电动自行车的人机工程分析研究
摘要
随着我国经济、社会的发展和城市面积的增加,居民出行距离增大,电动自行车以本身的灵活、省力、经济、环保健身等特点,与现有的交通工具相比具有明显的优势,越来越受到人们的青睐。然而,电动自行车近来年的高增长掩盖了行业发展中一些不尽如人意的状况,特别是电动自行车人性化设计,没引起人们的足够重视。不符合人机性能的电动自行车结构,一方面使人在骑行时产生疲劳和不适,严重的还会影响到人们的身体健康;另一方面,不合理的结构设计,也降低了电动自行车的稳定性和安全性。自行车与人体有多个部位紧密接触,在设计时应统筹考虑电动自行车的结构和骑车人的生理和心理特点,才能做到人与自行车的协调统一,保证人骑行的舒适和安全。在电动自行车设计中考虑人的因素,对其进行人机工程学设计是电动自行车发展的必由之路。基于人机工程学的电动自行车设计研究成为电动自行车设计研究领域的一个重要课题。正是基于此,本文首先分析电动自行车的结构和人体特性,应用人机工程学的相关理论分析二者之间的关系,并依此进行了电动自行车设计。本文主要做了了以下几方面的研究工作:
(1)影响自行车骑行舒适性的因素分析。结合人机工程学的相关理论,分析了与电动自行车骑行相关的人体部位的生理特性、电动自行车骑姿的特点、蹬踏运动的用力特性,找出其中存在的人机工程学方面的问题,进而阐述了电动自行车车架、鞍座、车把等部件的形状与结构参数对骑行舒适性的影响。
(2)影响电动自行车行驶稳定性和安全性的因素的分析。依据人机工程学的原理,分析了电动自行车结构设计、转向机构、操控机构、制动部分以及电动自行车的车速与重量对行驶平稳性及安全性的影响。
(3)自行车车架及部件造型设计。讨论了自行车车架设计的主要结构参数,并给出了自行车车架设计的具体流程。依据人机工程学的相关知识,以城市里代步用的男式电动自行车为例,依据人体参数和自行车零部件设计标准为参考,进行骑姿设计,得到各部件的取值范围,完成了电动自行车的造型设计。
As Chinese economic and social development and urban framework for widening, residents' trip distance increase, the electric bicycle as the flexibility and strength-saving, economic, and environmental fitness, and other characteristics compared with the existing means of transport have obvious advantages, is increasingly being favored by people of all ages.
However, the high-growth development of electric bicycle in recent years covered up some unsatisfactory conditions, especially not user-friendly electric bike design, which does not arouse enough attention. Human-machine performance does not meet the bicycle structure, which not only leads to fatigue and discomfort as people in the riding, but also seriously affect people's health. What is more, the unreasonable structural design also reduces the electric bicycle stability and security. Ergonomics-based design study of electric bicycle becomes an important topic in the field. Considering there are several parts of the body in close contact with bicycle, co-ordination should be considered in the design of the bicycle structure and physiological and psychological characteristics of cyclists, in order to achieve the harmonization of people and bicycles to guarantee ride comfort and safety. In electric bicycles designed to take into account the human factor, its ergonomic design is to bike route to development.
Based on this, this paper first analyzes the structure of electric bicycles and human features, applications related to ergonomics the relationship between theoretical analysis, and so as a basis for design of electric bicycles. In this paper, the following research work has been done.(1) Affecting of bike riding comfort factor analysis. Combined with ergonomics-related theory, summed up the electric bicycle riding posture, pedaling, as well as in close contact with the body parts of various elements of the riding comfort of the impact analysis of the movement force and electric bicycle ride posture characteristic of determinants, find out the existence of ergonomic problems. Analyzed the characteristics of the human body close contacted with the bike to explain the saddle, handlebars, and the sets of parameters affecting on ride comfort.
(2) The impact of electric bicycle driving stability and safety factor analysis. The impaction on the driving stability and safety impacts by the structural design, steering, handling agencies, brake parts and electric bicycle speed and weight of electric bicycle was analyzed in this paper.
(3) Bicycle frame and components design. The bicycle frame design parameters of the main structure has been discussed, and riding posture design process and the bike frame designed for a specific process been given. Taking the men's electric bicycle riding instead of walk in the city using as example, riding posture was designed to get comfortable range of components and a bicycle model design has been accomplished ,based on ergonomics and biomechanics of the relevant knowledge, and on the human body parameters and bicycle spare parts reference standard.
(1)影响自行车骑行舒适性的因素分析。结合人机工程学的相关理论,分析了与电动自行车骑行相关的人体部位的生理特性、电动自行车骑姿的特点、蹬踏运动的用力特性,找出其中存在的人机工程学方面的问题,进而阐述了电动自行车车架、鞍座、车把等部件的形状与结构参数对骑行舒适性的影响。
(2)影响电动自行车行驶稳定性和安全性的因素的分析。依据人机工程学的原理,分析了电动自行车结构设计、转向机构、操控机构、制动部分以及电动自行车的车速与重量对行驶平稳性及安全性的影响。
(3)自行车车架及部件造型设计。讨论了自行车车架设计的主要结构参数,并给出了自行车车架设计的具体流程。依据人机工程学的相关知识,以城市里代步用的男式电动自行车为例,依据人体参数和自行车零部件设计标准为参考,进行骑姿设计,得到各部件的取值范围,完成了电动自行车的造型设计。
As Chinese economic and social development and urban framework for widening, residents' trip distance increase, the electric bicycle as the flexibility and strength-saving, economic, and environmental fitness, and other characteristics compared with the existing means of transport have obvious advantages, is increasingly being favored by people of all ages.
However, the high-growth development of electric bicycle in recent years covered up some unsatisfactory conditions, especially not user-friendly electric bike design, which does not arouse enough attention. Human-machine performance does not meet the bicycle structure, which not only leads to fatigue and discomfort as people in the riding, but also seriously affect people's health. What is more, the unreasonable structural design also reduces the electric bicycle stability and security. Ergonomics-based design study of electric bicycle becomes an important topic in the field. Considering there are several parts of the body in close contact with bicycle, co-ordination should be considered in the design of the bicycle structure and physiological and psychological characteristics of cyclists, in order to achieve the harmonization of people and bicycles to guarantee ride comfort and safety. In electric bicycles designed to take into account the human factor, its ergonomic design is to bike route to development.
Based on this, this paper first analyzes the structure of electric bicycles and human features, applications related to ergonomics the relationship between theoretical analysis, and so as a basis for design of electric bicycles. In this paper, the following research work has been done.(1) Affecting of bike riding comfort factor analysis. Combined with ergonomics-related theory, summed up the electric bicycle riding posture, pedaling, as well as in close contact with the body parts of various elements of the riding comfort of the impact analysis of the movement force and electric bicycle ride posture characteristic of determinants, find out the existence of ergonomic problems. Analyzed the characteristics of the human body close contacted with the bike to explain the saddle, handlebars, and the sets of parameters affecting on ride comfort.
(2) The impact of electric bicycle driving stability and safety factor analysis. The impaction on the driving stability and safety impacts by the structural design, steering, handling agencies, brake parts and electric bicycle speed and weight of electric bicycle was analyzed in this paper.
(3) Bicycle frame and components design. The bicycle frame design parameters of the main structure has been discussed, and riding posture design process and the bike frame designed for a specific process been given. Taking the men's electric bicycle riding instead of walk in the city using as example, riding posture was designed to get comfortable range of components and a bicycle model design has been accomplished ,based on ergonomics and biomechanics of the relevant knowledge, and on the human body parameters and bicycle spare parts reference standard.
引文
[1].中国自行车协会.[电动自行车行业“换挡调速”].中国自行车,2007,10:2-5
[2].中国自行车协会.[电动自行车业兼并重组决策报告].慧聪网,2007,5:6-07
[3].黄靖远.[电动自行车的发展历史及市场前景展望].电气时代,1999,09:11-13
[4].Frank.Jameson.[China into the largest market for electric bicycles].TIME,2009,6(14):2-3
[5]天津自行车行业生产力促进中心专家库成员编著.[电动自行车实用技术].北京:人民邮电出版社,2008:2-5
[6].陈毅然.[人机工程学].北京:航空工业出版社,1990:25-33
[7].朱序章.[人机工程学].西安:电子科大出版社,1999:20-22
[8].程能林.[工业设计概论].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:18-21
[9].严扬.[人机工程学设计应用].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1993:15-18
[10].Wickens,C.D.,Cordon,S.E.,Liu.[An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering].New York,1998,13(4):27-33
[11].Chapanis.A J.Wiley.[Human Factors Systems Engineering].New york.1996,23(2):56-60
[12].Meister.D.[Essays on Human Factors Questions Personal publication].Divergent Viewpoints,1995,16(3):68-70
[13].赵柏林.[浅谈智能电动自行车的人性化设计].常州职业技术学院学报.2007,7:34-38
[14].李纶,廖增宁,杨维平.[电动自行车整车造型设计].昆明理工大学学报.2001,26(4):88-90
[15].马金盛.冯川.尹虎.[电动自行车的人机工程分析].2001年中国机械工程学会年会暨第九届全国特种加工学术年会论文集,2001:35-37
[16].李松赞.[人机工程学在自行车设计中的应用].中国自行车,2000,10:29-32
[17].旷红梅.[基于人机工程学的自行车设计研究].四川大学硕士学位论文,2007:23-25
[18].黄海波.[自行车概念设计与鞍座的人机工程分析].山东大学硕士学位论文,2004:35-37
[19].旷红梅,杨随先.[基于人机工程学的自行车骑姿改进设计].机 械,2007,03:8-11
[20].Park,S.J.,Lee,Y.S.,Nahm,Y.E.,Lee,J.W.,Kim,J.S.[Seating physical characteristics and subjective comfort design considerations].SAE Technical Paper Series,1998.,28(6):53-56
[21].袁修干.[人机工程].北京:航空航天大学出版社,2002:45-47
[22].张巾爽.[自行车座位及把手设计缺陷].甘肃科技纵横,2006,35(5):48-52
[23].黄海波,丁玉兰.[自行车鞍座的人机工学设计].工程图学学报,2005,3:23-45
[24].Wickens,C.D.,Carswell,C.M.[The proximity compatibility principle:its psychological foundation and relevance to display design].Human Factors,1995,37(3):45-72
[25].丁红军.[电动自行车存在的问题及对策].摩托车技术,2004,2:23-26
[26].张安祥,陈华新.[摩托车造型设计中应考虑的几个问题].摩托车技术,1985.2:21-23
[27].宋贤敦.[自行车设计].中国自行车,1989,03:39-40
[28].Aaras,A.,Westgaard,R.H.,Stranden,E.[Postural angles as an indicator of postural load and muscular injury in occupational work situations].Ergonomics,1988,31(6):915-933
[29].石忠东.[谈谈电动自行车].中国自行车,1999,11:35-37
[30].尹玲.[自行车的人机分析与改进].兰州理工大学学报,2004,30(3):48-50
[31].李小琴.[摩托车制动性能对稳定性和操纵性的影响].摩托车,1995,08:24-26
[32].张安祥,陈华新.[摩托车造型中的人体工程学研究与设计].摩托车技术,1988,10:6-8
[33].Aaras,D.,Westga.[Biking and Prostatitis].www.prostatitis.com,2009,10:33-36
[34].谢欢.[摩托车的座挚造型设计与人性化分析].摩托车技术,2003,09:34-36
[35].马国忠,明士军,吴海涛.[电动自行车安全特性分析].中国安全科学学报.1999,16:4-8
[36].张宗兴.[可以防止腰疼的SCHUKAR座椅靠背].汽车杂志,1993,1:25-27
[37].宋二虎,张刚.[电动自行车与电池].1999,29(4):171-173
[38].王宏雁,黄锡朋.[电动自行车研究的必要性和可行性],中国自行车,1997,08:8-11
[39].沈维蕾.[基于人因工程学的座椅设计与评价].机械工程师,2005,10:25-37
[40].石忠东.[电动自行车的总体设计].中国自行车,1999,02:28-29
[41].华丽霞.[电动自行车外观造型的创新设计思路].内江科技,2004,06:34-35
[42].涂翘甲.[电动自行车电机性能分析].中国自行车,2006,11:26-28
[43].Admin.[自行车材料].LOCO(乐酷)官方网,2007,12:27-28
[45].胡祖武,江耀顺,吴志铭.[自行车骑姿电脑动态模型之研究].大叶学报,1997,6(2):33-35
[2].中国自行车协会.[电动自行车业兼并重组决策报告].慧聪网,2007,5:6-07
[3].黄靖远.[电动自行车的发展历史及市场前景展望].电气时代,1999,09:11-13
[4].Frank.Jameson.[China into the largest market for electric bicycles].TIME,2009,6(14):2-3
[5]天津自行车行业生产力促进中心专家库成员编著.[电动自行车实用技术].北京:人民邮电出版社,2008:2-5
[6].陈毅然.[人机工程学].北京:航空工业出版社,1990:25-33
[7].朱序章.[人机工程学].西安:电子科大出版社,1999:20-22
[8].程能林.[工业设计概论].北京:机械工业出版社,2000:18-21
[9].严扬.[人机工程学设计应用].北京:中国轻工业出版社,1993:15-18
[10].Wickens,C.D.,Cordon,S.E.,Liu.[An Introduction to Human Factors Engineering].New York,1998,13(4):27-33
[11].Chapanis.A J.Wiley.[Human Factors Systems Engineering].New york.1996,23(2):56-60
[12].Meister.D.[Essays on Human Factors Questions Personal publication].Divergent Viewpoints,1995,16(3):68-70
[13].赵柏林.[浅谈智能电动自行车的人性化设计].常州职业技术学院学报.2007,7:34-38
[14].李纶,廖增宁,杨维平.[电动自行车整车造型设计].昆明理工大学学报.2001,26(4):88-90
[15].马金盛.冯川.尹虎.[电动自行车的人机工程分析].2001年中国机械工程学会年会暨第九届全国特种加工学术年会论文集,2001:35-37
[16].李松赞.[人机工程学在自行车设计中的应用].中国自行车,2000,10:29-32
[17].旷红梅.[基于人机工程学的自行车设计研究].四川大学硕士学位论文,2007:23-25
[18].黄海波.[自行车概念设计与鞍座的人机工程分析].山东大学硕士学位论文,2004:35-37
[19].旷红梅,杨随先.[基于人机工程学的自行车骑姿改进设计].机 械,2007,03:8-11
[20].Park,S.J.,Lee,Y.S.,Nahm,Y.E.,Lee,J.W.,Kim,J.S.[Seating physical characteristics and subjective comfort design considerations].SAE Technical Paper Series,1998.,28(6):53-56
[21].袁修干.[人机工程].北京:航空航天大学出版社,2002:45-47
[22].张巾爽.[自行车座位及把手设计缺陷].甘肃科技纵横,2006,35(5):48-52
[23].黄海波,丁玉兰.[自行车鞍座的人机工学设计].工程图学学报,2005,3:23-45
[24].Wickens,C.D.,Carswell,C.M.[The proximity compatibility principle:its psychological foundation and relevance to display design].Human Factors,1995,37(3):45-72
[25].丁红军.[电动自行车存在的问题及对策].摩托车技术,2004,2:23-26
[26].张安祥,陈华新.[摩托车造型设计中应考虑的几个问题].摩托车技术,1985.2:21-23
[27].宋贤敦.[自行车设计].中国自行车,1989,03:39-40
[28].Aaras,A.,Westgaard,R.H.,Stranden,E.[Postural angles as an indicator of postural load and muscular injury in occupational work situations].Ergonomics,1988,31(6):915-933
[29].石忠东.[谈谈电动自行车].中国自行车,1999,11:35-37
[30].尹玲.[自行车的人机分析与改进].兰州理工大学学报,2004,30(3):48-50
[31].李小琴.[摩托车制动性能对稳定性和操纵性的影响].摩托车,1995,08:24-26
[32].张安祥,陈华新.[摩托车造型中的人体工程学研究与设计].摩托车技术,1988,10:6-8
[33].Aaras,D.,Westga.[Biking and Prostatitis].www.prostatitis.com,2009,10:33-36
[34].谢欢.[摩托车的座挚造型设计与人性化分析].摩托车技术,2003,09:34-36
[35].马国忠,明士军,吴海涛.[电动自行车安全特性分析].中国安全科学学报.1999,16:4-8
[36].张宗兴.[可以防止腰疼的SCHUKAR座椅靠背].汽车杂志,1993,1:25-27
[37].宋二虎,张刚.[电动自行车与电池].1999,29(4):171-173
[38].王宏雁,黄锡朋.[电动自行车研究的必要性和可行性],中国自行车,1997,08:8-11
[39].沈维蕾.[基于人因工程学的座椅设计与评价].机械工程师,2005,10:25-37
[40].石忠东.[电动自行车的总体设计].中国自行车,1999,02:28-29
[41].华丽霞.[电动自行车外观造型的创新设计思路].内江科技,2004,06:34-35
[42].涂翘甲.[电动自行车电机性能分析].中国自行车,2006,11:26-28
[43].Admin.[自行车材料].LOCO(乐酷)官方网,2007,12:27-28
[45].胡祖武,江耀顺,吴志铭.[自行车骑姿电脑动态模型之研究].大叶学报,1997,6(2):33-35