液力自动变速器换挡过程研究及仿真
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摘要
随着车辆技术的发展,人们对车辆操纵方便性和舒适性提出了越来越高的要求,自动变速器作为车辆传动系统中的主要部件,其换档过程中的品质优劣对于车辆传动系的使用性、可靠寿命和整车行驶性能有很大的影响。自动变速器是用液压操纵的摩擦结合元件的接合和分离来实现换档的,换档过程实际上是离合器分离和接合状态交替转换的过程。由于速比的变化,传动系运动状态、传力状态均发生突变；离合器分离、接合交替过渡不及时；以及摩擦元件传递的摩擦接合力矩变化,都会引起摩擦元件的滑磨功增大、车辆产生较大冲击影响驾乘舒适性。
本文首先分析了自动变速器换档动作对车辆平顺性、传动系统动载荷、结合元件使用寿命的影响,此外还分析影响换档品质的各种因素：离合器摩擦转矩、换档机构动作定时、惯性能量、油压控制、间隙变化和ATF粘度。并根据影响换档品质的各种因素,提出了从动力源(发动机)、换挡执行机构、换挡时序(油压变化规律和搭接时序和闭锁离合器)改善换档品质的三种途径。
将自动变速器中的行星传动机构简化为等效杠杆,利用等效杠杆的受力平衡图和转速关系图可直观判断离合器的接合或分离、换挡执行元件的工作状态及动力传递路线,可以大大简化行星齿轮系统的复杂度,从而得出行星轮系的动力学方程。本文对用模拟杠杆法对行星式变速器进行了较为详细分析。得出了行星轮系各构件的转速比、力矩比和动力学方程。依据所建立的简化模型,对自动变速器的换档过程进行了深入的研究,对各构件运动、动力传递、换档过程的搭接控制、油压变化规律进行详细分析,获得许多对提高换档品质有益的控制结论。
根据对换挡过程的动力学分析,建立了大众某款自动变速器动力传动系统的仿真模型,分别对其2H-3H之间的升挡和降档过程进行了分析。仿真结果证明了模型的正确性,并且验证了对换档结合元件合理的油压变化规律控制可以显著的提高换档品质。
As the development of automobile technology, the convenience and comfort are highly desired by people. Automatic transmission is the main part of the vehicle driving system, so it has much influence on the performance of the vehicle. Automatic transmission shift up and down through the joint and with drawing of the unite components, so the shift process is actually the process jointing and withdrawing of the unite components.Because of the different speed ratios, the state of the driving system has a sudden change, but the joint components can't act in time; And at sometime the friction moment of the components change; All These will cause a impact of the vehicle and the increase of the components temperature.
In this paper the influence of Automatic transmission's shift process to vehicle driving smoothness, drive system load and the life of the unite components is analyzed. The evaluation method and index of shift quality are introduced from subjective and objective points. Also the methods to improve the shift quality are brought forward based on the influencing factors.
To simplify the planetary mechanism of automatic transmission to equivalent lever, the engagement and disengage-ment of the clutch, the operational condition of shifting component and the transmission path of power are judged straightly applying to the force diagram and revolution relation chart It will simplify the structure of the planet gear to apply the lever analogy to planet gear system, and the dynamics equations are easy to get. The dynamics model of the automatic transmission's shift process is built up through simplifying the engine-torque converter model. So the dynamics equations are obtained from the mechanics model. The shift process and the oil pressure regulations are studied and many conclusions are got to improve the shift quality.
The simulation model is built up.AG4's shift up process and shift down process are studied based on this model. The result of which shows the change in amplitude of the output shaft angular acceleration and that of the degree of jerk are noticeably reduced when applying the new oil pressure pattern to control the process in the AG4 automatic transmission. Therefore, the smooth shifting control is achieved by reducing the shock subjected during gear-shift, and thus the gear-shift process is greatly improved.
本文首先分析了自动变速器换档动作对车辆平顺性、传动系统动载荷、结合元件使用寿命的影响,此外还分析影响换档品质的各种因素：离合器摩擦转矩、换档机构动作定时、惯性能量、油压控制、间隙变化和ATF粘度。并根据影响换档品质的各种因素,提出了从动力源(发动机)、换挡执行机构、换挡时序(油压变化规律和搭接时序和闭锁离合器)改善换档品质的三种途径。
将自动变速器中的行星传动机构简化为等效杠杆,利用等效杠杆的受力平衡图和转速关系图可直观判断离合器的接合或分离、换挡执行元件的工作状态及动力传递路线,可以大大简化行星齿轮系统的复杂度,从而得出行星轮系的动力学方程。本文对用模拟杠杆法对行星式变速器进行了较为详细分析。得出了行星轮系各构件的转速比、力矩比和动力学方程。依据所建立的简化模型,对自动变速器的换档过程进行了深入的研究,对各构件运动、动力传递、换档过程的搭接控制、油压变化规律进行详细分析,获得许多对提高换档品质有益的控制结论。
根据对换挡过程的动力学分析,建立了大众某款自动变速器动力传动系统的仿真模型,分别对其2H-3H之间的升挡和降档过程进行了分析。仿真结果证明了模型的正确性,并且验证了对换档结合元件合理的油压变化规律控制可以显著的提高换档品质。
As the development of automobile technology, the convenience and comfort are highly desired by people. Automatic transmission is the main part of the vehicle driving system, so it has much influence on the performance of the vehicle. Automatic transmission shift up and down through the joint and with drawing of the unite components, so the shift process is actually the process jointing and withdrawing of the unite components.Because of the different speed ratios, the state of the driving system has a sudden change, but the joint components can't act in time; And at sometime the friction moment of the components change; All These will cause a impact of the vehicle and the increase of the components temperature.
In this paper the influence of Automatic transmission's shift process to vehicle driving smoothness, drive system load and the life of the unite components is analyzed. The evaluation method and index of shift quality are introduced from subjective and objective points. Also the methods to improve the shift quality are brought forward based on the influencing factors.
To simplify the planetary mechanism of automatic transmission to equivalent lever, the engagement and disengage-ment of the clutch, the operational condition of shifting component and the transmission path of power are judged straightly applying to the force diagram and revolution relation chart It will simplify the structure of the planet gear to apply the lever analogy to planet gear system, and the dynamics equations are easy to get. The dynamics model of the automatic transmission's shift process is built up through simplifying the engine-torque converter model. So the dynamics equations are obtained from the mechanics model. The shift process and the oil pressure regulations are studied and many conclusions are got to improve the shift quality.
The simulation model is built up.AG4's shift up process and shift down process are studied based on this model. The result of which shows the change in amplitude of the output shaft angular acceleration and that of the degree of jerk are noticeably reduced when applying the new oil pressure pattern to control the process in the AG4 automatic transmission. Therefore, the smooth shifting control is achieved by reducing the shock subjected during gear-shift, and thus the gear-shift process is greatly improved.
引文
[1]葛安林,车辆自动变速理论与设计,北京,机械工业出版社,1993.5
[2]黄宗益,现代轿车自动变速器原理和设计,上海,同济大学出版社,2006.9
[3]陈永东,钟绍华.电控机械式自动变速器换档品质的研究.内燃机,2005(5)：20～23
[4]秦贵和,机械式自动变速器控制技术的研究和系统开发,吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1997
[5]张光裕,许纯新,工程机械底盘设计,北京,机械工业出版社,1988.11
[6]张建珍,车辆自动变速器换档规律的研究及控制仿真[D].武汉理工大学,2007
[7]施国标,电控机械式自动变速器中离合器控制的研究,吉林工业大学,1998
[8]姜阔,自动换档品质控制研究,[学位论文],吉林,吉林大学,2002
[9]雷雨龙葛安林,电控机械式自动变速器车辆起步控制品质的研究,农业工程学报,1998／3
[10]雷雨成,汽车系统动力学及仿真,北京,国防工业出版社,1997.8
[11]秦贵和,机械式自动变速器控制技术的研究和系统开发,吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1997
[12]胡光辉,仇雅莉,汽车自动变速器原理与检修,北京,机械工业出版社,2006.3
[13]洪涛刘钊,液力自动变速器换档品质控制的研究,传动系统技术,2003.9
[14]张勇,刘杰等,汽车不同质量参数的最佳动力性换档规律,同济大学学报,2002,30(9)
[15]郑民,自动变速器换档品质控制研究,[学位论文],上海,同济大学,2001
[16]黄宗益.轿车自动变速器杠杆分析法[J].传动技术,2003(2)：18-25.
[17]李兴华,何国旗,焦建雄等.自动变速器换档品质及其控制[J].机械传动,2004(3)：63～67
[18]雷雨龙,提高电控机械式自动变速器性能的研究,吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1999
[19]张阳,席军强,陈慧岩.半挂牵引车自动变速器换档策略研究[J].车辆与传动技术,2006(6)：1～4
[20]王康,黄宗益,詹永红,装载机变速器的换档操纵,工程机械,2000(2),18～21
[21]牛铭奎,双离合器式自动变速器的开发与研究,吉林大学硕士研究生学位论文,2003.1
[22]基于模型的AT换挡品质优化分析,北京,计算机科学,2008
[23]申昌禄.发动机和变矩器的联合工作特性[D].广州：华南理工大学,2004
[24]金伦,双离合器自动变速器的开发,吉林大学硕士研究生学位论文,2003.3
[25]卓鹏,自动变速器换档品质,上海交通大学研究生学位论文,2007,3
[26]范影乐,杨胜天,李轶,MATLAB仿真应用详解,北京,人民邮电出版社,2001.7
.27]秦贵和,机械式自动变速器控制技术的研究与系统开发,吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1997.12
[28]郑民,刘钊.自动变速器换档品质分析模型[J].筑路机械与施工机械化,2001(1)：7～9
[29]龚捷,赵丁选,工程车辆自动变速器换档规律研究及自动控制仿真，西安交通大学学报,2001.9,930-934
[30]申水文,葛安林,基于二参数换档规律的模糊换档技术,汽车技术,1998.1,9～12
[31]冯开林,工程车辆电液比例动力换档控制系统研究,汽车工程,2003.4
[32]葛安林,金辉,张宏坤等,一种汽车智能换档体系的研究,中国机械工程,2001.5,585～588李永军,电控机械式自动变速器起步过程的智能控制,吉林工业大学硕士学位论文,1997
[33]葛安林,自动变速器(一)——自动变速器综述,汽车技术,2001.5,1～3
[34]何国旗,张麦秋.自动变速器平稳换档控制方法[J].传动技术,2004(1)：41～45
[35]冯能莲,郑慕桥,马彪,车辆液力机械传动系统过程动态特性仿真,农业机械学报,2001.5,15～19
[36]Badih A Jawad, Brian A. Trimboli, and Paul Ranspach. A steady-State Vehicle Model to Predict Engine and Transmission Performance. SAE1999-01-0742,1312～1317
[37]BorgWarner Powertrain System,北京自动变速器研讨会会议论文,2003.9
[38]T. W. Megli, M. Haghgooie, and D. S. Colvin. Shift Characteristics of a 4-Speed Automatic Transmission. SAE1999-01-1060,1991～2004
[39]Sarawoot Watechagit and Krishnaswamy Srinivasan. Modeling and Simulation of a Shift Hydraulic System for a Stepped Automatic Transmission [J]. SAE 2003 Transactions,2003 (SAE 2003-01-0314)
[40]Toshimichi Minowa et al. Smooth Torque Control System Using Differential Value of Shaft Speed. SAE960431,367～373
[41]Heribert Scherer. ZF 6-Speed Automatic Transmission for Passenger Cars [J]. SAE 2003Transactions,2003 (SAE 2003-01-0596)
[42]Yong Herb Kim and Jinseung. A Study on the Transient Characteristics of Automatic Transmission with Detailed Dynamic Modeling. SAE941014
[43]Hiroshi Yoshimura,etc.,Automated Mechanical Transmission Controls, SAE861052
[44]Leo Schwa. Development of a Shift Quality Metric for Automatic Transmission. SAE941009
[2]黄宗益,现代轿车自动变速器原理和设计,上海,同济大学出版社,2006.9
[3]陈永东,钟绍华.电控机械式自动变速器换档品质的研究.内燃机,2005(5)：20～23
[4]秦贵和,机械式自动变速器控制技术的研究和系统开发,吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1997
[5]张光裕,许纯新,工程机械底盘设计,北京,机械工业出版社,1988.11
[6]张建珍,车辆自动变速器换档规律的研究及控制仿真[D].武汉理工大学,2007
[7]施国标,电控机械式自动变速器中离合器控制的研究,吉林工业大学,1998
[8]姜阔,自动换档品质控制研究,[学位论文],吉林,吉林大学,2002
[9]雷雨龙葛安林,电控机械式自动变速器车辆起步控制品质的研究,农业工程学报,1998／3
[10]雷雨成,汽车系统动力学及仿真,北京,国防工业出版社,1997.8
[11]秦贵和,机械式自动变速器控制技术的研究和系统开发,吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1997
[12]胡光辉,仇雅莉,汽车自动变速器原理与检修,北京,机械工业出版社,2006.3
[13]洪涛刘钊,液力自动变速器换档品质控制的研究,传动系统技术,2003.9
[14]张勇,刘杰等,汽车不同质量参数的最佳动力性换档规律,同济大学学报,2002,30(9)
[15]郑民,自动变速器换档品质控制研究,[学位论文],上海,同济大学,2001
[16]黄宗益.轿车自动变速器杠杆分析法[J].传动技术,2003(2)：18-25.
[17]李兴华,何国旗,焦建雄等.自动变速器换档品质及其控制[J].机械传动,2004(3)：63～67
[18]雷雨龙,提高电控机械式自动变速器性能的研究,吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1999
[19]张阳,席军强,陈慧岩.半挂牵引车自动变速器换档策略研究[J].车辆与传动技术,2006(6)：1～4
[20]王康,黄宗益,詹永红,装载机变速器的换档操纵,工程机械,2000(2),18～21
[21]牛铭奎,双离合器式自动变速器的开发与研究,吉林大学硕士研究生学位论文,2003.1
[22]基于模型的AT换挡品质优化分析,北京,计算机科学,2008
[23]申昌禄.发动机和变矩器的联合工作特性[D].广州：华南理工大学,2004
[24]金伦,双离合器自动变速器的开发,吉林大学硕士研究生学位论文,2003.3
[25]卓鹏,自动变速器换档品质,上海交通大学研究生学位论文,2007,3
[26]范影乐,杨胜天,李轶,MATLAB仿真应用详解,北京,人民邮电出版社,2001.7
.27]秦贵和,机械式自动变速器控制技术的研究与系统开发,吉林工业大学博士学位论文,1997.12
[28]郑民,刘钊.自动变速器换档品质分析模型[J].筑路机械与施工机械化,2001(1)：7～9
[29]龚捷,赵丁选,工程车辆自动变速器换档规律研究及自动控制仿真，西安交通大学学报,2001.9,930-934
[30]申水文,葛安林,基于二参数换档规律的模糊换档技术,汽车技术,1998.1,9～12
[31]冯开林,工程车辆电液比例动力换档控制系统研究,汽车工程,2003.4
[32]葛安林,金辉,张宏坤等,一种汽车智能换档体系的研究,中国机械工程,2001.5,585～588李永军,电控机械式自动变速器起步过程的智能控制,吉林工业大学硕士学位论文,1997
[33]葛安林,自动变速器(一)——自动变速器综述,汽车技术,2001.5,1～3
[34]何国旗,张麦秋.自动变速器平稳换档控制方法[J].传动技术,2004(1)：41～45
[35]冯能莲,郑慕桥,马彪,车辆液力机械传动系统过程动态特性仿真,农业机械学报,2001.5,15～19
[36]Badih A Jawad, Brian A. Trimboli, and Paul Ranspach. A steady-State Vehicle Model to Predict Engine and Transmission Performance. SAE1999-01-0742,1312～1317
[37]BorgWarner Powertrain System,北京自动变速器研讨会会议论文,2003.9
[38]T. W. Megli, M. Haghgooie, and D. S. Colvin. Shift Characteristics of a 4-Speed Automatic Transmission. SAE1999-01-1060,1991～2004
[39]Sarawoot Watechagit and Krishnaswamy Srinivasan. Modeling and Simulation of a Shift Hydraulic System for a Stepped Automatic Transmission [J]. SAE 2003 Transactions,2003 (SAE 2003-01-0314)
[40]Toshimichi Minowa et al. Smooth Torque Control System Using Differential Value of Shaft Speed. SAE960431,367～373
[41]Heribert Scherer. ZF 6-Speed Automatic Transmission for Passenger Cars [J]. SAE 2003Transactions,2003 (SAE 2003-01-0596)
[42]Yong Herb Kim and Jinseung. A Study on the Transient Characteristics of Automatic Transmission with Detailed Dynamic Modeling. SAE941014
[43]Hiroshi Yoshimura,etc.,Automated Mechanical Transmission Controls, SAE861052
[44]Leo Schwa. Development of a Shift Quality Metric for Automatic Transmission. SAE941009