三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁横向冲击响应
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摘要
作为一种常见的工程结构件,T型梁被广泛运用于航空航天航海等领域。而这些T型梁(T-beam)结构经常遭受鸟撞和冰雹、水中漂浮物和码头撞击。因此,设计并制造具有高弯曲刚强度和抗冲击性能的复合材料T型梁,研究T型梁在冲击加载下的动态响应,表征其动态冲击下的力学性能,极富有实际应用价值。
本课题主要研究三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁的横向准静态弯曲性能和动态冲击性能,比较两种状态下横向加载性质和破坏模式的不同,探讨筋板高度对T型梁冲击响应的影响。基于增强织物细观结构的有限元单胞模型,推导复合材料单胞中各组分刚/柔度矩阵。根据最大应力准则和临界失效面积(CDA)破坏准则,编写材料属性用户子程序VUMAT (Vectorized User-defined Material Subroutine),联合商用有限元程序包ABAQUS,用有限元方法计算复合材料T型梁冲击响应,并对实验和模拟结果进行对比分析,验证用户子程序对于三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁结构件的适用性。
本论文的主要内容有：
1.三维双轴向间隔纬编针织物的编织和性能测试
作为一种新型的纺织增强结构,三维双轴向间隔纬编织物不仅实现了轴向增强,而且厚度方向的连接纱增强了T型梁的抗剪切能力。利用自制的特殊针织横机,成功编织出符合质量要求的织物样品,并对其拉伸、撕裂和剥离性能进行测试和分析。测试结果表明：(a)织物经纬向拉伸性能与衬经纱密度和衬纬纱密度密切相关。(b)连接纱改善了结构织物的抗撕裂性能。(c)连接纱的经纬向密度不同是造成织物经纬向剥离曲线的不同的主要原因。
2.T型梁的制作
三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T字梁的制备,要求T型梁的筋板与腹板垂直,T型梁的厚度均匀,表面光洁平整,玻璃纤维的浸润度良好。采用自制的玻璃板模具和真空辅助转移模塑复合材料生产工艺,成功制得了三种不同筋板高度(Ocm,3cm,5cm)的三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁。
3.T型梁的准静态和动态横向冲击响应
分别采用了MTS材料试验系统和Hopkinson压杆试验了不同筋板高度的复合材料T型梁准静态横向加载响应和动态横向加载响应。测试结果表明：在准静态下,相对于0cm筋板的T型梁,3cm和5cm筋板高度的T型梁具有更高的最大载荷和能量吸收性能,这是因为筋板有效地提高了材料的弯曲刚度。对于动态试验,结果表明对于同一筋板高度T型梁,最大载荷和吸收能量随着冲击速度的增加而增加,这说明冲击最大载荷、冲击吸收能量对冲击速度是敏感的。在同一冲击速度下,最大载荷和吸收能量随着筋板高度的增加而增加。
准静态和动态横向加载下的对比结果还表明：T型梁的动态冲击破坏模式除了基体的破坏和纤维断裂、拉伸、压缩外,还包括剪切破坏。相对于平板,3cm筋板和5cm筋板T型梁的腹板压缩破坏和筋板的拉伸破坏程度较轻,这是因为筋板增加了T型梁的抗弯刚度,增加了T型梁的抗冲击损伤容限。
4.T型梁准静态和动态横向加载性能有限元模拟计算
基于增强织物细观结构的有限元单胞模型,通过坐标系转换得到了三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁中五部分组分(衬经纱、衬纬纱、针织纱、连接纱和基体)的刚／柔度矩阵,同时引入三维塑性势函数,推导出T型梁弹塑性本构方程。利用Fortran语言,编写基于弹塑性本构关系、最大应力准则和临界失效面积准则的单胞模型VUMAT接口程序。材料失效性分析中单胞的基体失效分析采用Octahedral剪切原理和最大应力准则；单胞中纱线失效分析采用最大应力准则和临界失效面积准则。VUMAT与有限元分析软件ABAQUS的结合,模拟了三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁在准静态和高应变率下材料的载荷一位移曲线和能量一位移曲线,破坏模式和加载过程。模拟曲线和实验曲线的较好的吻合度表明：建立的单胞模型和编写的用户子程序是正确的,其不仅可以适用于三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料板材的力学性能模拟,而且也完全适用于三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料结构件T型梁上。
本论文的研究工作是对三维纬编间隔纬编复合材料T型梁抗冲击性能的表征,为进一步优化三维双轴向间隔纬编结构提供依据,也为研究其他三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料结构件提供参考。
T-beams are widely used in aerospace, airplane and navigation fields as one common engineering structure. These T-beams are liable to be impacted by the birds, hails, floating stuff and dock. Therefore, designing and manufacturing the composite T-beams with high flexural stiffness, strength and excellent anti-impact properties, investigating the dynamic response and characterizing the mechanical properties under the impact load, are meaningful for the practical use.
The quasi-static flexural and dynamic impact properties of 3D biaxial spacer weft knitted composite T-beams with different rib heights were investigated in this paper. The impact response and damage modes under the quasi-static and impact loadings were compared, and rib height influence on the dynamic response was also investigated. Using unit-cell model of the microstructure of the 3D biaxial weft-knitted structure, stiffness/compliance matrices of each component in the unit-cell were deduced through the coordinate transformation. The VUMAT (Vectorized User-defined Material Subroutine) was firstly written basing on the maximum stress failure theory and the critical damage area (CDA) failure theory, and then it was cooperated with commercial finite element analysis software ABAQUS, to calculate the dynamic impact response of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam. FEM results and experimental ones were compared to check the validity of unit-cell model and user-defined subroutine VUMAT for the calculation of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam.
The main investigations include the following parts:
1. Fabrication of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted fabric and testing its mechanical behavior
As one of novel textile reinforcement structures,3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted fabric was not only strengthened in axes due to the insertion of warp and weft yarns, but also improved concerning the anti-delamination ability of reinforced T-beam composite duo to the linking yarns. The modified special knitting machine was employed to produce the required fabric. The reinforcement was tested and analyzed on tensile, tear, peeling properties. The results indicated that:(a) the tensile properties are closely related to the warp yarn and weft yarn densities; (b) the anti-delamination ability is greatly improved by linking yarns; (c) the peeling behavior differences between the weft direction and warp direction are resulted from the difference of linking yarn densities in these two directions.
2. Fabrication of T-beam
Manufacturing 3D biaxial spacer weft knitted composite T-beam required rib to be vertical with panel surface, to have uniform thickness and smooth surface. Self-designed glass mould and vacuum assisted resin transferring molding (VARTM) technique were employed to produce the 3D biaxial spacer weft knitted composite T-beam with three different rib heights (Ocm,3cm and 5cm).
3. Quasi-static and impact dynamic responses
The quasi-static and dynamic impact loading tests on the composite T-beam with different rib heights were conducted on MTS and modified split Hopkinson bar respectively. The results showed that for the quasi-static loading test, the composite T-beams with 3cm and 5cm rib heights were indicated with higher maximum load and energy absorption ability, because rib improved the flexural stiffness of T-beam effectively. For the dynamic impact loading, it was shown that maximum load and energy absorption ability increased with the increasing of impact velocity for the T-beam with the same rib height, and also increased with increasing of rib height of the T-beam under the same impact velocity.
The comparison between quasi-static and dynamic impact loadings also showed that the dynamic impact damage mode includes shearing damage besides matrix crack, fiber breakage, tension, compression. Compared with Ocm T-beam(namely panel composite), the T-beam with 3cm and 5cm rib heights were observed with the relatively less damage where compressive failure appeared on the front side and tensile failure on the rib. The reason is that the rib improved the stiffness and anti-impact resistance of T-beam.
4. FEM simulation calculation of T-beam under quasi-static and dynamic impact loadings
Based on the microstructure of unit-cell of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted fabric, stiffness/compliance matrices of five components (warp yarn, weft yarn, loop yarn, linking yarns and matrix) in unit cell were obtained through the coordination transformation, and 3D plastic potential function was introduced to deduce elasto-plastic constitutive equations of the 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam. VUMAT was written based on the elasto-plastic constitutive equations, maximum stress failure theory and critical damage area (CDA) failure theory in FORTRAN. The Octahedral shear failure theory and the maximum stress failure theory were used to control matrix failure in unit-cell models. The maximum stress failure theory and the critical damage area (CDA) failure theory were used to control yarns failure in unit-cell models. In cooperating with finite element software ABAQUS, VUMAT was implemented to stimulate the load-displacement curves, energy-displacement curves, damage mode and damage process of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam under the quasi-static flexural and dynamic impact loadings. The good agreement between FEM results and experimental ones showed that the unit-cell and VUMAT used not only suitable for the 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite panel, but also appropriate for 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam.
The paper has characterized the dynamic impact response of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam. The obtained results are beneficial for the further optimization of 3D biaxial spacer knitted fabric, and can also be used as one reference for other kinds of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite structures.
本课题主要研究三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁的横向准静态弯曲性能和动态冲击性能,比较两种状态下横向加载性质和破坏模式的不同,探讨筋板高度对T型梁冲击响应的影响。基于增强织物细观结构的有限元单胞模型,推导复合材料单胞中各组分刚/柔度矩阵。根据最大应力准则和临界失效面积(CDA)破坏准则,编写材料属性用户子程序VUMAT (Vectorized User-defined Material Subroutine),联合商用有限元程序包ABAQUS,用有限元方法计算复合材料T型梁冲击响应,并对实验和模拟结果进行对比分析,验证用户子程序对于三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁结构件的适用性。
本论文的主要内容有：
1.三维双轴向间隔纬编针织物的编织和性能测试
作为一种新型的纺织增强结构,三维双轴向间隔纬编织物不仅实现了轴向增强,而且厚度方向的连接纱增强了T型梁的抗剪切能力。利用自制的特殊针织横机,成功编织出符合质量要求的织物样品,并对其拉伸、撕裂和剥离性能进行测试和分析。测试结果表明：(a)织物经纬向拉伸性能与衬经纱密度和衬纬纱密度密切相关。(b)连接纱改善了结构织物的抗撕裂性能。(c)连接纱的经纬向密度不同是造成织物经纬向剥离曲线的不同的主要原因。
2.T型梁的制作
三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T字梁的制备,要求T型梁的筋板与腹板垂直,T型梁的厚度均匀,表面光洁平整,玻璃纤维的浸润度良好。采用自制的玻璃板模具和真空辅助转移模塑复合材料生产工艺,成功制得了三种不同筋板高度(Ocm,3cm,5cm)的三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁。
3.T型梁的准静态和动态横向冲击响应
分别采用了MTS材料试验系统和Hopkinson压杆试验了不同筋板高度的复合材料T型梁准静态横向加载响应和动态横向加载响应。测试结果表明：在准静态下,相对于0cm筋板的T型梁,3cm和5cm筋板高度的T型梁具有更高的最大载荷和能量吸收性能,这是因为筋板有效地提高了材料的弯曲刚度。对于动态试验,结果表明对于同一筋板高度T型梁,最大载荷和吸收能量随着冲击速度的增加而增加,这说明冲击最大载荷、冲击吸收能量对冲击速度是敏感的。在同一冲击速度下,最大载荷和吸收能量随着筋板高度的增加而增加。
准静态和动态横向加载下的对比结果还表明：T型梁的动态冲击破坏模式除了基体的破坏和纤维断裂、拉伸、压缩外,还包括剪切破坏。相对于平板,3cm筋板和5cm筋板T型梁的腹板压缩破坏和筋板的拉伸破坏程度较轻,这是因为筋板增加了T型梁的抗弯刚度,增加了T型梁的抗冲击损伤容限。
4.T型梁准静态和动态横向加载性能有限元模拟计算
基于增强织物细观结构的有限元单胞模型,通过坐标系转换得到了三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁中五部分组分(衬经纱、衬纬纱、针织纱、连接纱和基体)的刚／柔度矩阵,同时引入三维塑性势函数,推导出T型梁弹塑性本构方程。利用Fortran语言,编写基于弹塑性本构关系、最大应力准则和临界失效面积准则的单胞模型VUMAT接口程序。材料失效性分析中单胞的基体失效分析采用Octahedral剪切原理和最大应力准则；单胞中纱线失效分析采用最大应力准则和临界失效面积准则。VUMAT与有限元分析软件ABAQUS的结合,模拟了三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料T型梁在准静态和高应变率下材料的载荷一位移曲线和能量一位移曲线,破坏模式和加载过程。模拟曲线和实验曲线的较好的吻合度表明：建立的单胞模型和编写的用户子程序是正确的,其不仅可以适用于三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料板材的力学性能模拟,而且也完全适用于三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料结构件T型梁上。
本论文的研究工作是对三维纬编间隔纬编复合材料T型梁抗冲击性能的表征,为进一步优化三维双轴向间隔纬编结构提供依据,也为研究其他三维双轴向间隔纬编复合材料结构件提供参考。
T-beams are widely used in aerospace, airplane and navigation fields as one common engineering structure. These T-beams are liable to be impacted by the birds, hails, floating stuff and dock. Therefore, designing and manufacturing the composite T-beams with high flexural stiffness, strength and excellent anti-impact properties, investigating the dynamic response and characterizing the mechanical properties under the impact load, are meaningful for the practical use.
The quasi-static flexural and dynamic impact properties of 3D biaxial spacer weft knitted composite T-beams with different rib heights were investigated in this paper. The impact response and damage modes under the quasi-static and impact loadings were compared, and rib height influence on the dynamic response was also investigated. Using unit-cell model of the microstructure of the 3D biaxial weft-knitted structure, stiffness/compliance matrices of each component in the unit-cell were deduced through the coordinate transformation. The VUMAT (Vectorized User-defined Material Subroutine) was firstly written basing on the maximum stress failure theory and the critical damage area (CDA) failure theory, and then it was cooperated with commercial finite element analysis software ABAQUS, to calculate the dynamic impact response of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam. FEM results and experimental ones were compared to check the validity of unit-cell model and user-defined subroutine VUMAT for the calculation of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam.
The main investigations include the following parts:
1. Fabrication of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted fabric and testing its mechanical behavior
As one of novel textile reinforcement structures,3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted fabric was not only strengthened in axes due to the insertion of warp and weft yarns, but also improved concerning the anti-delamination ability of reinforced T-beam composite duo to the linking yarns. The modified special knitting machine was employed to produce the required fabric. The reinforcement was tested and analyzed on tensile, tear, peeling properties. The results indicated that:(a) the tensile properties are closely related to the warp yarn and weft yarn densities; (b) the anti-delamination ability is greatly improved by linking yarns; (c) the peeling behavior differences between the weft direction and warp direction are resulted from the difference of linking yarn densities in these two directions.
2. Fabrication of T-beam
Manufacturing 3D biaxial spacer weft knitted composite T-beam required rib to be vertical with panel surface, to have uniform thickness and smooth surface. Self-designed glass mould and vacuum assisted resin transferring molding (VARTM) technique were employed to produce the 3D biaxial spacer weft knitted composite T-beam with three different rib heights (Ocm,3cm and 5cm).
3. Quasi-static and impact dynamic responses
The quasi-static and dynamic impact loading tests on the composite T-beam with different rib heights were conducted on MTS and modified split Hopkinson bar respectively. The results showed that for the quasi-static loading test, the composite T-beams with 3cm and 5cm rib heights were indicated with higher maximum load and energy absorption ability, because rib improved the flexural stiffness of T-beam effectively. For the dynamic impact loading, it was shown that maximum load and energy absorption ability increased with the increasing of impact velocity for the T-beam with the same rib height, and also increased with increasing of rib height of the T-beam under the same impact velocity.
The comparison between quasi-static and dynamic impact loadings also showed that the dynamic impact damage mode includes shearing damage besides matrix crack, fiber breakage, tension, compression. Compared with Ocm T-beam(namely panel composite), the T-beam with 3cm and 5cm rib heights were observed with the relatively less damage where compressive failure appeared on the front side and tensile failure on the rib. The reason is that the rib improved the stiffness and anti-impact resistance of T-beam.
4. FEM simulation calculation of T-beam under quasi-static and dynamic impact loadings
Based on the microstructure of unit-cell of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted fabric, stiffness/compliance matrices of five components (warp yarn, weft yarn, loop yarn, linking yarns and matrix) in unit cell were obtained through the coordination transformation, and 3D plastic potential function was introduced to deduce elasto-plastic constitutive equations of the 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam. VUMAT was written based on the elasto-plastic constitutive equations, maximum stress failure theory and critical damage area (CDA) failure theory in FORTRAN. The Octahedral shear failure theory and the maximum stress failure theory were used to control matrix failure in unit-cell models. The maximum stress failure theory and the critical damage area (CDA) failure theory were used to control yarns failure in unit-cell models. In cooperating with finite element software ABAQUS, VUMAT was implemented to stimulate the load-displacement curves, energy-displacement curves, damage mode and damage process of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam under the quasi-static flexural and dynamic impact loadings. The good agreement between FEM results and experimental ones showed that the unit-cell and VUMAT used not only suitable for the 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite panel, but also appropriate for 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam.
The paper has characterized the dynamic impact response of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite T-beam. The obtained results are beneficial for the further optimization of 3D biaxial spacer knitted fabric, and can also be used as one reference for other kinds of 3D biaxial spacer weft-knitted composite structures.
引文
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