农林复合环境草蛉产卵场所选择及越冬对策研究
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摘要
草蛉作为农林业的常见的捕食者,素来被视作重要的天敌昆虫。本项研究于2006年11月至2007年12月,开展了华北农区作物田、林带和桃园中草蛉及作物害虫数量及分布的调查,研究草蛉对栖息环境、产卵场所、越冬场所等不同生存环境的取向行为,并评价草蛉对作物田主要害虫的控制作用。研究结果如下:
1.草蛉成虫对不同作物田栖息、产卵均具有较强的选择性。在五种作物田中,草蛉成虫明显趋向于花生田和玉米田中栖息,于花生和大豆上产卵,这主要是受作物种类、植物受损程度、食物资源的丰富度、农事活动等的环境因素影响。
2.由于食物、温度和湿度等影响,草蛉在植株的垂直方向、营养器官上产卵具有选择性,在水平方向上产卵选择性不强。垂直方向上,草蛉卵主要分布在作物植株上部和中部、桃树树冠的中部和下部;水平方向上,除花生和辣椒上草蛉卵存在差异外(P<0.05),其它均不存在差异(P>0.05);营养器官上,草蛉卵主要分布在植株的叶片上。
3.因近农田附近的4个林带类型各不相同,草蛉成虫明显趋向于有间伐迹地(新生萌条)的林带4内栖息,在近农田的林带1(落荒林)中产卵;在林带内,草蛉对树、间伐迹地(新生萌条)和杂草上栖息、产卵均具有选择性,明显趋向于间伐迹地(新生萌条)上栖息、在杂草上产卵。
4.秋后草蛉幼虫选择近农田林带栖息,在林带呈聚集分布。草蛉幼虫聚集的数量及分布与不同树种的树皮粗糙程度有关(t=3.669,P<0.01),而与胸径的大小无关(F=1.604,P>0.05)。林带为越冬前的草蛉幼虫提供了可栖息的环境,保证了翌年种群的恢复。
5.草蛉一般以前蛹期在茧内越冬,多选择在林带和桃园内树皮的裂缝、地表土层、枯枝落叶下结茧化蛹,并且以上三个结茧地点不存在明显的选择性。
6.从作物田中草蛉成虫与作物蚜虫的种群动态变化可以看出草蛉成虫与作物蚜虫发生期存在明显的滞后现象,且控制时期较短;种群密度的相关分析得出草蛉成虫对作物蚜虫存在一定的控制作用,但这种控制作用相对较弱,持续时间相对较短;从草蛉成虫食量及田间的发生量推测,理论上草蛉成虫在一定程度上可以控制蚜虫的发生;在时间和空间生态位上,草蛉卵与作物蚜虫均存在较大的重叠。
Chrysopids is one kind of important natural enemy in the agricultural areas, and is considered to be a common predator of the environment for a long time. From November 2006 to December 2007, the study was carried out by recording the individual numbers and distribution sites of lacewings and pests in crop fields, forest belts and peach orchard at North China Plain agricultural area. The aim was to investigate the selection behavior of Chrysopids for different environmnents such as habitats, oviposition sites, overwintering areas and so on, and evaluate the function that Chrysopidae controlled the major pests of crops. The main results of study as follows:
1. Chrysopids adults had siginificant preference for habitats and ovipostion sites in different corps. In the five crops, Chrysopids adults had a significantly higher preference for peanut and maize fields to inhabit and for peanut and soybean fields to oviposit. The mainly influencing factors was crop species, extent of plants damage, richness of food resources, farming activities and so on.
2. Being influenced by food, temperature and humidity, etc., Chrysopids adults had preference for ovipostion sites at vertical directions and vegetative organs sites of plants, weaker preference at level directions. In the vertical directions, Chrysopids eggs mainly distributed in upper and middle positions of crops, and in middle and lower positions of peaches. There were significantly difference in the level directions of peanut and hot pepper(P<0.01), while others had no difference(P>0.05). In the vegetative organs, Chrysopids eggs mainly distributed on leaves of plants.
3. As four types forest belt which near crop fields were different, Chrysopids adults had stronger preference for forest belt 4 which have thinning slashs (new branches) to inhabit, for forest belt 1 (arabayashi) to oviposit. In forest belt, Chrysopids adults had selectivity for tree, stump (new branches) and weed, they had a significantly higher preference for thinning slashs (new branches) to inhabit, for weeds to oviposit.
4. Chrysopids larvals chose the forest belts nearly corp fields to inhabit, and presented an aggregating distribution in the forest belt. The numbers and distributions of Chrysopids larvals related to coarse intensity of bark of different plants species (t=3.669 , P<0.01), and not related to diameter(F=1.604,P>0.05).
5. Chrysopids overwintering in cocoon as prepupa usually, it often selected crack of barks, topsoil, litters to cocooning in forest belts and peach orchard.. It had no significantly preference for three cocooning places above. The forest belt offered the habitats for Chrysopids larva before overwintering, and guaranteed the recovery of the population in the next year.
6. Based on the variety population dynamics of Chrysopids and Aphids in corps fields, the results shown that there were an indicated obvious hysteresis between the occurrence period of Chrysopids and Aphids, and the control period was relatively short. According to the relevant analysis of population’s density between Chrysopids and Aphids, it had certain control function to Aphids by using Chrysopids adults. But the control function was relatively weak, and lasting time was relatively short. On the basis of appetite and emergence amount of Chrysopids adults in crops, it was conjectured Aphids could be controlled by Chrysopids adults at a certain extent in theory. From the results of temporal and spatial niche of Chrysopids eggs and Aphids, it was showed that both had a wide niche overlap.
1.草蛉成虫对不同作物田栖息、产卵均具有较强的选择性。在五种作物田中,草蛉成虫明显趋向于花生田和玉米田中栖息,于花生和大豆上产卵,这主要是受作物种类、植物受损程度、食物资源的丰富度、农事活动等的环境因素影响。
2.由于食物、温度和湿度等影响,草蛉在植株的垂直方向、营养器官上产卵具有选择性,在水平方向上产卵选择性不强。垂直方向上,草蛉卵主要分布在作物植株上部和中部、桃树树冠的中部和下部;水平方向上,除花生和辣椒上草蛉卵存在差异外(P<0.05),其它均不存在差异(P>0.05);营养器官上,草蛉卵主要分布在植株的叶片上。
3.因近农田附近的4个林带类型各不相同,草蛉成虫明显趋向于有间伐迹地(新生萌条)的林带4内栖息,在近农田的林带1(落荒林)中产卵;在林带内,草蛉对树、间伐迹地(新生萌条)和杂草上栖息、产卵均具有选择性,明显趋向于间伐迹地(新生萌条)上栖息、在杂草上产卵。
4.秋后草蛉幼虫选择近农田林带栖息,在林带呈聚集分布。草蛉幼虫聚集的数量及分布与不同树种的树皮粗糙程度有关(t=3.669,P<0.01),而与胸径的大小无关(F=1.604,P>0.05)。林带为越冬前的草蛉幼虫提供了可栖息的环境,保证了翌年种群的恢复。
5.草蛉一般以前蛹期在茧内越冬,多选择在林带和桃园内树皮的裂缝、地表土层、枯枝落叶下结茧化蛹,并且以上三个结茧地点不存在明显的选择性。
6.从作物田中草蛉成虫与作物蚜虫的种群动态变化可以看出草蛉成虫与作物蚜虫发生期存在明显的滞后现象,且控制时期较短;种群密度的相关分析得出草蛉成虫对作物蚜虫存在一定的控制作用,但这种控制作用相对较弱,持续时间相对较短;从草蛉成虫食量及田间的发生量推测,理论上草蛉成虫在一定程度上可以控制蚜虫的发生;在时间和空间生态位上,草蛉卵与作物蚜虫均存在较大的重叠。
Chrysopids is one kind of important natural enemy in the agricultural areas, and is considered to be a common predator of the environment for a long time. From November 2006 to December 2007, the study was carried out by recording the individual numbers and distribution sites of lacewings and pests in crop fields, forest belts and peach orchard at North China Plain agricultural area. The aim was to investigate the selection behavior of Chrysopids for different environmnents such as habitats, oviposition sites, overwintering areas and so on, and evaluate the function that Chrysopidae controlled the major pests of crops. The main results of study as follows:
1. Chrysopids adults had siginificant preference for habitats and ovipostion sites in different corps. In the five crops, Chrysopids adults had a significantly higher preference for peanut and maize fields to inhabit and for peanut and soybean fields to oviposit. The mainly influencing factors was crop species, extent of plants damage, richness of food resources, farming activities and so on.
2. Being influenced by food, temperature and humidity, etc., Chrysopids adults had preference for ovipostion sites at vertical directions and vegetative organs sites of plants, weaker preference at level directions. In the vertical directions, Chrysopids eggs mainly distributed in upper and middle positions of crops, and in middle and lower positions of peaches. There were significantly difference in the level directions of peanut and hot pepper(P<0.01), while others had no difference(P>0.05). In the vegetative organs, Chrysopids eggs mainly distributed on leaves of plants.
3. As four types forest belt which near crop fields were different, Chrysopids adults had stronger preference for forest belt 4 which have thinning slashs (new branches) to inhabit, for forest belt 1 (arabayashi) to oviposit. In forest belt, Chrysopids adults had selectivity for tree, stump (new branches) and weed, they had a significantly higher preference for thinning slashs (new branches) to inhabit, for weeds to oviposit.
4. Chrysopids larvals chose the forest belts nearly corp fields to inhabit, and presented an aggregating distribution in the forest belt. The numbers and distributions of Chrysopids larvals related to coarse intensity of bark of different plants species (t=3.669 , P<0.01), and not related to diameter(F=1.604,P>0.05).
5. Chrysopids overwintering in cocoon as prepupa usually, it often selected crack of barks, topsoil, litters to cocooning in forest belts and peach orchard.. It had no significantly preference for three cocooning places above. The forest belt offered the habitats for Chrysopids larva before overwintering, and guaranteed the recovery of the population in the next year.
6. Based on the variety population dynamics of Chrysopids and Aphids in corps fields, the results shown that there were an indicated obvious hysteresis between the occurrence period of Chrysopids and Aphids, and the control period was relatively short. According to the relevant analysis of population’s density between Chrysopids and Aphids, it had certain control function to Aphids by using Chrysopids adults. But the control function was relatively weak, and lasting time was relatively short. On the basis of appetite and emergence amount of Chrysopids adults in crops, it was conjectured Aphids could be controlled by Chrysopids adults at a certain extent in theory. From the results of temporal and spatial niche of Chrysopids eggs and Aphids, it was showed that both had a wide niche overlap.
引文
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