光纤光栅传感器在结构健康监测中的应用研究
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摘要
由于光纤光栅具有质量轻、空间分辨率高、易于组成准分布式网络等独特的优点，使得基于光纤光栅传感系统的结构健康监测技术与应用研究逐渐成为当前研究者们共同关注的新热点，在大型航空及土木结构的健康监测研究领域中有着广阔的应用前景。本文将光纤Bragg光栅（Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG）和长周期光纤光栅（Long Period Fiber Grating,LPFG）应用于航空及土木结构健康监测中，分别对航空复合材料典型结构拉伸断裂状态监测、极端环境对复合材料的影响监测以及土木结构中的钢筋锈蚀监测、沥青路面状态监测进行研究，实现对航空及土木结构健康状态的实时在线监测。
本文的研究内容主要分为以下几个方面：
（1）对FBG和LPFG进行理论分析，推导了光纤光栅的耦合方程，为光栅传感特性的研究提供了理论基础。对FBG和LPFG的传感特性进行了仿真，给出栅长选择的基本依据和相应的传感灵敏度系数。此外，对LPFG横向负载方向敏感特性进行实验分析，得到其变化规律。
（2）对声发射及碳纤维复合材料断裂理论进行分析，通过FBG传感监测系统分别对碳纤维复合材料拉伸试件、碳纤维复合材料整体结构件内部断裂和裂纹扩展瞬间的声发射应变响应信号进行采集、分析，获得CFRP结构内部断裂及裂纹扩展情况，实现对CFRP结构断裂情况的监测，同时，对极端环境下FBG传感系统的可靠性进行了验证实验。
（3）基于光滤波器边缘滤波效应的FBG动态解调系统，针对薄板结构受振动、冲击响应情况，分别提出基于上述系统的FBG薄板结构振动、冲击监测方法。实验结果表明，该系统对振动、冲击信号的响应效果较好，可实现对待测结构振动、冲击状态的监测，具有较高的分辨力，能满足信号采集的要求。
（4）研究混凝土结构中钢筋的锈蚀机理和LPFG的折射率敏感特性，提出了基于锈蚀环境折射率变化的分阶段监测方法，设计了基于LPFG折射率特性的钢筋锈蚀传感器，并对其进行埋入验证实验。同时，基于LPFG对横向负载的敏感特性，设计了可实现钢筋360°锈蚀情况监测的钢筋锈蚀传感器，并在埋入实验研究中取得了良好的效果。
（5）将FBG和LPFG用于沥青路面内部应变及动水压力监测领域，利用FBG对应变、LPFG对横向负载及弯曲的敏感性，设计制作了基于LPFG横向负载特性的沥青路面压力传感器、基于FBG应变特性的沥青路面压力传感器及基于LPFG弯曲特性的动水压力传感器，并各自进行了实验验证，取得了良好的效果。
According to the unique advantages of light weight, high spatial resolution, easy to form thequasi-distributed network and so on, Fiber Grating has made the structural health monitoringtechnology based on fiber sensing into a new hot spot focused by the current domestic andinternational researchers, with the great application prospect in the field of aviation and civilstructure health monitoring. This dissertation aims to research on the application of fiber gratingin aviation and civil structural health monitoring, including the fracture monitoring for CFRPcomposite structure, the impact of extreme environment on the FBG-based tensile strainmonitoring for CFRP composite structure, the monitoring for reinforcing bar corrosion inconcrete and the monitoring for asphalt pavement. All these work provides theoretical andpractical preparation for promoting the availability of the structural health monitoringtechnology.
The main achievements are described as follows:
(1) Theoretical analysis of FBG and LPFG is achieved, and the coupled equations of the fibergrating is derived, providing a theoretical basis for the sensing characteristic of the fiber grating.By the spectrum and sensing characteristic simulation of FBG and LPFG, the basis of the gatelength selection and the sensitivity coefficients are given. The sensitivity of LPFG resonancepeak amplitude changing with transverse load and its direction correlation is researched byexperimental analysis.
(2) Based on the analysis of acoustic emission and CFRP composite fracture theory, the strainresponse signals of the CFRP composite tensile specimen and the overall CFRP compositestructure induced by the internal fractures and cracks are acquired by FBG sensing monitoringsystem. The internal fracture and the expansion of crack have been got. At the same time, thereliability of FBG sensing system in extreme environments is verified.
(3) High speed demodulation system based on the filtering effect of the optical filter is studiedin order to research dynamic signal monitored by FBG sensor. The methods of the FBG vibrationand impact monitoring are proposed for the thin plate. The experimental results show that theresponse effects of the system for vibration and impact monitoring are good and have a highresolution, which can meet the requirements of the signal acquisition.
(4) Base on the mechanism of steel corrosion in reinforced concrete and the refractive indexcharacteristic of LPFG, a corrosion monitoring method in stages is proposed and a LPFG rebar corrosion sensor is designed to detect the changes of refractive index around rebar in concretecaused by chloride and liquid rust. Meanwhile, a LPFG rebar corrosion sensor which canmonitor the corrosion status at360°is designed, and the buried experiment is achieved well.
(5) Introducing FBG and LPFG into the area of the strain and hydrodynamic pressure inasphalt pavement, a LPFG transverse load effect-based pressure sensor， a FBG straineffect-based pressure sensor and a LPFG bending effect-based hydrodynamic pressure forasphalt pavement are designed respectively. The experiments have been done and the goodresults have been obtained.
本文的研究内容主要分为以下几个方面：
（1）对FBG和LPFG进行理论分析，推导了光纤光栅的耦合方程，为光栅传感特性的研究提供了理论基础。对FBG和LPFG的传感特性进行了仿真，给出栅长选择的基本依据和相应的传感灵敏度系数。此外，对LPFG横向负载方向敏感特性进行实验分析，得到其变化规律。
（2）对声发射及碳纤维复合材料断裂理论进行分析，通过FBG传感监测系统分别对碳纤维复合材料拉伸试件、碳纤维复合材料整体结构件内部断裂和裂纹扩展瞬间的声发射应变响应信号进行采集、分析，获得CFRP结构内部断裂及裂纹扩展情况，实现对CFRP结构断裂情况的监测，同时，对极端环境下FBG传感系统的可靠性进行了验证实验。
（3）基于光滤波器边缘滤波效应的FBG动态解调系统，针对薄板结构受振动、冲击响应情况，分别提出基于上述系统的FBG薄板结构振动、冲击监测方法。实验结果表明，该系统对振动、冲击信号的响应效果较好，可实现对待测结构振动、冲击状态的监测，具有较高的分辨力，能满足信号采集的要求。
（4）研究混凝土结构中钢筋的锈蚀机理和LPFG的折射率敏感特性，提出了基于锈蚀环境折射率变化的分阶段监测方法，设计了基于LPFG折射率特性的钢筋锈蚀传感器，并对其进行埋入验证实验。同时，基于LPFG对横向负载的敏感特性，设计了可实现钢筋360°锈蚀情况监测的钢筋锈蚀传感器，并在埋入实验研究中取得了良好的效果。
（5）将FBG和LPFG用于沥青路面内部应变及动水压力监测领域，利用FBG对应变、LPFG对横向负载及弯曲的敏感性，设计制作了基于LPFG横向负载特性的沥青路面压力传感器、基于FBG应变特性的沥青路面压力传感器及基于LPFG弯曲特性的动水压力传感器，并各自进行了实验验证，取得了良好的效果。
According to the unique advantages of light weight, high spatial resolution, easy to form thequasi-distributed network and so on, Fiber Grating has made the structural health monitoringtechnology based on fiber sensing into a new hot spot focused by the current domestic andinternational researchers, with the great application prospect in the field of aviation and civilstructure health monitoring. This dissertation aims to research on the application of fiber gratingin aviation and civil structural health monitoring, including the fracture monitoring for CFRPcomposite structure, the impact of extreme environment on the FBG-based tensile strainmonitoring for CFRP composite structure, the monitoring for reinforcing bar corrosion inconcrete and the monitoring for asphalt pavement. All these work provides theoretical andpractical preparation for promoting the availability of the structural health monitoringtechnology.
The main achievements are described as follows:
(1) Theoretical analysis of FBG and LPFG is achieved, and the coupled equations of the fibergrating is derived, providing a theoretical basis for the sensing characteristic of the fiber grating.By the spectrum and sensing characteristic simulation of FBG and LPFG, the basis of the gatelength selection and the sensitivity coefficients are given. The sensitivity of LPFG resonancepeak amplitude changing with transverse load and its direction correlation is researched byexperimental analysis.
(2) Based on the analysis of acoustic emission and CFRP composite fracture theory, the strainresponse signals of the CFRP composite tensile specimen and the overall CFRP compositestructure induced by the internal fractures and cracks are acquired by FBG sensing monitoringsystem. The internal fracture and the expansion of crack have been got. At the same time, thereliability of FBG sensing system in extreme environments is verified.
(3) High speed demodulation system based on the filtering effect of the optical filter is studiedin order to research dynamic signal monitored by FBG sensor. The methods of the FBG vibrationand impact monitoring are proposed for the thin plate. The experimental results show that theresponse effects of the system for vibration and impact monitoring are good and have a highresolution, which can meet the requirements of the signal acquisition.
(4) Base on the mechanism of steel corrosion in reinforced concrete and the refractive indexcharacteristic of LPFG, a corrosion monitoring method in stages is proposed and a LPFG rebar corrosion sensor is designed to detect the changes of refractive index around rebar in concretecaused by chloride and liquid rust. Meanwhile, a LPFG rebar corrosion sensor which canmonitor the corrosion status at360°is designed, and the buried experiment is achieved well.
(5) Introducing FBG and LPFG into the area of the strain and hydrodynamic pressure inasphalt pavement, a LPFG transverse load effect-based pressure sensor， a FBG straineffect-based pressure sensor and a LPFG bending effect-based hydrodynamic pressure forasphalt pavement are designed respectively. The experiments have been done and the goodresults have been obtained.
引文
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