple events training was poor. The arrange of load rhythm is reasonable. Because the load and specific of training were high, which caused the aerobic training being not insufficient, the proportion of aerobic and anaerobic being not balance, even invert, last caused the efficiency of training was not high. The management and supervision of warm-up and cool-down were not enough, the coordination training was poor, the coordination (astride repeatedly) of juvenile long-distance runners were much better than the youth long-distance runners.
引文
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