北美自由贸易区贸易救济法律制度研究
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
半个世纪以来,区域贸易协定和区域安排以一种多边贸易体制(Multilateral Trading System,缩写“MTS”)奠基者无法预见的速度迅速发展。根据缔约方向GATT或WTO的通报,几乎所有WTO成员至少参加了一个区域贸易协定。区域贸易协定不仅在数量上迅速增长,其涵盖范围也逐步从关税优惠扩大到非关税优惠。1994年1月1日诞生的《北美自由贸易协定》(North America Free Trade Agreement,以下简称“NAFTA”)是众多区域贸易协定中最具代表性的协定之一。它不仅是世界上第一个由发达国家与发展中国家签署的区域贸易协定,同时也是世界上最为成功的区域自由贸易协定(Free Trade Agreement,缩写“FTA”)。NAFTA不仅规范了传统贸易(即货物贸易),还规范了投资、服务贸易和知识产权问题;NAFTA不仅确立了缔约方在区域内逐步消除货物贸易关税壁垒和非关税壁垒的目标,同时还改善了服务贸易的市场准入条件,建立了投资规则,强化了知识产权保护,创设了独具特色的争端解决机制,特别规范了劳工问题和环境保护问题。可以说,NAFTA是现代自由贸易协定的典型代表。到2006年,加拿大已经成为美国货物出口的最大市场,墨西哥成为美国货物出口的第二大市场。
     贸易救济法律制度在NAFTA占有非常重要的地位。笔者根据NAFTA的官方数据进行了统计,从1994年1月1日NAFTA生效到2007年3月底,NAFTA所有争端解决机构(六套)共受理了123起案件,平均每年受理10起。其中,贸易救济措施案件121个,占全部案件的98%。另外两个案件涉及投资和关税问题。在上述贸易救济措施案件中,美国对加拿大软木产品(softwood lumber)反倾销和反补贴案是世界上最具影响的案件之一。美加两国之间的软木贸易争端长达24年(1982年—2006年)之久,跨越了《加拿大与美国自由贸易协定》(Free Trade Agreement between Canada and the United States of America,以下简称“CUSFTA”)时期和NAFTA时期,开创了世界之最。在美国和加拿大于2006年9月签署为期七年的《软木协定》(Softwood Lumber Agreement,缩写“SLA”)后,两国间的软木贸易争端暂时平息。不仅如此,美加软木贸易争端的复杂性在世界上也是首屈一指的,该争端不仅多次提交CUSFTA和NAFTA第19章争端解决机制,同时也多次提交GATT1947争端解决机制和WTO争端解决机制。其中,在CUSFTA和NAFTA第19章框架下产生的软木贸易案件多达12个,提交GATT1947的案件有2个,提交WTO的案件有6个。美加软木贸易争端案引发了许多前沿性法律问题,这些问题既包括程序法问题,也包括实体法问题。例如,NAFTA争端解决机制与WTO争端解决机制的关系、NAFTA贸易救济制度在GATT1994下的合法性、反倾销和反补贴措施的并用、反倾销损害与反补贴损害的交叉累积(cross-cumulating)、反倾销幅度归零做法(zeroing practice)等等。这些问题引起了笔者浓厚的研究兴趣,并在博士学习期间致力于这些问题的研究。但是,由于博士论文篇幅有限,笔者只选取了其中的部分问题进行集中讨论。
     论文由导言、五章和结论构成。
     导言:笔者在导言部分主要说明了论文的选题目的、研究内容、国内外研究状况以及论文的研究方法等。
     第一章:重点研究了NAFTA贸易救济法律制度采用的模式。主要问题包括:
     1.NAFTA贸易救济法律制度的产生。NAFTA由CUSFTA发展而来,因此,研究NAFTA贸易救济法律制度必须从研究CUSFTA的产生背景(包括贸易救济法律制度的谈判背景)入手。笔者在该问题上采用了历史研究方法,分析了CUSFTA和NAFTA产生的深刻政治和经济背景;采用比较研究方法,分析了CUSFTA贸易救济制度向NAFTA贸易救济制度的过渡;运用统计学方法,对CUSFTA贸易救济争端解决机构受理案件的情况进行了系统分析。通过上述分析,笔者得出以下结论:(1)NAFTA贸易救济制度是加拿大为防范美国滥用反倾销措施和司法保护以及美国为维护本国贸易救济法律而相互妥协的产物;(2)CUSFTA争端解决机制实现了迅速和有效解决争议的目标;(3)加拿大成功地利用了CUSFTA贸易救济争端解决机制,实现了其预期目的。
     2.NAFTA贸易救济法律制度的模式。笔者根据WTO官方资料进行了统计,从GATT947生效到2007年3月1日,缔约方向GATT和WTO通报的已生效区域贸易协定有139个。笔者采用比较研究方法,对大多数区域贸易协定中的贸易救济措施规定进行了对比分析,得出如下结论:以建立关税同盟(custom union,缩写“CU”)为宗旨的区域贸易协定普遍取消区域内的全部贸易救济措施。与此相反,以建立自由贸易区(Free Trade Area,缩写“FTA”)为宗旨的自由贸易协定大多则保留区域内的全部贸易救济措施,或者取消其中一种或者两种贸易救济措施。NAFTA作为自由贸易区协定,采用了大多数自由贸易协定的通行做法,即保留了区域内反倾销措施、反补贴措施度和保障措施。
     第二章:重点研究了NAFTA保障措施制度。具体研究问题包括:
     1.NAFTA保障措施制度的模式。如前所述,大多数自由贸易协定保留了区域内保障措施。但是,由于对区域内保障措施制度的具体规定有所不同,又形成了不同模式。笔者采用比较研究方法,对向WTO通报的大多数区域贸易协定进行了对比分析,得出的结论是:(1)NAFTA允许缔约方采取大多数自由贸易协定所规定的全球保障措施(global safeguard);(2)NAFTA允许采取只适用于NAFTA缔约方的双边保障措施(bilateral actions)。
     2.NAFTA全球保障措施。在该部分,笔者详细分析了NAFTA全球保障措施的适用对象、对NAFTA缔约方和非缔约方适用全球保障措施的不同待遇、对NAFTA缔约方豁免全球保障措施的条件等。通过分析,笔者得出如下结论:NAFTA全球保障措施并没有完全执行WTO保障措施规则,而是在对WTO保障措施规则作出部分变通后予以执行,使NAFTA缔约方在某些条件下可以豁免全球保障措施。豁免NAFTA缔约方全球保障措施也引发了值得思考的问题,即豁免NAFTA缔约方全球保障措施是否违反了WTO《保障措施协定》中的非歧视原则。笔者对这一问题进行了深入的探讨。
     3.NAFTA双边保障措施。笔者分析了双边保障措施在NAFTA过渡期前和过渡期后的适用及其合理性、双边保障措施的实施条件和形式以及纺织品和服装双边保障措施的特别规定。笔者认为,NAFTA允许缔约方在过渡期前和过渡期后采取双边保障措施以及对纺织品双边保障措施作出特别规定具有一定的合理性,但也有某些不足。
     4.NAFTA保障措施争端的解决。NAFTA对反倾销、反补贴以及保障措施争端的解决规定了不同争端解决机制。其中,保障措施争端的解决适用NAFTA第20章规定的程序。笔者详细分析了NAFTA第20章争端解决机制的特点以及受理贸易救济措施案件的情况,认为适用于保障措施争端的第20章争端解决机制更加强调政治解决方法。
     第三章:NAFTA反倾销和反补贴法律制度。该章内容有:
     1.区域贸易协定反倾销和反补贴制度的模式。笔者对通报给WTO的大多数自由贸易协定进行了对比,从中总结出NAFTA反倾销和反补贴法律制度的模式。笔者发现,NAFTA采用了独一无二的反倾销和反补贴法律制度,即没有规定区域内统一的反倾销规则和反补贴规则,而是允许各缔约方在相互间采取反倾销或者反补贴措施时适用各自的国内法。
     2.NAFTA反倾销和反补贴法律制度。NAFTA第19章专门规定了反倾销和反补贴问题。笔者详细分析了NAFTA缔约方在采取反倾销措施和反补贴措施时适用的法律以及NAFTA第19章争端解决机制的特点和应用。笔者通过分析后得出如下结论:(1)NAFTA缔约方在相互采取反倾销和反补贴措施时适用各自的本国法,而不是适用WTO规则;(2)NAFTA设计了专门适用于反倾销和反补贴争议的独特争端解决机制,即双边专家组复审机制(binational panel review,缩写“BPR”)。NAFTA缔约方政府或者国民均可以请求设立第19章双边专家组,由双边专家组对另一缔约方反倾销或反补贴调查机构所作最终裁决进行复审。设置双边专家组复审机制的本意是为NAFTA一缔约方避免另一缔约方国内法院的司法复审提供一种选择。
     3.NAFTA第19章的运行和改革。在对该问题进行分析时,笔者运用了统计学方法和比较研究方法,对缔约方利用NAFTA第19章双边专家组机制解决案件的情况进行了研究,特别是分析了缔约各方的胜诉比率,从中探讨缔约方对NAFTA第19章采取不同态度的根本原因以及缔约方应对第19章的措施。笔者得出如下结论:(1)加拿大仍是NAFTA第19章争端解决机制的最大受益者;(2)NAFTA第19章争端解决机制的实际运行与CUSFTA第19章争端解决机制的实际运行相比没有实现高效和快捷的目标,超期审理成为普遍现象。因此,有必要改革NAFTA第19章争端解决机制;(3)美国采取各种措施,积极应对NAFTA第19章争端解决机制。
     第四章:NAFTA争端解决机制与WTO争端解决机制的关系。笔者对该问题的研究动机始于近年发生的几起涉及WTO与NAFTA争端解决机制管辖权之间关系的案件。该章主要研究如下问题:
     1.NAFTA争端解决场所与WTO争端解决场所的关系。笔者在该节探讨了WTO和区域贸易协定对选择争端解决场所的态度、NAFTA缔约方选择争端解决场所的法律基础。笔者运用比较研究方法和实证研究方法进行分析,得出如下结论:(1)部分区域贸易协定赋予争端方对争端解决场所的选择权,但WTO无此规定;(2)NAFTA缔约方选择在WTO解决其争端具有法理基础。
     2.先后提交WTO和NAFTA的案件与管辖权冲突问题。笔者采用实证研究方法,对典型案件进行分析,尤其是详细分析了将同一事件下的争端先后提交WTO和NAFTA进行管辖这一问题的性质以及WTO争端解决机构管辖权与NAFTA争端解决机构管辖权的协调问题。笔者的结论是:(1)从NAFTA生效到2007年3月底,NAFTA缔约方将同一事件下的案件先后提交NAFTA和WTO争端解决机制的做法并没有产生管辖权冲突问题;(2)WTO应该修改《争端解决规则与程序谅解》(DSU),引入区域贸易协定中的“场所选择”条款(choice of forum);(3)WTO以及区域争端解决场所应将“司法经济”原则(principle of judicial economy)适用于从案件管辖到案件审理的各个环节。
     第五章:中外区域贸易协定贸易救济法律制度对NAFTA的借鉴。该章是笔者研究NAFTA贸易救济法律制度的目的之所在。通过研究NAFTA贸易救济法律制度,笔者希望对完善NAFTA和WTO的相关机制提出建议,更重要的是为中国与外国签署区域贸易协定时选择适当的贸易救济法律制度模式提供参考。该章具体分析了如下问题:
     1.中外区域贸易协定救济法律制度的模式。笔者介绍了中国与WTO成员和非成员已经签署的自由贸易协定以及正在进行谈判的自由贸易协定,并对已签署区域贸易协定在贸易救济制度方面所采取的模式进行了分析。得出的结论是:中外签署的区域贸易协定均为自由贸易协定。除《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》以及《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》(以下统称“CEPA”)外,所有中外自由贸易协定均允许在区域内采取所有贸易救济措施(包括反倾销措施、反补贴措施和保障措施)。
     2.中外区域贸易救济制度的特点。笔者分别探讨了内地与香港CEPA、内地与澳门CEPA、《中华人民共和国政府与东南亚国家联盟成员国政府全面经济合作框架协议争端解决机制协议》、《中国与智利自由贸易协定》、《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》中的保障措施制度、反倾销和反补贴制度,并与NAFTA的相关规定进行了比较研究。
     3.中外自由贸易协定贸易救济争端解决机制。笔者分析了现有中外自由贸易协定关于争端解决场所选择(choice of forum)的规定以及中外自由贸易协定争端解决的程序及其完善。笔者认为,《中国与智利自由贸易协定》以及《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》中关于争端解决的某些规定值得其他区域贸易协定借鉴。
     4.未来中外区域贸易协定贸易救济法律制度的选择。笔者通过前述各章的分析,对中国在未来与其他国家签署区域贸易协定时选择适当的区域内贸易救济法律制度提出了具体建议,以期通过完善的区域贸易救济制度,在保护本国国内产业的同时,尽快实现区域贸易自由化的目标,实现缔约方之间的共赢。
     需要特别指出的是,无论在中国还是外国,理论界和实务界对贸易救济措施的作用一直有很大争议,尤其是对反倾销措施的利弊更是各执一词。笔者无意对贸易救济措施进行经济分析,而是以反倾销和反补贴制度是为应对贸易中的不公平竞争做法所创设的法律工具这一通说为基础进行上述研究。笔者最终得出结论:包括NAFTA在内的区域贸易协定缔约方有权对区域内的不公平贸易做法以及进口激增所带来的损害采取应对措施,WTO成员在区域贸易中采取贸易救济措施符合WTO的根本宗旨;中国应该借鉴NAFTA以及其他区域贸易协定贸易救济法律制度,充分利用WTO规则,实现国家利益的最大化。
For more than half a century, regional trade agreements and arrangements have been developing at a speed beyond MTS founders' expectation. North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA hereafter), which was established on January 1, 1994, is one of the most representative. It is not only the first regional free trade agreement between developed countries and a developing country, but also the most successful one.
     The trade remedy system has a very important position in NAFTA. By the end of March, 2007, 121 cases concerning trade remedy measures have been brought forward, occupying 98% of all the cases that NAFTA has heard. Among them, the American antidumping and countervailing case against softwood lumber from Canada brings about many frontier questions, such as the relationship between the WTO dispute settlement system and that of NAFTA, the legality of NAFTA's trade remedy system under GATT 1994, the issue of taking antidumping and countervailing measures at the same time, the issue of cross-cumulating of injury caused by dumping and subsidy and the issue of zeroing practice of dumping margin. These questions contain both procedural and substantial issues and have interested me during all my doctoral study period. I have therefore chosen some of the questions as the study objects of my doctoral dissertation.
     My dissertation consists of an introduction, five chapters and a conclusion, each part organized with its own logic.
     The introduction mainly covers the purposes and objects of the study, the current domestic and international situations of the research and the methodology I have adopted in this dissertation.
     Chapter one focuses on the mode that NAFTA adopts with respect to trade remedy legal systems. NAFTA comes from CUSFTA. Consequently, it is necessary to study the background information concerning CUSFTA's coming into being and the negotiations concerning its trade remedy legal system. Historical research method is adopted when analyzing the profound political and economical backgrounds that led to the appearance of CUSFTA and NAFTA; comparative research method is used when analyzing the transition of the trade remedy system from CUSFTA to NAFTA. At the same time, cases heard by the CUSFTA trade remedy dispute settlement body are studied in detail with statistical method. Through the analysis, we can draw the following conclusions: (i) the NAFTA trade remedy system is the result of the political and economic competition between the United States and Canada; (ii) it is also the result of Canada's effort to keep the United States from abusing antidumping measures and the result of the USA's effort to maintain its own trade remedy legal system; (iii) Canada has succeeded in taking advantage of the CUSFTA's dispute settlement mechanism related to trade remedies and has realized its anticipative objects. With the mode of NAFTA's trade remedy system, according to the WTO statistics, there are 139 effective regional trade agreements notified to the GATT and WTO from GATT1947 to March 1, 2007. Most trade remedy measures of the above regional trade agreements are studied in a comparative way and the following conclusion is drawn: most regional trade agreements aiming at establishing custom unions (CU) have abolished all their trade remedy measures within the region while agreements aiming at establishing free trade areas (FTA) have either preserved all the trade remedy measures in the areas, or have abolished one or two trade remedy measures. As a free trade area agreement, NAFTA adopted the method used by most free trade agreements, i.e. preserving the antidumping, countervailing and safeguard measures.
     Chapter two focuses on the safeguard measure system of NAFTA. As mentioned above, most free trade agreements have preserved the safeguard measure systems within the areas, yet different modes are formed based on different concrete regulations. After comparative study of most regional trade agreements notified to the WTO, I came to the following conclusion: (i) global safeguard measures adopted by most free trade agreements are allowed by NAFTA; (ii) NAFTA does not give up regional safeguard measures, that is, bilateral actions. Section one is about the global safeguard measures adopted by NAFTA. Detailed analysis is made as to the applicable objects of the global safeguard measures allowed by NAFTA, different treatment to NAFTA's contracting and non-contracting parties and conditions for exempting a contracting party from safeguard measures, etc. After the analysis, I came to the conclusion: though applicable, WTO safeguard measures are modified in NAFTA, exempting the contracting parties under certain circumstances from safeguard measures. However, this conclusion leads to another question: do the global safeguard measures adopted by NAFTA violate the non-discrimination principle of the WTO safeguard measures? Section two discusses bilateral safeguard measures adopted by NAFTA. The application and rationality of bilateral safeguard measures are analyzed around the transition period. The conditions for applying and the forms of bilateral safeguard measures, and the bilateral safeguard measures concerning textiles in NAFTA are also analyzed. The conclusion is that bilateral safeguard measures taken before and after the transition period are rational. Section three is about the dispute settlement concerning NAFTA's safeguard measures. Antidumping measures, countervailing measures and safeguard measures have different dispute settlement system in NAFTA. Chapter 20 of NAFTA applies to disputes arising from safeguard measures. The characteristics of the dispute resolution mechanism in Chapter 20 are analyzed in detail and cases that have been brought forward are studied. The conclusion is that the dispute resolution mechanism concerning NAFTA's safeguard measures put more emphasis on political resolution.
     Chapter three focuses on anti-dumping and countervailing system adopted by NAFTA. A comparative study of most free trade agreements notified to the WTO is made to find the mode of antidumping and countervailing system adopted by NAFTA. Then it reveals the uniqueness of the anti-dumping and countervailing system adopted by NAFTA, i.e. NAFTA has no unified anti-dumping and countervailing rules, but applies anti-dumping and countervailing laws respectively. Section one and two discuss anti-dumping and countervailing system adopted by NAFTA. The anti-dumping and countervailing issues have been comprehensively provided in Chapter 19 of NAFTA. According to the analysis of legal application of NAFTA's anti-dumping and countervailing system and the dispute settlement mechanism in Chapter 19 of NAFTA, the following conclusion is drawn: (i) there is no unified substantive and procedural anti-dumping rules and countervailing rules in NAFTA; (ii) NAFTA provides unique dispute settlement mechanism specially applied to anti-dumping and countervailing system, that is, the Binational Panel Review (BPR) mechanism. The government or citizens of a contracting party can require the establishment of a Binational Panel to review the final decision made by anti-dumping and countervailing investigation body of the other contracting party. The initial purpose of such review is to replace the domestic judicial review of contracting parties in some circumstances. Section three is about the implementation and reform of Chapter 19 of NAFTA. Statistical method and comparative research method is used when analyzing the working circumstance of the Binational Panel provided in Chapter 19 of NAFTA. At the same time, the attitude and response of the United States and Canada to the dispute settlement mechanism provided in Chapter 19 of NAFTA is analyzed in detail. The following conclusion is drawn: (i) Canada is the biggest beneficiary of the dispute settlement mechanism provided in Chapter 19 of NAFTA; (ii) the dispute settlement mechanism provided in Chapter 19 of NAFTA does not as sufficient and convenient as that in CUSFTA period, reform is imminent; (iii) The United States respond to dispute settlement mechanism provided in Chapter 19 of NAFTA actively.
     Chapter four focuses on the relationship between NAFTA's dispute settlement mechanism and that of the WTO. The motive to study this issue was arising from the jurisdiction overlap problems occurred in recent years between the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO and that of NAFTA. This chapter contains two sections. Section one discusses the attitude of WTO and regional trade agreements toward the choice of dispute settlement forum, the legal basis of the dispute settlement forum choice of NAFTA contracting parties, and the circumstance of such choice. The following conclusion is drawn by comparative research and empirical research method: (i) regional trade agreements give the conflicting parties right to choose the dispute settlement forum, but WTO does not have such provision; (ii) the choice to settle dispute in WTO of NAFTA's contracting parties has legal basis; (iii) the contracting parties and their citizens submit some anti-dumping and countervailing disputes to WTO and NAFTA simultaneously. Section one and two are about the cases submitted to WTO and NAFTA successively and their jurisdiction. With respect to the issue about successively submission of disputes arising from the same incident to WTO and NAFTA, its nature, problems and the harmonization of jurisdiction between NAFTA dispute settlement body and that of the WTO is fully analyzed mainly by empirical analysis of the typical cases. According to the analysis, the following conclusion is drawn: (i) the action of NAFTA's contracting parties to submit cases arising from the same incident successively dose not cause jurisdiction confliction; (ii) WTO should amend the DSU and bring into the "choice of forum" clause provided in regional trade agreements; (iii) the WTO and regional dispute settlement forum should apply the principle of judicial economy in each period of trial, including jurisdiction.
     Chapter five focuses on the use of NAFTA's beneficial experience as a reference for trade remedy system in regional trade agreements between China and WTO members and non-WTO members. This chapter reveals the research purpose of this dissertation. The purpose of a in-depth study on NAFTA's trade remedy system is to improve the WTO system and regional trade agreements on one hand, and on the other hand to provide reference for China's choice on trade remedy system mode in regional trade agreements. Section one introduces the free trade agreements that China has already signed and those in ongoing negotiations, and analyzes the modes of trade remedy system adopted in the signed regional trade agreements. The conclusion is that the regional trade agreements between China and other contracting parties are free trade agreements. In addition to CEPA, all free trade agreements between China and other contracting parties have allowed to adopt all the regional trade remedy measures. Section one also focuses on the beneficial experience of NAFTA as a reference for trade remedy system in regional agreements between China and other contracting parties. The safeguard measures, anti-dumping and countervailing system in regional agreements between China and other contracting parties are analyzed in detail, and compared with relevant provisions of NAFTA. Section two discusses dispute settlement mechanism concerning trade relief measures in free trade agreements between China and other contracting parties. It analyzes the provisions on choice of forum in existing free trade agreements between China and other contracting parties, and the dispute settlement procedure of each free trade agreement between China and other contracting parties and improvement of such procedure. The conclusion is that some dispute settlement provisions in China-Chile free trade agreement and Pakistan-China free trade agreement are worthy of reference by other regional trade agreements. The last section is about the future choice of trade remedy system in regional trade agreements between China and other contracting parties. According to the preceding analysis, it directs China toward the regional trade remedy system which is beneficial to each contracting party in the future, and expects to realize the purpose of regional free trade as soon as possible and gain a win-win situation between the contracting parties by appropriate trade remedy system.
     The conclusion of this dissertation focuses on an important question, that is, in theory and practice, there are different views on trade remedy system, especially on anti-dumping system, the pros and cons is uncompromising. With no intention to make economic analysis of trade remedy system, all the research is based on general theories, that is, the anti-dumping and countervailing system is legal tools created to counteract unfair competitive practices. The final conclusion is that the contracting parties of regional trade agreements have the right to take Countermeasures for injury caused by unfair trade practices and a surge in imports within the region. The adoption of trade remedy measures in regional trade complies with the fundamental purpose of WTO.
引文
2 多边贸易体制即WTO所管理的体制。大多数国家包括世界上几乎所有主要贸易国都是该体制的成员,但仍有一些国家不是,因此使用“多边”(multilateral)一词,而不用“全球”(global)或者“世界”(world)等词。参见:世界贸易组织秘书处编写,张江波、索必成译,张向晨校译:《贸易走向未来——世界贸易组织(WTO)》,法律出版社 1999年版,第1页。
    3 参见WTO区域贸易协定委员会文件:Communication from Republic of Korea, Committee on Regional Trade Agreements. WT/REG/W/4, 27 June 1996.
    4 参见WTO区域贸易协定委员会文件:Draft Report (1996) of the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements to the General Council, Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, WT/REG/W/10, 5 November 1996.
    5 参见WTO区域贸易协定委员会文件:Communication from Republic of Korea, Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, WT/REG/W/4, 27 June 1996.
    6 参见: Nicolas JS Lockhart and Andrew D Mitchel, Regional Trade Agreements under GATT 1994: An Exception and its Limits, edited by Andrew D Mitchell, Challenges and Prospects for the WTO, Cameron May Ltd. 2005, p. 219.
    7 南北合作是指发达国家与发展中国家之间的合作。南南合作是联合国开发计划署(UNDP)组织开展的发展中国家之间的技术与经济合作(简称TCDC/ECDC)。
    8 WTO总理事会于1996年2月6日设立“区域贸易委员会”(Committee on Regional Trade Agreement,缩写“CRTA”),负责与区域贸易协定有关的事务。
    9 参见WTO区域贸易协定委员会文件:North American Free Trade Agreement, Questions and Replies - Goods, Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, WT/REG4/1/Add.1, 22 July 1996.
    10 参见美国贸易谈判代表办公室文件:USTR, 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers.
    11 参见NAFTA官方网站:www.nafta-sec-alena.org
    12 NAFTA建立了六套争端解决机制,分别为:(1)第11章,适用于投资;(2)第14章,适用于金融服务;(3)第19章,适用于反倾销和反补贴措施;(4)第20章,适用于协定的解释与适用;(5)《环境合作协定》,适用于未能执行环境法的问题;(6)《劳工合作协定》,适用于未能执行劳动法的问题。
    13 到2007年3月底,WTO共受理了361个案件,平均每年受理30个案件。其中,反倾销和反补贴、保障措施案件114个,占案件总量的三分之一以上。参见WTO官方网站:www.wto.org
    14 加拿大的森林资源及其支撑的产业是国家整体经济和社会结构的组成部分。加拿大是世界上最大的林业产品出口国,约占世界林业贸易的16%。加拿大软木产品占全球总产量的18.7%,仅次于美国而名列世界第二。而且,加拿大是世界上最大的软木材出口国,占世界出口总量的36.6%。参见:《加拿大林业产品生产概况—2005年最新资料》,文章来自加拿大国家资源部官方网站:www2.nrcan.gc.ca/cfs-scf/canada_wood/CMFiles/DataSheetCn.pdf.
    15 美国和加拿大于1996年5月签署第一个软木协定,有效期从1996年4月1日到2001年3月31日。该协定的签署终止了两国之间的软木Ⅲ争端。
    16 参见GATT1947专家组报告:SCM/83-34S/194, Report of the Panel to the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures on 3 June 1987, United States-Initiation of a Countervailing Duty Investigation into Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, 25 May 1987.
    17 向GATT1947提起的案件针对美国商务部的反补贴调查临时措施,参见GATT1947专家组报告:SCM/162,Report of the Panel adopted by the Committee on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures on 27 October 1993, United States-Measures Affecting Imports of Softwood Lumber from Canada, 19 February 1993;向CUSFTA第19章提起2个案件,这2个案件分别针对美国商务部所做最终反补贴裁决和美国国际贸易委员会所做最终损害裁决,参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-92-1904-01,Decision of the Panel,Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (Countervailing Duty), May 6, 1993; USA-92-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Reviewing the Final Determination of the U.S. International Trade Commission, Softwood Lumber from Canada, July 26, 1993.
    18 NAFTA第19章下立案的这三个案件分别是:(1)USA-CDA-2002-1904-02,Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (Department of Commerce Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value), July 17, 2003; (2) USA-CDA-2002-1904-03, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (Department of Commerce Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determination), August 13, 2003; (3) USA-CDA-2002-1904-07, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (USITC Final Injury Determination), September 5, 2003.
    19 NAFTA第19章下立案的这七个案件分别是:(1) USA-CDA-2005-1904-01, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, Department of Commerce Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review and Rescission of certain company specific reviews,由加拿大政府和生产商提出。(2) USA-CDA-2005-1904-02, Certain Soft-wood Lumber Products from Canada(Department of Commerce Notice of Implementation Under Section 129 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act-Countervailing Duty),由加拿大生产商提出。(3) USA-CDA-2005-1904-03, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, USITC Implementation of the new Determination under Section 129(a)(4) of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, 由加拿大生产商提出。(4) USA-CDA-2005-1904-04, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, Department of Commerce Antidumping Duty Determination under Section 129 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act,由加拿大生产商提出。(5) USA-CDA-2006-1904-01, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, Department of Commerce Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 由加拿大生产省提出。(6) USA-CDA-2006-1904-02, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, Department of Commerce Final Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, 由加拿大政府和生产商提出。(7) USA-CDA-2006-1904-05, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, Department of Commerce Final Scooe Ruling Regarding Entries Made Under HTSUS 4409.10.05,由加拿大生产商提出。
    20 在WTO发生的六个案件分别针对反补贴初步裁决、临时反倾销措施、最终反补贴裁定、最终反倾销裁定、最终损害裁定、反补贴令行政复审。这些案件的案号分别是:WT/DS236、WT/DS247、WT/DS257、WT/DS264、WT/DS277、WT/DS311。
    21 到2007年3月底,先后提交NAFTA和WTO争端解决机构的案件有如下8个:(1)美国对原产于加拿大的活牛(Live Cattle)进口反补贴调查案;(2)美国对原产于墨西哥的不锈钢(Stainless Steel)反倾销案;(3)加拿大对原产于美国的玉米(Grain Corn)反倾销和反补贴案:(4)美国对原产于加拿大的硬红春麦(Hard Red Spring Wheat)反倾销和反补贴案;(5)美国对原产于墨西哥的灰色硅酸盐水泥和水泥熟料(Gray Portland Cement and Cement Clinker)反倾销案;(6)美国对原产于墨西哥的油气管材(Oil Country Tubular Goods)反倾销案;(7)墨西哥对原产于美国的高果糖玉米糖浆(HFCS)进口反倾销案;(8)美国对原产于加拿大的软木产品(Softwood Lumber)反倾销和反补贴案。
    22 “南方共同市场”(South American Common Market,缩写“MERCOSUR”)简称“南共市”、“南锥共同体”)。它是世界上第一个由发展中国家组成的区域贸易组织,也是拉丁美洲地区最大的区域一体化组织。目前,南共市已经发展为关税同盟。南共市由南美四个国家阿根廷、巴西、巴拉圭和乌拉圭于1991年3月26日通过签署《亚松森条约》(Treaty of Asuncion)而成立。条约于1991年11月29日生效。到1994年12月31日,南方共同市场基本上消除了所有关税和非关税壁垒,形成了自由贸易区。1995年1月1日形成了关税联盟,对外实行统一的关税税率,对内贸易执行零进口关税。南共市的最高权力机构是理事会(Council of the common market),由成员国的外交部长和经济部长组成。理事会主席由各成员国的外交部长轮流担任,任期半年。南共市每年至少举行一次成员国首脑会议。各国成员组成的“共同市场小组”(Common Market Group)为执行机构,负责实施条约和理事会做出的决议。委内瑞拉于2006年7月加入南共市,墨西哥和玻利维亚正在申请加入。智利(1996年10月)、玻利维亚(1997年)、秘鲁(2003年)、厄瓜多尔(2004年12月)和哥伦比亚(2004年12月)为其联系国,墨西哥为观察员。在争端解决方面,《亚松森条约》附件三专门规定了“争端解决”。此外,1991年12月17日,成员方签署了《巴西利亚争端解决议定书》(Protocol of Brasilia for the Solution of Controversies)(1993年4月22日生效);2002年2月18日,又签署了《奥利沃斯争端解决议定书》(Protocol of Olivos for the Solution of Controversies)(2004年2月10日生效),取代了《巴西利亚争端解决议定书》。南共市的争端解决方式为磋商和仲裁。到2007年3月底,南共市对一些案件已经作出裁决。参见南共市官方网站:www.www.mercosur.int。
    23 2000年8月30日,巴西根据南共市争端解决议定书向阿根廷提出磋商请求。由于磋商失败,巴西于2001年1月24日请求成立仲裁小组。2001年5月21日,南共市仲裁小组做出裁决。参见WT/DS241/R,第2.10段;南共市仲裁小组裁决:Laudo del Tribunal Arbitral Ad Hoc del MERCOSUR constituido para decidir sobre Controversia entre la Republica Federativa de Brasil y la Republica Argentina sobre "Aplicacion de Medidas Antidumping contra la exportacion de pollos enteros, provenientes de Brasil", (Res. 574/2000) det Ministerio de Economia de la Republica Argentina,参见南共市官方网站:www.www.mercosur.int。
    24 争端方对专家组报告没有提出上诉。参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS241/R,Panel Report, Argentina—Definitive Anti-Dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil, 22 April 2003.
    25 参见WTO专家组报告和上诉机构报告:WT/DS308/R, Panel Report, Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages, 7 October 2005; WT/DS308/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages, 6 March 2006.
    26 争端方对专家组报告没有提出上诉。参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS132/R, Panel Report, Mexico—Anti-Dumping Investigation of High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, 28 January 2000.
    27 参见WTO专家组报告和上诉机构报告:WT/DS308/R, Report of the Panel,Mexico-Tax Measures on Sosft Drinkd and Other Beverages, 7 October 2005; WT/DS308/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, Mexico-Tax Measures on Sosft Drinkd and Other Beverages, 6 March 2006.
    28 Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co. 1999, Eighth Edition. p1320.
    29 Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co. 1999, Eighth Edition. p1320.
    30 蔡春林、高维新、杜耀武、陈炳瑞著:《贸易救济法》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2006年版,第23页。
    31 英文名称为:Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement.
    32 WTO《保障措施协定》第2.1条。
    33 GATT1947第6条第1款。
    34 孙雯著:《反倾销司法审查制度比较》,南京大学出版社2004年版,第3页。
    35 WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第1.1条。
    36 “出口补贴”是指在法律上或者事实上视出口实绩为惟一条件或者多种其他条件之一而给予的补贴。事实上给予的出口补贴是指如事实证明补贴的给予虽未在法律上视出口实绩而定,但事实上与实际或者预期出口或者出口收入联系在一起。参见WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第3.1条。
    37 “进口替代补贴”是指视使用国产货物而非进口货物的情况为惟一条件或者多种其他条件之一而给予的补贴。参见WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第3.1条。
    38 “可诉补贴”是指具有专向性并对其他成员的利益造成不利影响的补贴。不利影响包括损害另一成员的国内产业、使其他成员在GATT1994下的直接或者间接获得的利益丧失或者减损、严重侵害另一成员的利益。参见WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第5条。
    39 参见GATT1994第19条第1款。
    40 Nicholas Baggaley, Trade Liberalization under the GATT, the NAFTA and the EU: Selected Topics, Journal of Comparative international management, Volume 1 Number 1 June 1998.
    41 王林生、张汉林主编:《反倾销热点问题剖析》,人民出版社2004年版,第6页。
    42 [美]雅各布·瓦伊纳著,沈瑶、熊性美校:《倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题》,商务印书馆2003年版,第20页。
    43 王林生、张汉林主编:《反倾销热点问题剖析》,人民出版社2004年版,第157—158页。
    44 余敏友、陈喜峰、马冉、蔡强编著:《世贸组织保障措施协定解析》,湖南科学技术出版社2006年版,第7页。
    45 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS202/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 15 February 2002. para.80
    46 余敏友、陈喜峰、马冉、蔡强编著:《世贸组织保障措施协定解析》,湖南科学技术出版社2006年版,第2页。
    47 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS 177/R, WT/DS 178/R, Report of the Panel, United States-Safeguard Measures on Imports of Fresh, Chilled or Frozen Lamb Meat from New Zealand and Australia, 21 December 2000. para.7.77.
    48 栾信杰:《论外贸政策措施的成本——效益分析》,载于《对外经贸》1998年第1期,第17-18页。
    49 Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, Ohio Northern University Law Review, Volume ⅩⅩⅦ, Number 3, 2002.
    50 经济分析法学是指运用经济学的方法和理论分析法律的形成、结构、效果、效率以及发展的学科。参见:钱弘道著:《经济分析法学》,法律出版社2003年版,第391页。
    51 [美]罗宾·保罗·马洛伊著,钱弘道、朱素梅译:《法律和市场经济——法律经济学价值的重新诠释》,法律出版社2006年版,第5页。
    52 [美]罗宾·保罗·马洛伊著,钱弘道、朱素梅译:《法律和市场经济——法律经济学价值的重新诠释》,法律出版社2006年版,第7页。
    53 [美]罗宾·保罗·马洛伊著,钱弘道、朱素梅译:《法律和市场经济——法律经济学价值的重新诠释》,法律出版社2006年版,第5页。
    54 [美]罗宾·保罗·马洛伊著,钱弘道、朱素梅译:《法律和市场经济——法律经济学价值的重新诠释》,法律出版社2006年版,第6页。
    55 例如,中国《对外贸易法》第八章专门规定了“对外贸易救济”,1993年还颁布了《反不正当竞争法》;美国不仅制定了规范贸易救济措施的《1930年关税法》,还制定了反托拉斯法——《谢尔曼法》。
    56 例如,中国已经签署《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》以及《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》(统称CEPA)、《中国与东南亚国家联盟成员国政府全面经济合作框架协议》、《中国与智利自由贸易协定》、等。香港和澳门虽然为中国领土不可分割的组成部分,但二者均以“单独关税区”名
    64 参见亚马逊网站:http://www.amazon.com
    65 具体研究成果见本论文的英文参考资料。
    66 参见NAFTA官方网站:www.nafta-sec-alena.org
    67 参见NAFTA官方网站:www.nafta-sec-alena.org
    68 参见NAFTA第20章专家组裁决:USA-97-2008-01, Final Panel Report, The U.S. Safeguard Action Taken on Broom Corn Brooms from Mexico, January 30, 1998.
    69 提交NAFTA第19章的案件是:MEX-USA-98-1904-01, Final Panel Report, Imports of High-Frnctose Corn Syrup Originating in the United States of America (Dumping), August 3, 2001;提交WTO的案件是:WT/DS132/R, Panel Report, Mexico—Anti-Dumping Investigation of High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, 28 January 2000.
    70 参见WTO专家组报告和上诉机构报告:WT/DS308/R, Report of the Panel,Mexico-Tax Measures on Sosft Drinkd and Other Beverages, 7 October 2005; WT/DS308/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, Mexico-Tax Measures on Sosft Drinkd and Other Beverages, 6 March 2006.
    71 当时是以大不列颠(Great Britain)及其不列颠北美殖民地(British North American colonies)的名义进行谈判和签署协议。参见Charles C.Tansill,The Canadian Reciprocity Treaty of 1854,Johns Hopkins Press,1922. pp 9-21.
    72 周茂荣著:《美加自由贸易协定研究》,武汉大学出版社1993年版,第2页。
    73 周茂荣著:《美加自由贸易协定研究》,武汉大学出版社1993年版,第2、3和36页。
    74 1985年4月,美国与以色列签署自由贸易协定。该协定是美国与外国签署的第一个综合性自由贸易协定。根据该协定,两国将分阶段取消双边贸易的所有关税,并在10年内建成自由贸易区。该协定的签署为美加自由贸易协定谈判提供了蓝本。
    75 从加拿大当时的情况而言,一旦签署条约,将在加拿大引起很大争议。加拿大大部分人是左派,他们将对协定提出异议。此外,加拿大人民评议会(Council of Canadians)认为,该协定将破坏加拿大的主权并使加拿大失去其独立性。
    76 Gilbert Gagne, North American Free Trade, Canada, and U.S. Trade Remedies: An Assessment after Ten Years, The World Economy, Volume 23, Number 1, January 2000, Blackwell Publishing. pp. 77-91(15).
    77 例如,从80年代开始的两国软木贸易争端就是其中的一例。在CUSFTA于1989年生效前,美国在1982年和1986年对原产于加拿大的软木产品分别发起两次反补贴调查。其中,在1986年的反补贴调查中,美国商务部和国际贸易委员会均做出了肯定性初步裁决。但由于两国在1986年年底签署了谅解备忘录,美国终止调查。根据谅解备忘录,加拿大同意对向美国出口的软木征收15%的出口费用(相当于美国商务部初步裁定的补贴率)。
    78 Patrick Macrory, NAFTA Chapter 19: A Successful Experiment in International Trade Dispute Resolution, CD. Howe Institute Commentary, the Border Papers, No. 168, September 2002. 贺维学会(CD Howe Institute) 是加拿大的一个全国性的、无党派和非盈利性研究机构。该机构从1958年成立到现在,已经发展成为加拿大颇具影响的智囊团组织。
    79 Michael Hart, Bill Dymond and Colin Robertson, Decision at Midnight: Inside the Canada-US Free Trade Negotiations, UBC Press, Vancouver, 1994. p.302.
    80 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    81 Letter from Senators Craig, Breaux, Grassley, Wyden, Byrd, Conrad, Ford, Rockefeller, Kempthome, Bums, D' Amato, Hollings, Nickles and Baucus to Ambassador Charlene Barshefsky, United States Trade Representative (Dec. 1, 1997).
    82 US.-Canada Free Trade Agreement: Hearings before H.R. Subcomm. on Courts, Civil Liberties and the Admin. of Justice, House Comm. on the Judiciary, 100th Cong. 73 (1988) (Testimony of M. Jean Anderson, Chief Counsel for Int'l Trade, U.S. Dep't of Commerce).
    83 Letter from the Chapter 19 Coalition to Representatives Archer and Gibbons, U.S. House of Representatives (May 2,1995), in INSIDE U.S. TRADE (May 5,1995).
    84 CUSFTA除前言外,还包括如下八个部分二十一章内容:第一部分:目标和范围。第一章,目标和范围;第二章,定义。第二部分:货物贸易。第三章,原产地规则;第四章,边境措施;第五章,国民待遇;第六章,技术标准;第七章,农产品;第八章,酒和蒸馏酒精;第九章,能源;第十章,汽车贸易;第十一章,紧急措施;第十二章,货物贸易的例外。第三部分:政府采购。第十三章,政府采购。第四部分:服务、投资和临时进入。第十四章,服务;第十五章,人员的临时进入;第十六章,投资。第五部分:金融服务。第十七章,金融服务。第六部分:机构条款。第十八章,机构条款;第十九章,反倾销和反补贴案件中的双边争议解决。第七部分:其他条款。第二十章,其他条款。第八部分:最后条款。第二十一章,最后条款。
    85 CUSFTA第1102条:全球行动(Global Actions)。
    86 CUSFTA第1101条:双边行动(Bilateral Actions)。
    87 CUSFTA第1903条:法律修正案的复审(Review of Statutory Amendments)。
    88 CUSFTA第1904条:最终反倾销和反补贴税裁定的复审(Renew of Final Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Determinations)。
    89 CUSFTA第1902条:国内反倾销法和反补贴法的保有(Retention of Domestic Antidumping Law and Countervailing Duty Law)。
    90 CUSFTA第1904.13条。
    91 CUSFTA第1906条:期间(Duration)。
    92 Canada Department of External Affairs, The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, Ottawa: External Affairs Canada, 1988. pp.267-269.
    93 Gary N. Horlick and F. Amanda DeBusk, Dispute Resolution Panels of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement: The First Two and One-Half Years, McGill L.J. Volume 37, 1992. p.574, p.593.
    94 10个为倾销裁定,9个为损害裁定。
    95 4个为倾销裁定,7个为损害裁定。
    96 均为损害裁定(案号分别为:CDA-90-1904-01;CDA-93-1904-06;CDA-93-1904-09;CDA-93-1900-11;CDA-93-1904-07)。
    97 倾销裁定,案号为CDA-93-1904-01。
    98 3个倾销裁定(案号分别是:CDA-91-1900-01;CDA-92-1904-01;CDA-93-1904-08);2个损害裁定(案号分别是:CDA-91-1904-02;CDA-92-1904-02)。
    99 15个倾销裁定,6个反补贴裁定,7个损害裁定,2个其他裁定(案号是:USA-90-1900-02;USA-91-1904-01)。
    100 9个倾销,6个反补贴,4个损害。
    101 倾销4个(案号分别为:USA-92-1900-04;USA-89-1904-08;USA-89-1904-03;USA-89-1904-02):损害2个(案号分别为:USA-93-1904-05;USA-89-1900-10)。
    102 损害1个(USA-92-1900-05/06);倾销3个(案号分别为:USA-93-1904-04;USA-93-1904-03;USA-89-1904-11)。
    103 反补贴6个(案号分别为:USA-92-1900-03;U.S.A.-92-1900-01;USA-91-1900-00;USA-91-1900-03;USA-89-1904-07;USA-89-1904-06);倾销2个(案号分别为:USA-90-1904-01;USA-89-1900-01);损害1个(USA-92-1904-02)。
    104 这三个案件的案号:ECC-91-1904-01USA;ECC-93-1904-01USA;ECC-94-1904-01USA。
    105 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-89-1904-06, Memorandum Opinion and Order, United States-Canada Binational Panel Review, Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada (Countervailing Duty).
    106 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-91-1904-03, Decision of the Panel, United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review, Live Swine from Canada (Countervailing Duty).
    107 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-92-1904-01, Decision of the Panel, United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (Countervailing Duty); USA-92-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Under the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (Injury).
    108 CUSFTA的三个ECC案件分别是:(1)ECC-91-1904-01USA, Memorandum Opinion and Order Regarding Binational Panel Remand Decision Ⅱ, Article 1904.13 Extraordinary Challenge Committee, United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada; (2) ECC-93-1904-01USA, Decision, Article 1904.13 Extraordinary Challenge Committee, United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Live Swine from Canada; (3) ECC-94-1904-01USA, Memorandum Opinion and Order, Article 1904.13 Extraordinary Challenge Committee, United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada.
    109 Gilbert Gagne, North American Free Trade, Canada, and U.S. Trade Remedies: An Assessment after Ten Years, The World Economy, Volume 23, Number 1, January 2000, Blackwell Publishing. pp. 77-91(15).
    110 Frederick W. Mayer, Interpreting NAFTA, Columbia University Press (October 15, 1998). p. 31.
    111 Rogelio Ramirez de la O, The North American Free Trade Agreement from a Mexican Perspective in "Assessing NAFTA: A Trinational Analysis", Assessing NAFTA: A Trinational Analysis, edited by Steven Globerman and Michael Walker, The Fraser Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1993. p.62.
    112 Annick Goulet, NAFTA: Its Intent, Content, Effects and Prospects, The Working Paper Series of the METI's Research and Analysis Division,参见: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/information/data/cMETIRadwpse.html
    113 Frederick W. Mayer, Interpreting NAFTA, Columbia University Press (October 15, 1998).pp.41-42.
    114 Purcell, Susan Kaufman, The Changing Nature of US-Mexican Relations, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Spring 1997 (Vol. 39, Issue 1). p. 5.
    115 Frederick W. Mayer, Interpreting NAFTA, Columbia University Press (October 15, 1998). p.43.
    116 Annick Goulet, NAFTA: Its Intent, Content, Effects and Prospects, The Working Paper Series of the METI's Research and Analysis Division参见: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/information/data/cMETIRadwpse.html
    117 Framework For North American FTA Similar To That Of U.S-Canada FTA, 8 Int'l Trade Rep. (BNA) 507 (Apr.3, 1991).
    118 President Bush Announces NAFTA Accord, 9 Int'l Trade Rep. (BNA) 1375 (Aug. 12, 1992).
    119 NAFTA在美国国内引起了自1930年《史慕德——哈利法》颁布以来最引人注目、最激烈的争论。共和党人对NAFTA谈判几乎一致举双手赞成。而克林顿的民主党尽管分成两派,但基本倾向是反对的。克林顿在1992年10月发表了一个重要讲话,表示支持NAFTA,但反对就文本再次进行谈判的主张,但又宣布协议存在以下三个问题:环境、劳工标准和可能发生的进口突增现象。他呼吁就这三个问题分别进行子协议的谈判。由于公众倾向于把该协议看做是就业掠夺者,使得就业问题成为NAFTA中无法回避的核心问题。劳工组织成为反对派的主力。此外,反对者还有环保组织。环保组织担心贸易促进了工业发展,但也使环境状况恶化。发展中国家降低环保标准,促使产业迁离美国,从而迫使美国也降低其标准以防止美国制造业转移境外。一些环保人士还希望利用贸易制裁来实现环保目标。1993年8月,劳工协议和环保协议达成。克林顿批准了这些协议,最终表示坚决支持NAFTA。劳工组织仍然强烈反对。11月17日,众议院以234票对200票通过了NAFTA。参议院的表决也不出所料,从而为NAFTA在1994年1月1日生效铺平了道路。参见:[美]I.戴斯勒(I.M.Destler)著,王恩冕、于少蔚译:《美国贸易 政治》(第四版),中国市场出版社2006年版,第192页,第196页,第199页,第205页。
    120 [英]布瑞恩。麦克唐纳著,叶兴国等译:《世界贸易体制——从乌拉圭回合谈起》,上海人民出版社2002年版,第67页。
    121 参见WTO文件:Working Party on the North American, Free Trade Agreement, Questions and Replies, WT/REG4/1, 23 June 1995.
    122 参见美国贸易代表办公室文件:USTR, 2007 National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers.
    123 Gustavo Vega-Canovas, Disciplining Antidumping in North America: Is NAFTA Chapter Nineteen Serving Its Purpose? Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law, Spring, 1997.
    124 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    125 F. Amanda DeBusk, Michael A.Meyer, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Disputes: Comparisons between the NAFTA and the WTO Agreement, NAFTA: Law and Business Review of the Americas, Spring, 1995.
    126 Letter from the Chapter 19 Coalition to Representatives Archer and Gibbons, U.S. House of Representatives (May 2,1995), in INSIDE U.S. TRADE (May 5,1995).
    127 Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, Ohio Northern University Law Review, Volume ⅩⅩⅧ, Number 3, 2002.
    128 墨西哥在1986年加入GATr,并很快采纳了GATT《反倾销守则》。
    129 juicio de amparo(habeas corpus).该程序是指司法机关按照法律规定保护居民人身自由不受侵犯的一种司法程序。
    130 Stewart A. Baker & Jeffrey Bialos, Survey of U.S. Firms' Experience with Mexican Antidumping Law, in The North American Free Trade Agreement: Issues, Options, Implications, 1992. pp. 160, 161.
    131 Beatriz Leycegui and Mario Ruiz Cornejo, Trading Remedies to Remedy Trade: The NAFTA Experience, Paper presented at a Conference on "Keeping the Borders Open", (2002) Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico.
    132 CUSFTA中没有规定“专家组复审机制的保障”这一制度。
    133 因为在美国通过各种上诉途径对最终反倾销和反补贴裁决进行司法复审将耗费更长时间。
    134 Jordan B. Goldstein, Dispute Resolution Under Chapter 19 of the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement: Did the Parties Get What They Bargained For? Stanford Journal of International Law, Winter 1995.
    135 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    136 Hufbauer, Gary Clyde and Jeffrey J. Schott, NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges, The Institute for International Economics, October 15, 2005. p.212.
    140 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Report (2006) of the Committee on Regional Trade Agreements to the General Council, WT/REG/17, 24 November 2006.
    141 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the GATT/WTO and in Force, By date of entry into force, As of 1 March 2007.
    155 《欧洲自由贸易联盟与黎巴嫩自由贸易协定》第16条。
    156 《欧洲自由贸易联盟与黎巴嫩自由贸易协定》第15条。
    157 《欧洲自由贸易联盟与黎巴嫩自由贸易协定》第18条。
    158 Bernard M. Hoekrnan, and Michelin. M.Koestecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond, New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed., 2001. p.303.
    159 [英]伯纳德·霍克曼,麦克尔·考斯泰基著,刘平、洪晓东、许明德等翻译:《世界贸易体制的政治经济学——从关贸总协定到世界贸易组织》,法律出版社1999年版,第159页—160页。
    160 余敏友、陈喜峰、马冉、蔡强编著:《世贸组织保障措施协定解析》,湖南科学技术出版社2006年版,第1页。值得注意的是,WTO《保障措施协定》第2条第1款没有纳入GATT1994第19条中规定的“未预见的发展”这一措辞,对此,不同案件的WTO专家组对此有不同解释。在阿根廷鞋类案(Argentina—Footwear,WT/DS121)中,专家组裁定:“自《WTC)协定》生效后的保障措施调查和所采取的保障措施符合了《保障措施协定》的要求,也就满足了GATT1994第19条的要求。”在韩国奶制品案(Korea—Dairy,WT/DS98)中,专家组持有同样观点,即因“未预见的发展”造成进口激增不是采取保障措施的必备条件。但是,在阿根廷鞋类案中,上诉机构推翻了专家组的上述裁定。上诉机构认为,任何保障措施必须同时符合GATr1994第19条和《保障措施协定》的规定。美国羊肉案(US——Lamb)专家组采纳了上诉机构的上述意见。
    161 该章有4条内容:双边措施;全球措施;仲裁;定义。
    162 参见《美国与新加坡自由贸易协定》第7.6条,《美国与澳大利亚自由贸易协定》第9.6条,《新加坡与韩国自由贸易协定》第6.1条。这些条款规定了一些术语的定义。
    163 参见NAFTA第20章双边专家组报告:USA-97-2008-01, Final Panel Report, The U.S. Safeguard Action Taken on Broom Corn Brooms from Mexico, January 30, 1998.
    164 参见加拿大国际贸易法庭文件:GC-2001-001, Canadian International Trade Tribunal, Safeguard Inquiry into the Importation of Certain Steel Goods, August 2002.
    165 参见加拿大国际贸易法庭文件:GS-2004-001, GS-2004-002, Canadian International Trade Tribunal, Global Safeguard Inquiry into the Importation of Bicycles and Finished Painted Bicycle Frames, September 2005.
    166 参见美国国际贸易委员会官方网站:www.usitc.gov
    167 这些调查分别针对如下产品:Fresh winter tomatoes, Broom corn brooms, Fresh tomatoes and bell peppers,Wheat gluten, Lamb meat, Certain steel wire rod, Circular welded carbon quality line pipe, Crabmeat from swimming crabs, Extruded rubber thread, Steel。参见:Import Injury Investigations Case Statistics (FY 1980-2004),October2005.美国国际贸易委员会官方网站:www.usitc.gov
    168 NAFTA第802条第1款。
    169 NAFTA第802条第5款。
    170 该结论来自NAFTA第802条第1款和第6款。根据这两款规定,贸易补偿和贸易报复、保障措施的豁免规定只适用于NAFTA缔约方。
    171 WTO《保障措施协定》第2条第1款。
    172 WTO《保障措施协定》第2条第2款。
    173 NAFTA第802条第1款(a)项。
    174 参见NAFTA第20章双边专家组报告:USA-97-2008-01, Final Panel Report, The U.S. Safeguard Action Taken on Broom Corn Brooms form Mexico, January 30, 1998.
    175 参见美国联邦公报:Memorandum of November 28, 1996, Action under Section 203 of the Trade Act of 1974 Concerning Broom Corn Brooms, Federal Register, Vol. 61.
    176 NAFTA第802条第2款(a)项。
    177 NAFTA第802条第2款(b)项。
    178 参见加拿大国际贸易法庭文件:GC-2001-001, Canadian International Trade Tribunal, Safeguard Inquiry into the Importation of Certain Steel Goods, August 2002.
    179 参加WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS202/AB/R, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 15 February 2002. para. 197.
    180 NAFTA第802条第3款。
    181 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS121/R, Argentina—Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear.25 June 1999. para. 8.75.
    182 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS121/R, Argentina—Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear.25 June 1999. para. 8.84.
    183 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS121/R, Argentina—Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear.25 June 1999. para. 8. 91.
    184 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS121/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, Argentina—Safeguard Measures on Imports of Footwear.14 December 1999. para.113.
    185 也有的翻译为“面筋案”、“面精案”。
    186 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS166/R, Report of the Panel, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities, 31 July 2000. para.2.8.
    187 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS166/R, Report of the Panel, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities, 31 July 2000. para.8.167
    188 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS166/R, Report of the Panel, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities, 31 July 2000. para.8.168
    189 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS166/R, Report of the Panel, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities, 31 July 2000. para.8.182
    190 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS166/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities. para.96
    191 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS166/R, Report of the Panel, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities, 31 July 2000. para.8.175
    192 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS166/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measure on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities. para.97—98
    193 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS202/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 15 February 2002. para.6
    194 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS202/R, Report of the Panel, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 29 October 2001. para.8.2
    195 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS202/R, Report of the Panel, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 29 October 2001. para.7.171
    196 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS202/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 15 February 2002. para. 186—187
    197 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS202/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 15 February 2002. para. 197
    198 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS248/AB/R, WT/DS249/AB//R, WT/DS251/AB/R, WT/DS252/AB/R, WT/DS253/AB/R, WT/DS254/AB/R, WT/DS258/AB/R, WT/DS259/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports, 10 Number 2003. para.443
    199 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS248/R, WT/DS249/R, WT/DS251/R, WT/DS252/R, WT/DS253/R, WT/DS254/R, WT/DS258/R, WT/DS259/R, Final Reports of the Panel, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports, 11 July 2003. para. 10.598
    200 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS248/AB/R, WT/DS249/AB//R, WT/DS251/AB/R, WT/DS252/AB/R, WT/DS253/AB/R, WT/DS254/AB/R, WT/DS258/AB/R, WT/DS259/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports, 10 Number 2003. para.31—32
    201 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS248/AB/R, WT/DS249/AB//R, WT/DS251/AB/R, WT/DS252/AB/R, WT/DS253/AB/R, WT/DS254/AB/R, WT/DS258/AB/R, WT/DS259/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports, 10 Number 2003. para.439
    202 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS248/AB/R, WT/DS249/AB//R, WT/DS251/AB/R, WT/DS252/AB/R, WT/DS253/AB/R, WT/DS254/AB/R, WT/DS258/AB/R, WT/DS259/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports, 10 Number 2003. para.441
    203 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS248/AB/R, WT/DS249/AB//R, WT/DS251/AB/R, WT/DS252/AB/R, WT/DS253/AB/R, WT/DS254/AB/R, WT/DS258/AB/R, WT/DS259/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports, 10 Number 2003. para.444
    204 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS248/AB/R, WT/DS249/AB//R, WT/DS251/AB/R, WT/DS252/AB/R, WT/DS253/AB/R, WT/DS254/AB/R, WT/DS258/AB/R, WT/DS259/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports, 10 Number 2003. para.456
    205 《保障措施协定》第2条规定:“1.一成员只有在根据下列规定确定正在进口至其领土的一产品的数量与国内生产相比绝对或相对增加,且对生产同类或直接竞争产品的国内产业造成严重损害或者严重损害威胁,方可对该产品实施保障措施。2.保障措施应针对一正在进口的产品实施,而不应考虑其来源。”《保障措施协定》第4条第2(b)款规定:“除非根据客观证据证明,有关产品增加的进口与严重损害或者严重损害威胁之间存在因果关系,否则不得作出(a)项所指的确定。如增加的进口之外的因素正在同时对国内产业造成损害,则此类损害不得归因于增加的进口。”
    206 《保障措施协定》第4条第2(b)款要求也称为“非归因要求”。
    207 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS248/AB/R, WT/DS249/AB//R, WT/DS25 1/AB/R, WT/DS252/AB/R, WT/DS253/AB/R, WT/DS254/AB/R, WT/DS258/AB/R, WT/DS259/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports, 10 Number 2003. para.32
    208 NAFTA第802条第1款。
    209 参见NAFTA第802条第1款和第2款。该两款在提及“实质份额”和“重要原因”时均采用了“单独”(individually)这一措辞。
    210 参见加拿大国际贸易法庭文件:GS-2004-001, GS-2004-002, Canadian International Trade Tribunal, Global Safeguard Inquiry into the Importation of Bicycles and Finished Painted Bicycle Frames, September 2005.
    211 参见加拿大国际贸易法庭文件:GC-2001-001, Canadian International Trade Tribunal, Safeguard Inquiry into the Importation of Certain Steel Goods, August 2002.
    212 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the GATT/WTO and in Force, By status in the examination process, As of 1 March 2007.
    213 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Draft Report on the Examination of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Note by the Chairman, WT/REG4/W/1, 28 September 2000.
    214 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the GATT/WTO and in Force, By status in the examination process, As of 1 March 2007.
    215 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Draft Report on the Examination of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Note by the Chairman, T/REG4/W/1, 28 September 2000.
    216 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Examination of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Note on the Meeting of 20-21 JULY 1995, WT/REG4/M/1, 21 February 1997.
    217 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Examination of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Note on the Meeting of 20-21 JULY 1995, WT/REG4/M/1, 21 February 1997.
    218 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Third Session, Examination of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Note on the Meeting of 30 JULY 1996, WT/REG4/M/2, 21 February 1997.
    219 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Note on the Meeting of 20-21 JULY 1995, WT/REG4/M/1, 21 February 1997.
    220 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Communication from Japan, Other Regulations of Commerce, WT/REG/W/29, 29 July 1998.
    221 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Fifteenth Session, Note on the Meeting of 27 Novermer and 4-5 December 1997, WT/REG/M/15, 13 January 1998.
    222 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Note on the Meeting of 20-21 JULY 1995, WT/REG4/M/1, 21 February 1997.
    223 参见区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Fifteenth Session, Note on the Meeting of 27 Novermer and 4-5 December 1997, WT/REG/M/15, 13 January 1998.
    224 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Note on the Meeting of 20-21JULY1995, WT/REG4/M/1, 21 February 1997; Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Third Session, Examination of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Note on the Meeting of 30 JULY 1996, WT/REG4/M/2, 21 February 1997.
    225 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Synopsis of "Systemic" Issues Related to Regional Trade Agreements, note by the Secretariat of Committee on Regional Trade Agreements of WTO, WT/REG/W/37, 2 March 2000. p.46.
    226 GATT第24条第8款(a)项。
    227 GATT第24条第8款(b)项。
    228 例外条款分别规定了如下事项:第11条,普遍取消数量限制;第12条,为保障国际收支而实施的限制:第13条,数量限制的非歧视管理;第14条,非歧视原则的例外;第15条,外汇安排;第20条,一般例外。
    229 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS121/R, Report of the Panel, Argentina-safeguard measures on imports of footwear, 25 June 1999. para.5.101
    230 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS121/R, Report of the Panel, Argentina-safeguard measures on imports of footwear, 25 June 1999. para.5.71
    231 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS121/R, Report of the Panel, Argentina-safeguard measures on imports of footwear, 25 June 1999. para.8.97
    232 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS121/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Boay, Argentina-safeguard measures on imports of footwear, 14 December 1999. para.110
    233 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS202/R, Report of the Panel, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 29 October 2001. para. 7.141
    234 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS202/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 15 February 2002. para. 198
    235 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS202/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 15 February 2002. para. 198
    236 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS202/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 15 February 2002. para. 199
    237 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the GATT/WTO and in Force, By status in the examination process, As of 1 March 2007
    238 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS202/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Circular Welded Carbon Quality Line Pipe from Korea, 15 February 2002. para.80
    239 WTO《保障措旌协定》第8条第1款。
    240 《新加坡与印度全面经济合作协定》第2.9.1条。
    241 一起是针对某些钢铁产品(Certain Steel Goods),另一起针对自行车产品(Bicycles and Finished Painted Bicycle Frames)。
    242 美国法授予全球保障措施的规定。
    243 该法授予美国采取NAFTA第801条规定的双边保障措施。
    244 参见NAFTA第20章双边专家组报告:USA-97-2008-01, Final Panel Report, The U.S. Safeguard Action Taken on Broom Corn Brooms from Mexico, January 30, 1998. pp.9—11.
    245 NAFTA第801条第1款。
    246 NAFTA第801条第4款。
    247 NAFTA第801条第3款。
    248 WTO《保障措施协定》第2条第1款。
    249 WTO《保障措施协定》第12条第3款。
    250 WTO《保障措施协定》第12条第4款。
    251 《建立世界贸易组织协定》序言。
    252 《建立世界贸易组织协定》序言。
    253 NAFTA第801条第1款。
    254 WTO《保障措施协定》第2条第1款。
    255 NAFTA第801条第1款。
    256 NAFTA第805条:定义。
    257 NAFTA第805条:定义。
    258 WTO《保障措施协定》第4条第2款(b)。
    259 WTO《保障措施协定》第12条。
    260 NAFTA第801条第2款。
    261 NAFTA第801条第3款。
    262 WTO《保障措施协定》第7条。
    263 WTO《保障措施协定》第6条。
    264 WTO《保障措施协定》第6条。
    265 GATT1994第19条。
    266 WTO《保障措施协定》第5条。
    267 NAFTA附件300-B。
    268 《保障措施协定》序。
    269 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Communication from Australia, WT/REG/W/18, 17 November 1997.
    270 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:Committee on Regional Trade Agreements, Communication from Australia, WT/REG/W/18, 17 November 1997.
    271 叶兴平著:《和平解决国际争端》,武汉测绘科技大学出版社1994年版,第6页。
    272 杨仕辉著:《反倾销的国际比较、搏奕与我国对策》,科学出版社2005年版,第244页。
    273 参见NAFTA第20章双边专家组报告:USA-97-2008-01, Final Panel Report, The U.S. Safeguard Action Taken on Broom Com Brooms from Mexico, January 30, 1998.
    275 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    276 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第4条第1款。
    277 NAFTA第2006条第5款。
    278 NAFTA第2007条第1款规定,如果磋商的缔约方不能在下列时间内通过磋商解决争端,缔约方可以选择进行斡旋、调解和调停:(a)递交磋商请求后的30天;(b)如果任何其他缔约方就同一争端事项随后提出参加磋商的请求或者已经参加磋商,则从该请求递交后的45天;(c)对于易腐农产品的争端,自递交磋商请求后的15天,或者(d)缔约方同意的其他期限。
    279 见WTO官方网站www.wto.org
    280 马呈元主编:《国际法》,中国人民大学出版社2003年版,第340页。
    281 NAFTA第2007条第1款:“如果磋商的缔约方不能在下列时间内解决争端,缔约方可以选择进行斡旋、 调解和调停:(a)递交磋商请求后的30天;(b)如果任何其他缔约方就同一争端事项随后提出参加磋商的请求或者已经参加磋商,则从该请求递交后的45天;(c)对于易腐农产品的争端,自递交磋商请求后的15天,或者(d)缔约方同意的其他期限。”
    282 《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第5条第1款。
    283 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第5条第3款。
    284 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第5条第5款。
    285 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第5条第6款:“总干事可依照其职权提供斡旋、调解或调停,以期协助各成员解决争端。”
    286 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第5条第4款规定:“如果斡旋、调解或调停在收到磋商请求之日起60天内开始,则起诉方在请求设立专家组之前,应给予自收到磋商请求之日起60天的时间。如争端各方共同认为,斡旋、调解和调停过程未能解决争端,则起诉方可在60天期限内请求设立专家组。”
    287 这三个仲裁案件分别是:(1)CDA-95-2008-01, Tariffs Applied by Canada to Certain U.S.-Origin Agricultural Products, Requested by: U.S. Government; (2) USA-97-2008-01, U.S. Safeguard Action Taken on Broomcorn Brooms from Mexico, Requested by: Governement of Mexico; (3) USA-98-2008-01, Cross-Border Services and Investment in the Trucking Sector, Requested by: Government of Mexico.
    288 周子亚主编:《国际公法》,知识出版社1981年版,第275—279页。
    289 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006
    290 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》。
    291 余敏友:世界贸易组织争端解决机制的法律与实践,武汉大学出版社1998年版,第87页。
    292 John. H. Jackson, DisputesettlementandtheWTO, Journal of International Economic Law, Vol.1, pp.335
    293 参见NAFTA 第20章双边专家组报告:CDA-95-2008-01, Final Report of the Panel,North Amerrcan Freee Trade Agreement Arbitral Panel Established Pursuant to Article 2008, in the matter of Tariffs Applied by Canada to Certain U.S. origin Agricultural Products, December 2, 1996.
    294 参见NAFTA 第20章双边专家组报告: USA-97-2008-01, Final Panel Report, In the matter of the U.S. Safeguard Action Taken on Broom Corn Brooms from Mexico, before the panel established under Chapter Twenty of the North American Free Trade Agreement, January 30, 1998.
    295 参见NAFTA 第20章双边专家组报告: USA-MEX-98-2008-01, Final Report of the Panel, North American Free Trade Agreement Arbitral Panel Established Pursuant to Chapter Twenty in the Matter of Cross-Border Trucking Services,February 6, 2001.
    296 参见NAFTA 第20章双边专家组报告: USA-98-2008-01, Cross-Border Services and Investment in the Trucking Sector, Requested by: Government of Mexico.
    297 David A. Gantz, Dispute Settlement Under the NAFTA and the WTO: Choice of Forum Opportunities and Risks for the NAFTA Parties. 14 AMERIC.4N U. INT'L L.R. 1025, 1083-95. (1999)
    298 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS308/AB/R,Appellate Body Report, Mexico-Tax Measures on Soft Drinks and Other Beverages, 24, March 2006.
    299 《美国与智利自由贸易协定》第22.4条至第22.6条。
    300 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance,Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    301 NAFTA第1902条第1款。
    302 F. Amanda DeBusk, Michael A.Meyer, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Disputes: Comparisons between the NAFTA and the WTO Agreement, NAFTA: Law and Business Review of the Americas,Spring, 1995.
    303 NAFTA第1902条第1款。
    304 NAFTA第1902条第2.d(ⅰ)和(ⅱ款。
    305 F. Amanda DeBusk, Michael A.Meyer, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Disputes: Comparisons between the NAFTA and the WTO Agreement, NAFTA: Law and Business Review of the Americas,Spring, 1995.
    306 Gilbert R. Winham, Heather A. Grant, Antidumping and Countervailing Duties in Regional Trade Agreements: Canada-U.S. FTA, NAFTA and Beyond, Heinonline—3 Minn. J. Global Trade 1 1994.
    307 NAFTA第1903条“对法律修正案的复审”,第1款。
    308 NAFTA附件第1903.2条第3款。
    309 NAFTA附件第1903.2条第3款。
    310 NAFTA第1903条“对法律修正案的复审”,第3款。
    311 “NAFTA第1904条“最终反倾销和反补贴裁决的复审”。
    312 NAFTA附件1911:定义。
    313 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: MEX.-USA-2003-1904-01, Review Before a Binational Panel of a Final Resolution of the Examnation to Determine the Consequences of Revocation of the Final Surcharge Imposed on Imports of Liquid Caustic Soda, Orignated from the United States of America, notwithstanding its Country of Origin, in Accordance With Articel 1904 of the North American Free Trade Agreement.
    314 WTO《关于争端解决的规则与程序谅解》第7条第1款。
    315 WTO《关于争端解决的规则与程序谅解》第7条第2款。
    316 参见WTO案件: WT/DS236, United States—Preliminary Determinations with Respect to Certain Softwood Lumber from Canada.
    317 WTO《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》第4条第2款、第3款、第7款。
    318 未计入2007年案件的原因在于,这些案件可能还在磋商之中。
    319 WTO《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》第8条第4款。
    320 NAFTA第2009条:名单。
    321 NAFTA第19章附件第1901.2条“双边小组的成立”。
    322 WTO《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》第8条第1款。
    323 WTO《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》第8条第8款。
    324 WTO《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》第8条第9款。
    325 NAFTA第2009条:名单。
    326 附件第1901-2条“双边小组的成立”。
    327 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    328 Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties.and Dumping: What's Going Wrong with Chapter 19? Working Papers, The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004.
    329 Email exchange with an anonymous former U. S. Government official involved in the negotiations and implementation of Chapter 19 (Apr. 30, 2005).
    330 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    331 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:MEX-96-1904-02,Decision,Rolled Steel Plate from Canada.pp.12-13.
    332 WTO《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》第8条第5款。该款规定,在专家组设立后10天内,争端各方也可以提出由5名成员组成专家组。
    333 NAFTA第2011条:仲裁小组的组成。
    334 WTO《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》第8条第6款。
    335 NAFTA第2011条:仲裁庭的组成。
    336 NAFTA附件第1901.2条:“双边小组的成立”。
    337 WTO《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》第8条第6款。
    338 NAFTA第2011条:仲裁庭的组成。
    339 NAFTA附件第1901.2条:“双边小组的成立”。
    340 WTO《关于争端解决规则与程序的谅解》第8条第7款。
    341 NAFTA附件第1901.2条:“双边小组的成立”。
    342 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:MEX-96.1904-02,Decision of the Panel,Review before a Binational Panel Pursuant to Article 1904 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Review of the Final Determination of the Antidumping Investigation in the Matter of Rolled Steel Plate Imports Originating in or Imported from Canada.
    343 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: MEX-96-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Review before a Binational Panel Pursuant to Article 1904 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, Review of the Final Determination of the Antidumping Investigation in the Matter of Roiled Steel Plate Imports Originating in or Imported from Canada.
    348 Robert Napoles, Dispute Resolution Under Chapter 19 of the NAFTA: Antidumping and Countervailing Business as Usua, Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law,Fall, 1993.
    349 NAFTA第1905条“专家组复审机制的保障”第1款。
    350 NAFTA第1905条“专家组复审机制的保障”第2款。
    351 NAFTA第1905条“专家组复审机制的保障”第3—5款。
    352 NAFTA第1905条第11款。
    353 NAFTA第1905条第7-9款。
    354 NAFTA第1905条第12款。
    355 NAFTA第1905条第13款。
    356 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:WT/REG4/1/Add.1,North American Free Trade Agreement,Questions and Replies-Goods.22 July 1996
    357 NAFTA第1905条第10款。
    358 NAFTA第1905条第14款。
    359 Huntington.Settling Disputes under the North American Free Trade Agreement,34 HARV. INT'L.J. 407,431(1993).
    360 参见NAFTA官方网站www.sec.alena.org.
    361 Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co. 1999, Eighth Edition. p.864.
    362 孙南申著:《WTO体系下的司法审查制度》,法律出版社2006年版,第1页,第3页。
    363 NAFTA第1904条第1款。
    364 NAFTA第1904条第1款。
    365 NAFTA第1904条第4款。
    366 NAFTA第1904条第11款。
    367 参见NAFTA官方网站www.nafta-sec-alena.org.
    368 NAFTA第1904条第11款。
    369 Clayton Bailey, United States: Chapter 19 of the NAFTA, The Antidumping and Countervailing Duty, Law and Business Review of the Americas, Spring, 1995
    370 NAFTA第1904条:“最终反倾销和反补贴裁决的复审”,第5款。
    371 参见NAFTA官方网站www.nafta-sec-alena.org.
    372 案号是:USA-CDA-99-1904-06.
    373 这些案件的案号分别是:USA-CDA-2002-1904-02;USA-CDA-2002-1904-03;USA-CDA-2003-1904-05.
    374 这些案件的案号分别是:USA-CDA-2000-1904-06;USA-CDA-2000-1904-07.
    375 这些案件的案号分别是: USA-97-1904-04; USA-97-1904-08; USA-CDA-2002-1904-08; USA-CDA-2003-1904-02
    376 NAFTA附件第1911条第4款。
    377 孙南申著:《WTO体系下的司法审查制度》,法律出版社2006年出版,第55页。
    378 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-CDA-2003-1904-06,Decision of the panel,Hard Red Spring Wheat from Canada (USITC Final Injury Determination), June 7, 2005. p.8
    379 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-CDA-2003-1904-05, Decision of the panel,Certain Durum Wheat and Hard Red Spring Wheat from Canada(Department of Commerce Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determinations),March 10,2005.p.17
    380 美国法典第19编第1516a(b)(1)(B)节。
    381 美国法典第19编第1516a(b)(1)(B)节。
    382 即美国法典第19编第1516a(b)(1)(A)节的规定。
    383 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    384 参见CUSFTA双边专家组报告: USA-93-1904-03, Decision of the Panel, Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Products from Canada, October 31, 1994. p.78, note 254.
    385 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-CDA-2003-1904-06,Decision of me Panel,Hard Red Spring Wheat from Canada (USITC Final Injury Determination), June 7, 2005. p.5
    386 Consolidated Edison Co. v. Labor Board, 305 U.S. 197.229(1938)
    387 参见: NLRB v. Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co., 306 U.S. 292(1939)o 转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-CDA-2003-1904-06, Decision of the panel, Hard Red Spring Wheat from Canada (USITC Final Injury Determination), June 7, 2005; USA-CDA-00-1904-09, Decision of the panel, Magnesium form Ccanada (Five Year Reviews of the Countervailing Duty and Antidumping Duty Orders), January 17, 2006.
    388 参见: Consolo v. Federal Maritime Comm'n, 383 U.S. 607(1966). p.619-620. 转引自 NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-CDA-2003-1904-06, Decision of the panel, Hard Red Spring Wheat from Canada (USITC FinalInjury Detemination),June 7,2005.
    389 Gerald Metals,Inc.v.United States,132 F3d 716,720(1977).转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: USA CDA-2003-1904-06,Decision of che panel,Hard Red Spfing Wheat from Canada(USITC Final Injury Determination),June 7,2005.
    390 参见:Accord,N.A.R.,S.P.A.v.United Stares,741 F. Supp.936,939(Ct.Int'l Trade 1990).转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-89-1904-01,Decision of me Panel,Fresh,Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada, Dec.15,1989.p.18-19.
    391 参见: Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, 467 U.S. 837, 843 (1984)。转引自: Thomas W. Merrill, Judicial Deference to Executive Precedent, 101 Yale L. J. 969, 978 (1992).
    392 National R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp., 503 U.S. 407, 417 (1992).
    393 Federal Mogul Corp. v. United States, 63 F.3d 1572, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1995).
    394 Arkansas v. Oklahoma, 503 U.S. 91,113 (1992).
    395 Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.,Ltd. v. United States, 750 E2d 927, 933 (Fed. Cir. 1984).
    396 参见: Budd Co., Wheel & Brake Div. v. United States, 773 F. Supp.1549, 1553 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1991); Texas Crushed Stone Co. v. United States, 35 F.3d 1535, 1540 (Fed. Cir. 1994).
    397 Saudi Iron & Steel Co. v. United States, 675 F. Supp. 1362, 1365 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1987).
    398 Armco, Inc. v. United States, 733 F. Supp. 1514, 1519 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1990).
    399 Patrick Macrory, NAFTA Chapter 19: A Successful Experiment in International Trade Dispute Resolution, C.D. Howe Institute Commentary, No. 168, Sep. 2002.
    400 Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, and Yee Wong, NAFTA Dispute Settlement Systems, Institute for International Economics (2003).
    401 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告USA-CDA-2003-1904-06, Decision of the Panel, Hard Red Spring Wheat from Canada(USITC Final Injury Determination).p.9.联邦法院在下列案件中作出这一表述:PPG Industries, Inc. v. United States, 928 E2d 1568, 1571 (Fed. Cir. 1991) ; Udall v. Tallman, 380 U.S. 1, 16 (1965); K Mart v. Cartier, Inc., 486 U.S. 281,291 (1988); United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc., 474 U.S. 121,131 (1985).
    402 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令: ECC-94-1904-01USA, Memorandum Opinion and Order, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, Aug. 3, 1994. p.27
    403 U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Factors Contributing to Controversy in Appeals of Trade Remedy Cases to Binational Panels, Briefing Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO/GGD-95-175BR (June 1995). p.39.
    404 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-94-1904-01 USA,Memorandum Opinion and Order, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada,Aug.3,1994.p.41
    405 参见加拿大边境报务署官方网站http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca.
    406 Notice of Appeal-Laminate Flooring, Concerning the Final Determination of Dumping of Certain Laminate Flooring from the People's Republic of China and France, the Final Determination of Subsidization of Such Product from the People's Republic of China and the Termination of the Certain Laminate Flooring Investigation Concerning Austria, Belgium, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the Republic of Poland. OTTAWA, June 24, 2005
    407 Uniboard Surfaces Inc. v. Kronotes Fussboden GmbH, (2006 FCA 398), A-285-05, December 7, 2006
    408 NAFTA附件1911:定义。
    409 参见加拿大最高法院法令:R.S.C.1985,c.F-7.
    410 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: CDA-97-1904-02, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadan International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico, May 19, 1999. p.4
    411 参见 NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-95-1904-01, Decision of the Panel, Certain Malt Beverages from the United States of America (Injury), November 15, 1995. p.5
    412 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-95-1904-01,Decision of the Panel.Certain Malt Beverages from the United States of America (Injury), November 15, 1995. p.5
    413 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: CDA-USA-2000-1904-03, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Certain Top-Mount Electric Refrigerators, Electric Household Dishwashers,and Gas or Electric Laundry Dryers, originating in or Exported from the United States of America and Producted by, or on Behalf of White Consolidated Industries, Inc. and Whirlpool Corporation, Their Respective Affiliates, Successors and Assigns, April 15, 2002. p.3
    414 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadan International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico, May 19, 1999. p.4
    415 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: CDA-USA-2000-1904-03, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Certain Top-Mount Electric Refrigerators, Electric Household Dishwashers,and Gas or Electric Laundry Dryers, originating in or Exported from the United States of America and Producted by, or on Behalf of White Consolidated Industries, Inc. and Whirlpool Corporation, Their Respective Affiliates, Successors and Assigns, April 15, 2002. p.3
    416 Union des employes de service, local 298 v. Bibeault, [1988] 2 S.C.R. 1048.
    417 参见: Pezim v. British Columbia (Superintendent of Brokers), [1994] 2 S.C.R. 557; Canada (Director of Investigation and Research) v. Southam, [1997] I S.C.R. 748; Pushpanathan v.Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [1998] 1 S.C.R. 982; Trinity Western University v. British Columbia College of Teachers, [2001] S.C.J. No. 32, 2001 SCC 31; Committee for the Equal Treatment of Asbestos Minority Shareholders v. Ontario (Securities Commission), [2001] S.C.J. No. 38, 2001 SCC 37.
    418 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: CDA-USA-2000-1904-03, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Certain Top-Mount Electric Refrigerators, Electric Household Dishwashers,and Gas or Electric Laundry Dryers, originating in or Exported from the United States of America and Producted by, or on Behalf of White Consolidated Industries, Inc. and Whirlpool Corporation, Their Respective Affiliates, Successors and Assigns, April 15, 2002. p.3
    419 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.4. 加拿大最高法院审理的 U.E.S. Local 298 v. Bibeault案和 Pezim v. British Columbia案采用了该做法。参见: U.E.S. Local 298 v. Bibeault [1988] S.C.R. 1048; Pezim v. British Columbia (Superintendent of Brokers), [1994] 2 S.C.R. 557.
    420 参见: Pezim v. British Columbia (Superintendent of Brokers), [1994] 2 S.C.R. 557; Director of Investigation and Research v.Southam Inc., et al., [1997] 1 S.C.R.748o 转引自: CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.12
    421 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. pp.4-5.
    422 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-95-1904-01, Decision of the Panel, Certain Malt Beverages from the United States of America (Injury), November 15, 1995. p.6
    423 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported fi'om Mexico May 19, t999. p.4
    424 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.4
    425 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告: CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.5
    426 参见: Director oflnv estigation and Research v.Southam Inc., et al., [1997] 1 S.C.R.748.转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p. 14
    427 Canada Federal Court of Apeal, Uniboard Surfaces Inc. v. Kronotex Fussboden GmbH, (2006 FCA 398), A-285-05, December 7, 2006.
    428 参见: Canada (Attorney general) v. Public service alliance of Canada, [199311 S.C.R.941; (March 25, 1993). 转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.8
    429 参见: United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, Local 579 v. Bradco Con struction Ltd., [1993] 2 S.C.1L 316。转引自CUSFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-93-1904-06, Memorandum Opinion and Order, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate and High-Strength Low-Alloy Plate, Heat-Treated or not, Originating in or Exported from the U.S.A., December 20, 1994. p.21
    430 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-93-1904-07,Certaim Flat Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Sheet Products Originating in or Exported from the United States of America (Negative Injury), May 18, 1994.p.14
    431 参见: Stelco v. Canadian International Trade Tribunal. (May 23, 1995)A-360-93 (F.C.A., unreported)。转引自: CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel,Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p17
    432 参见: Canada (Director of Investigation and Research) v. Southam Inc., [1997] 1 S.C.R.748。转引自 NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement,Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.8
    433 指如下案件:Canada (Attorney General) v. Mossop, [1993] 1 S.C.R. 554; Pezim v. British Columbia (Superintendent of Brokers), [1994] 2 S.C.R. 557; Director of Investigation and Research v.Southam Inc., et al., [1997] 1 S.C.R.748。
    434 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02,Decision of the Panel,Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.5
    435 参见: Canada (Wheat Board) v. Unicone Industriali Pastai Italiani, [1998] F.C.J. No. 173, February 9, 1998。转引自:CDA-97-1904-02,Decision of the Panel,Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.10
    436 排除条款(privative clause)是指载明国际贸易法庭的裁决是终局和排它的,不允许提出上诉以及进行任何形式的司法复审。参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel,Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.9
    437 参见:CAIMAW v Paccar of Canada Ltd.[1989]2 S.C.R 983.转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.9
    438 参见:CUPE Local 963 v.N.B.Liquor Corp,[1979]2 S.C.R.227.转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02, Decision of the Panel,Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.8
    439 参见: Lester (W.W.) (1978) Ltd. v. United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry, Local 740, [1990] 3 S.C.R.644.转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-94-1904-02, Synthetic Baler Twine With A Knot Strength Of 200 Lbs or less Originating in or Exported from the United States of America. p.5
    440 参见: National corn growers assn v. Canada (Import Trtbunal)[1990] 2 S.C.R 1324(Novermber 8,1990).转引自 NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02,Decision of the Panel,Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.6
    441 参见: Canadian Pasta Manufacturer's Association v. Aurora Importing & Distributing Ltd. January 31,1997, (1997)208 N. R. 329, FCA file No. A-473-96.转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02,Decision of the Panel,Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.9
    442 参见: Reseaux Premier Choix Inc. v. Canadian Cable Television Association, [1997] F.C.J. No.1723. 转引自NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02,Decision of the Panel,Article 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. p.10
    443 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02,Decision of the Panel, Artice 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from M exico May 19, 1999. p.6
    444 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:CDA-97-1904-02,Decision of the Panel, Artice 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the the Panel on Standard of Review and Remand Order on Review of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal Finding, Certain Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Plate, Originating in or Exported from Mexico May 19, 1999. pp.7—8
    445 Canada Federal Court of Apeal, Uniboard Surfaces Inc.v. Kronotex Fussboden GmbH, (2006FCA 398), A-285-05, December 7, 2006.
    446 Canada (Deputy Minister of National Revenue-M.N.R.) v. Mattel Canada Inc. [2001] 2 S.C.R. 100
    447 参见: Huntington, Settling Disputes under the North Amercian Free Trade Agreement, 34 HARV.INTL L.J.407,431(1993); Clayton Bailey, United States: Chapter 19 of the NAFTA, The Antidumping and Countervailing Duty, NAFTA: Law and Business Review of the Americas, Spring 1995.
    448 Huntington, Settling Disputes under the North Amercian Free Trade Agreement , 34 HARV.INTL L.J.407, 431(1993)
    449 NAFTA Secretariat, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Status Report of FTA and NAFTA Active Dispute Settlement Matters (Jan. 1995); NAFTA Secretariat, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Status Report: Completed NAFTA and FTA Dispute Settlement Panel Reviews (Jan. 1995).
    449 Huntington, Settling Disputes Under the North American Free Trade Agreement, 34 HARV. INT'L L.J. 407, 431 (1993).
    450 参见NAFTA官方网站:www.nafta-sec-alena.org
    451 NAFTA附件1911:定义。
    452 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:MEX-94-1904-02, Final Decision, Artice 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Memorandum Opinion and Order, Imports of Cut-to -Length Plate Products from the United States of America (Dumping),December 17, 1997.p.22
    453 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:MEX-96-1904-02, Final Decision, Artice 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel,Rolled Steel Plate originationg in or Exported from Canada (Dumping), December 17, 1997. pp. 29-32
    454 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:MEX-USA-98-1904-01, Final Decision, Artice 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Final Decision, Imports of High-Fructose Corn Syrup Originating in the United States of America (Dumping), AUGUST 3, 2001. pp.36-38
    455 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:MEX-94-1904-01, Final Decision, Artice 1904 Binational Panel Review Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision of the Panel, Import of Flat Coated Steel Products, in and from the United States of America (Dumping). September 27, 1996.pp.20-22
    456 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:MEX-96-1904-03, Final Decision, Review of the Final Antidumping Duty Determination in the matter of Hot Roiled Steel Sheet originating in and exported from Canada, June 16, 1997.p.16
    457 NAFTA第1904条第14款。该时间规定与CUSFTA的规定完全相同。
    458 GAO Report, CUSFTA: Factors Contributing to Controversy in Appeals of Trade Remedy Cases to Binational Panels, June 1995 (GAO/GGD-95-177BR) at 59 (Cases from 1990 through September 1994).
    459 该案是:CDA-93-1904-11, Certain Solder Joint Pressure Pipe Fittings and Solder Joint Drainage, Waste and Vent Pipe Fittings, Made of Cast Copper Alloy, Wrought Copper Alloy or Wrought Copper, originating in or Exported from the United States of America(Injury).参见NAFTA官方网站:www.nafta-sec-alena.org
    460 F. Amanda DeBusk, Michael A.Meyer, Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Disputes: Comparisons between the NAFTA and the WTO Agreement,NAFTA: Law and Business Review of the Americas,Spring, 1995
    461 Gary N. Horlick and E Amanda DeBusk, "Dispute Resolution Panels of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement: The First Two and One-Half Years," (1992) 37 McGill L.J. 574, 593.
    462 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-CDA-2002-1904-03, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (Department of Commerce Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and Final Negative Critical Circumstances Determination).
    463 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:MEX-USA-00-1904-02(Active), Bovine Carcasses and Half Carcasses, Fresh of Chilled originating in the United States of America (Dumping). March 15, 2004.
    464 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:MEX-USA-2003-1904-02 (Active),Fresh Red Delicious and Golden Delicious Apples, originating in the United States of America (Countervailing Duty).
    465 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-MEX-2000-1904-10 (Active),Gray Portland Cement and Clinker fromMexico (Five Year Review of the Antidumping Duty Order), June 24, 2005; USA-MEX-2001-1904-05 (Active),Oil Country Tubular Goods from Mexico (Department of Commerce Final Results of the 4th Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Determination Not To Revoke), Janaury 27, 2006.
    466 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-MEX-98ot904-02 (Terminated), Gray Portland Cement and Clinker fromMexico (6th Antidumping Duty Administrative Review), May 26, 2005.
    467 参见NAFTA官方网站:www. nafta-sec-alena.org
    468 NAFTA第1904条第8款。
    469 参见NAFTA官方网站:www.nafta-sec-alena.org
    470 参见NAFTA官方网站:www.nafta-sec-alena.org
    471 NAFTA第1904条第9款。
    472 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告:USA-93-1904-03, Opinion and Order of the Panel, Certain Corrosion-Resistant Carbon Steel Products from Canada, October 31, 1994. p.78
    473 Jennifer Darmer Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, Ohio Northern University Law Review, Volume ⅩⅩⅧ, Number 3, 2002.
    474 参见CUSFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-91-1904-01USA, Memorandum Opinion and Order Regarding Binational Panel Remand Decision Ⅱ, Fresh Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada, June 14, 1991. p. 8
    475 参见CUSFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-91-1904-01USA, Memorandum Opinion and Order Regarding Binational Panel Remand Decision Ⅱ, Fresh Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada, June 14, 1991. p. 6
    476 第一个案件是新鲜冷冻和冰冻猪肉案(Fresh Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada,ECC-91-1904-01USA)。鉴于申请没有满足特别异议程序规定的标准,ECC维持了专家组的命令并驳回的申请;第二个案件是活猪案(Live Swine from Canada,ECC-93-1904-01USA)。鉴于申请没有满足特别异议程序规定的标准,ECC维持了专家组的裁决并驳回的申请;第三个案件是软木案(Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada,ECC-94-1904-01USA)。鉴于申请没有满足特别异议程序规定的标准,ECC维持了专家组的裁定并驳回的申请。但有一位专家组成员投反对票。
    477 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会审理的案件:ECC-2000-1904-01USA.
    478 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会审理的案件:ECC-2003-1904-01USA.
    479 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会审理的案件:ECC-2004-1904-01USA.
    480 NAFTA第1904条第13款。
    481 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-2004-1904-01US A,Article 1904 Extraobdinary Challenge Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Opinion and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, August 10, 2005.p.9
    482 参见CUSFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-91-1904-01USA, Memorandum Opinion and Order Regarding Binational Panel Remand Decision Ⅱ, Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada, June 14, 1991. p.17; ECC-93-1904-01USA, Decision, Live Swine from Canada, April 8, 1993. p.11.
    483 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第17条。
    484 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会审理的案件:ECC-2000-1904-01USA, Opinion and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Article 1904 Extraobdinary Challenge Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Opinion and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico, Fifth Administrative Review(8/15/94-7/31/95), October 30, 2003.pp.3-7
    485 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会审理的案件:ECC-2003-1904-01USA, Decision and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee,Article 1904 Extraobdinary Challenge Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Decision and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Pure Magnesium from Canada, October 7, 2004. pp.3-12
    486 参见美国国际贸易委员会文件:Softwood Lumber from Canada, Inv. Nos. 701-TA-414 and 731-TA-928, USITC Response to the Decision and Order of the Binational Panel, Sep. 10, 2004, in USITC Press Release 04-100, Sep, 10, 2004, at 1.
    487 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会审理的案件:ECC-2004-1904-01USA, Opinion and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, August 10, 2005. pp.5-68
    488 NAFTA第19章双边专家组由5人组成。
    489 NAFTA第1904条第13款。
    490 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第8条和第17条。
    491 《加拿大与美国自由贸易协定》附件第1904.13(2)条。
    492 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第17条。
    493 WTO《争端解决规则与程序谅解》第17条。
    494 参见CUSFTA第19章特别异议委员会审理的案件:ECC-91-1904-01USA, Memorandum Opinion and Order Regarding Binational Panel Remand Decision Ⅱ, Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada, June 14, 1991.p.10.
    495 参见CUSFTA第19章特别异议委员会审理的案件:ECC-93-1904-01USA, Decision, Live Swine from Canada, April 8, 1993. pp. 7-8.
    493 参见NAFTA官方网站:www.nafta-sec-alena.org
    497 56个反倾销,14个反补贴裁定,5个损害,2个反倾销和反补贴,其他4个。
    498 参见NAFTA第20章双边专家组裁决:USA-97-2008-01, Final Panel Report, U.S. Safeguard Action Taken on Broomcom Brooms from Mexico, January 30, 1998. p.29
    499 13个损害裁定,7个倾销裁定,1个反倾销和反补贴裁定,1个再裁决。
    501 Jennifer Danner Riccardi,The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, Ohio Northern University Law Review, Volume ⅩⅩⅧ, Number 3, 2002
    502 David A. Gantz,The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance,Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006
    503 David A. Gantz,The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance,Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006
    504 Rosella Brevetti, Lumber Industry Files Federal Court Challenge to Constitutionality of Chapter 19, 22 INT'L TRADE REP. (BNA) 1477 (Sep. 15, 2005).
    505 Written Statement in Opposition to Fast-Track Procedures for Trade Agreements Containing the NAFTA Chapter 19 Binational Panel Dispute System, submitted on behalf of AK Steel Company et al, to the Subcommittee on Trade of the Committee on Ways and Means, May 11, 1995, pp. 1-2.
    506 David A. Gantz,The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance,Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006
    507 David A. Gantz,The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance,Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006
    508 Jennifer Danner Riccardi,The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, Ohio Northern University Law Review, Volume ⅩⅩⅧ, Number 3, 2002
    509 House Ways and Means Committee Report, Statement on How the U.S.-Singapore Free Trade Agreement Makes Progress In Achieving U.S. Purposes, Policies, Objectives, and Priorities, available at http://waysandmeans.house.gov/Media/pdf/singapore/hr2739Singachievesobjectives.pdf, last visited Nov.6, 2003; J.F. Hornbeck, The U.S.-Chile Free Trade Agreement: Economic and Trade Policy Issues, CRS Report Order Code RL31144(Feb. 3, 2003) at CRS-11.
    510 Hon. Gregory W. Carman, Speech, Resolution of Trade Disputes by Chapter Nineteen Panels: Long-Term Solution or Interim Procedure of Dubious Constitutionality?, 27 STETSONL. REV.6 43,653 (1997).
    511 David A. Gantz,The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance,Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006
    512 这两个非盈利组织是:National Counsel for Industrial Defense, American Engineering Association.
    513 参见: Nat'l Council for Indus. Def.,Inc. v. United States, 827 F.Supp. 794 (D.D.C. 1993). 转引自: Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio N.U.L.Rev. 727, 734 (2002).
    514 参见: Coalition for Fair Lumber Imports v. United States, Court No. 94-1627 (filed D.C.Cir. Sep. 14,1994. 转引自: Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio N. U.L.Rev. 727, 734 (2002).
    515 参见: American Coalition for Competitive Trade v. United States, 128 F.3d 761 (D.C. Cir. 1997). 转引自: Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio N. U.L.Rev. 727, 734 (2002).
    516 2001年和2005年发生的案件分别是:USA Foundation v. United States, 242 F.3rd 1300, 1319-20 (11th Cir. 2001): Coalition for Fair Lumber Imports Executive Committee v. United States, D.C. Cir., Case No. 05-1366 (Sep. 13, 2005)
    517 参见: THOMAS c.B ARROW, Trade and Empire: The Britishcu Stoms Service in Colonial America 1660-1775. 256 (1967). 转引自: Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio N.U.L.Rev. 727, 734 (2002).
    518 《美国宪法》第1条第1款。
    519 《美国宪法》第1条第2款。
    520 Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio N. U.L.Rev. 727, 734 (2002).
    521 Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong with Chapter 19? The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004
    522 第19章争端解决机制的合宪性问题在许多文章中有所讨论。例如:Barbara Bucholtz, Sawing 08 the Third Branch: Precluding Judicial Review of Anti-Dumping and Courttervailing Duty Assessments under Free Trade Agreements, 19 MD. J. INT'L L &TRADE 175 (1995); Alan B. Morrison, Appointments Clause Problems in the Dispute Resolution Provisions of the UnitedStates- Canada Free Trade Agreement, 49 WASH&. L EE L. REV. 1299 (1992); J. Todd Applegate, Chapter 19 of the NMA: Are Binational Panels Constitutional? 3-Sum. NAFTA L. & BUS. REV. AM. 29 (1997); Patricia Kelmar, Note, Binational Panels of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in Action: The Constitutional Challenge Continues, 27 GEO. WASH. J. INTZ. & WON. 173 (1993).
    523 Harry B. Endsley, Dispute Settlement Under the CFTA and NAFTA: From Eleventh-Hour Innovation to Accepted Institution, 18 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 659, 671-72 (1995); NAFTA: Group Files Constitutional Challenge to NAFTA, Binational Panel System, Int'l Trade Daily (BNA), at D-5 (Jan. 17, 1997).
    524 Coalition for Fair Lumber Imports Executive Committee v. United States, D.C. Cir., Case No. 05-1366 (Sep. 13, 2005).
    525 Brief of Amici Curiae Senators Lindsey Graham, Susan Collins, Olympia Snow, Larry Craig and Max Baucus Pursuant to F.R.A.P. Rule 29(a), Supporting Petitioner, in Coalition v. United States, at 2.
    526 Testimony of Assistant Attorney General John O. McGinnis, Hearings before the Senate Committee on Judiciary, 100th Cong., 2nd Sess, 79 (1988).
    527 参见:United States v. Tappan, 24 U.S. (11 Wheat,) 419 (1826); Elliot v. Swartwout, 35 U.S. (10 Pet.) 137 (1836)
    528 United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement: Hearing Before the Comm. on the Judiciary United States Senate, 100th Cong. 90 (1988) (statement and testimony of Senator Charles E. Grassley), pp.76-87.
    529 United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement: Heating before the Comm. on the Judiciary United States Senate, 100th Cong. 90 (1988) (statement and testimony of Senator Charles E. Grassley), pp.89-98.
    530 《美国宪法》第3条第1款。
    531 《美国宪法》第3条第2款。
    532 Harry B. Endsley, Dispute Settlement Under the CFTA and NAFTA: From Eleventh-Hour Innovation to Accepted Institution, 18 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 659, 671-72 (1995); NAFTA: Group Files Constitutional Challenge to NAFTA, Binational Panel System, lnt'l Trade Daily (BNA), at D-5 (Jan. 17, 1997).
    533 N. Pipeline Constr. Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co., 458 U.S. 50,57-60 (1982).
    534 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-92-1904-01, Decision of the Panel, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (Countervailing Duty), May 6, 1993. p. 147.专家组成员Paul Weiler先生对双边专家组裁定的部分内容持不同意见。
    535 Lawson A.W. Hunter, Q.C. 和J. Robert S. Prichard。
    536 Michael Reisman先生和Morton Pomeranz先生为美国指派专家组成员。Richard G.Dearden为加拿大指派专家组成员,但他并没有提供书面不同意见。
    537 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-92-1904-01, Decision of the Panel on Remand, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (Countervailing Duty), December 17, 1993. pp. 106,203
    538 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-94-1904-01USA, Memorandum Opinions and Order, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada(Countervailing Duty), Aug. 3, 1994. Wilkey Dissent, Annex 1.Malcolm Wilkey法官指出,双边专家组成员Hunter先生最初向秘书处披露,他的律师事务所后来代表有利害关系的当事人清单中的三个加拿大公司。6个月之后,他更换了律师事务所,但没有根据要求以书面形式通知秘书处。他任职的新律师事务所为一些软木公司充当说客,并为这些公司和加拿大联邦政府提供法律服务。主席Dearden先生最初披露他的律师事务所代表有利害关系当事人清单中的某些当事人,但是直到程序结束才披露。转引自:Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio N.U.L.Rev. 727, 734 (2002).
    539 Mexico's Semi-Annual Report under Article 16.4 of the Agreement, G/ADPINn/MEX, June 20, 1995.
    540 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:MEX-94-1904-01, Opinion and Order of the Panel, Imports of Flat Coated Steel Products, in and from the United States of America(antidumping), Sept. 27, 1996; MEX-94-1904-02, Opinion and Order of the Panel, Imports of Cut-to-Length Plate products from the United States of America, Aug. 30, 1995
    541 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:MEX-94-1904-01, Opinion and Order of the Panel, Imports of Flat Coated Steel Products, in and from the United States of America(antidumping), Sept. 27, 1996.p.9; MEX-94-1904-02, Opinion and Order of the Panel, Imports of Cut-to-Length Plate products from the United States of America, Aug. 30, 1995, p.2.
    542 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:MEX-94-1904-02, Opinion and Order of the Panel, Imports of Cut-to-Length Plate products from the United States of America, Aug. 30, 1995, p.2.
    543 GAO Report, CUSFTA: Factors Contributing to Controversy in Appeals of Trade Remedy Cases to Binational Panels, June 1995 (GAO/GGD-95-177BR) ,p. 39. Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio N.U.L.Rev. 727, 734 (2002).
    544 Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio N.U.L.Rev. 727, 734 (2002).
    545 Beatriz Leycegui, Trading Remedies to Remedy Trade-The NAFTA Experience, Washington, D.C., May 2005.
    546 Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong with Chapter 19? Working Papers, The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004.
    547 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-91-1904-03, Decision of the Panel, Live Swine from Canada, Oct. 30, 1992. p.22.
    548 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    549 Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong with Chapter 19? Working Papers, The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004.
    550 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-2004-1904-01USA, Opinion and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Ccanada, August 10, 2005.
    551 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-2000-1904-01USA
    552 Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio N.. U.L.Rev. 727, 734 (2002).
    553 Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong with Chapter 197 The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004.
    554 Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong with Chapter 19? Working Papers, The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004.
    555 Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong with Chapter 19? The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004.
    556 美国法典第19编第1671(a)(1)节。
    557 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-89-1904-06, Memorandum Opinion and Order, United States-Canada Binational Panel Review, Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada (Countervailing Duty).
    558 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-91-1904-03, Decision of the Panel,United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Article 1904 Binational Panel, Lives Swine from Candada (Countervailing Duty).
    559 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-92-1904-01, Decision of the Panel, United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada(Countervailing Duty): USA-92-1904-02, Decision of the Panel, Article 1904 Binational Panel Review under the United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada (Injury).
    560 参见CUSFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-91-1904-01USA, Memorandum Opinion and Order Regarding Binational Panel Remand Decision Ⅱ, Article 1904.13 Extraordinary Challenge Committee, United States-Canada Free Trade Agreement, Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Pork form CANADA.
    561 参见: Georgetown Steel Corp. v. Saudi Iron and Steel Company, 810 F. Supp. 318 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1992); PPG Industries, Inc. v. United States, 662 F. Supp. 258 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1987), aff'd, 928 F.2d 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1991).
    562 参见: Georgetown Steel Corp. v. Saudi Iron and Steel Company, 810 F. Supp. 318 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1992); PPG Industries, Inc. v. United States, 662 E Supp. 258 (Ct. Int'l Trade 1987), aff'd, 928 F.2d 1568 (Fed. Cir. 1991).
    563 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-89-1904-06, Decision of the Panel, Fresh, Chilled, and Frozen Pork, Brief of the International Trade Administration, United States Department of Commerce, Mar. 6, 1990. pp.49-50.
    564 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-91-1904-04, Decision of the Panel, Live Swine from Canada, June 11, 1993.p.23.
    565 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-92-1904-03, Decision of the Panel, Pure and Alloy Magnesium From Canada, December 14, 1993. pp.34-35.
    566 参见CUSFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-92-1904-01, Redetermination Pursuant to Binational Panel Remand, Certain Softwood Lumber Products From Canada, Sept. 17, 1993. p.6.
    567 美国法典第19编第1677(5a)(D)(ⅲ)节。
    568 Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong With Chapter 19? Working Papers, The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004
    569 Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong With Chapter 19?Working Papers, The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004
    570 Gerald Metals v. U.S., 132 F.3d 716, 720 (Fed. Cir. 1997)。转引自: Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong With Chapter 19? The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004
    571 参见: Timex I.V.v.U.S., 257 F.3d 879, 882 (Fed. Cir. 1998)。转引自: Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong With Chapter 19? The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004
    572 参见CUSFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-2000-1904-01USA , Opinion and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Article 1904 Extraobdinary Challenge Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Gray Portland Cement and Clinker from Mexico, Fifth Administrative Review(8/15/94-7/31/95), October 30, 2003 p. 4
    573 参见CUSFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-91-1904-01USA, Opinion and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Pork from Canada, June 14, 1991. p. 12
    574 参见CUSFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-93-1904-01USA, Opinion and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Live Swine from Canada, April 8, 1993. pp.4-5.
    575 参见NAFTA第19章特别异议委员会意见和命令:ECC-94-1904-01USA, Opinion and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Certain Softwood Lumber Products from Canada, August 3, 1994. p.17
    576 参见NAFlA第19章特别异议委员会裁决和命令:ECC-2003-1904-01USA, Decision and Order of the Extraordinary Challenge Committee, Article 1904 Extraobdinary Challenge Pursuant to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Pure Magnesium from Canada, October 7, 2004.
    577 Richard O. Cunningham, NAFTA Chapter 19: How Much Does it Work? How Much is Needed? Proceedings of the Canada-United States Law Institute Conference, The Management and Resolution of Cross Border Disputes as Canada/U.S. Enter the 21st Century, Cleveland, Ohio, April 14-26, 2000.
    578 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006
    579 Karen B. Sigrnond, Dispute Settlements under the North American Free Trade Agreement - A Model for Future Trade Agreement? EGAP Working Papers, February 2004.
    580 Karen B. Sigmond, Dispute Settlements under the North American Free Trade Agreement - A Model for Future Trade Agreement? EGAP Working Papers, February 2004.
    581 David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional . Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, July 2006.
    582 参见WTO区域贸易委员会文件:WT/REG/W/26, Committee on Regional Trade Agreements,Inventory of non-TariffProvisions in Regional TradeAgreements,BackgroundNotebythe Secretariat,5 May 1998.
    583 参见协定第14条第5款(b)项。协定的英文全称是“Agreement between New Zealand and Singapore on a Closer Economic Partnership”。
    584 协定第8.8条“反倾销和反补贴税”。
    585 协定的英文全称是“Agreement between New Zealand and Singapore on a Closer Economic Partnership”。
    586 《新西兰与新加坡更紧密经济关系协定》第9条1(a)款。
    587 《新西兰与新加坡更紧密经济关系协定》第9条1(c)款。
    588 《新西兰与新加坡更紧密经济关系协定》第9条1(d)。
    589 《新西兰与新加坡更紧密经济关系协定》第9条1(e)款。
    590 WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第7.1条。
    591 WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协定》第7.4条。
    592 《欧洲自由贸易联盟与土耳其自由贸易协定》第18条“补贴”。
    593 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:MEX-USA-98-1904-01, Final Decision, Review of the Final Determination of the Antidumping Investigation on Imports of High Fructose Corn Syrup, origing from the United States of America, August 3, 2001
    594 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS132/R, Report of the Panel, Mexico - Antidumping investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, 28 January 2000
    595 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS132/RW, Report of the Panel, Mexico - Anti-dumping Investigation of High Fructose Com Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States - Report of the Panel, 22 June 2001
    596 参见WTO上诉机构报告: WT/DS132/AB/RW, Report of the Appellate Body, Mexico - Anti-Dumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the United States, 22 October 2001
    597 参见NAFTA 第19章双边专家组裁决: MEX-USA-98-1904-01, Final Decision, Review of the Final Determination of the Antidumping Investigation on Imports of High Fructose Corn Syrup, origing from the United States of America(Dumping), August 3, 2001
    598 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:MEX-USA-98-1904-01,Imports of High Fructose Corn Syrup,origing from the United States of America(Dumping),April 15,2002.
    599 指WTO专家组于2000年1月28日作出的报告。
    600 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:MEX-USA-98-1904-01,Final Decision,Review of the Final Determination of the Antidumping Investigation on Imports of High Fructose Corn Syrup, origing from the United States of America, August 3, 2001
    601 Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co. 1999, Eighth Edition. p.867.
    602 根据《布莱克法律词典》最新版(第八版),“司法管辖”(judicial jurisdiction)是指“法院对提交给它的任何事项作出对当事人有约束力的判决的法律权力和职权。”见Bryan A.Garner,Black's Law Dictionary,West Publishing Co.1999,Eighth Edition.p.869。本文中的司法管辖权泛指审理案件的权力,包括法院管辖权、仲裁管辖权以及国际组织争端解决机构管辖权等。
    603 欧福永著:《英国民商事管辖权制度研究》,法律出版社2005年版,第114页。
    604 Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co. 1999, Eighth Edition. E868.
    605 刘力著:《国际民事诉讼管辖权研究》,中国法制出版社2004年版,第186页。
    606 李双元等编著:《中国国际私法通论》,法律出版社1996年版,第573页。
    607 刘力著:《国际民事诉讼管辖权研究》,中国法制出版社2004年版,第186页。
    608 Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co. 1999, Eighth Edition. P.589.
    609 Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co. 1999, Eighth Edition. p.1337.
    610 刘力著:《国际民事诉讼管辖权研究》,中国法制出版社2004年版,第158页。
    611 江伟、韩英波:《论诉讼标的》,载于《法学家》1997年第2期。
    612 全称为《关于民商事管辖权和判决执行公约》,公约于1968年9月27日在比利时首都布鲁塞尔签订,随后为4个加入公约所修正,因而公约迄今已有5个版本,即1968年版、1978年版、1982年版、1989年版和1996年版。
    613 韩德培主编:《国际私法》,高教出版社、北京大学出版社2000年版,第41页。
    614 李广辉:《民商事管辖权及外国判决公约》(草案)研究,中国政法大学博士论文,指导教师赵相林教授,2006年春季答辩。第25页。
    615 Council Regulation(EC)No.44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgement in civil and commercial matters, Official Jounmal L 012,16/01/2001 pp.0001-0023
    616 欧福永著:《英国民商事管辖权制度研究》,法律出版社2005年版,第118页。
    617 Peter E. Herzog: Brussels and Lugano, Should You Race to the Courthouse or Race for a Judgment? The Amercian Journal of Comparative Law, 379-99, Vol. 43, 1995; Richard Fentiment: Tactical Declarations and the Brussels Convention,The Cambridge Law Journal,261-262,1995.转引自:李广辉:《民商事管辖权及外国判决公约》(草案)研究,中国政法大学博士论文,指导教师赵相林教授,2006年春季答辩。第25页。
    618 李广辉:《民商事管辖权及外国判决公约》(草案)研究,中国政法大学博士论文,指导教师赵相林教授,2006年春季答辩。第25页,第73页。
    619 [台]陈荣宗著:《国际民事诉讼与民事程序法》(第5册),(台北)三民书局有限公司1998年版,第26页。
    620 李广辉:《民商事管辖权及外国判决公约》(草案)研究,中国政法大学博士论文,指导教师赵相林教授,2006年春季答辩。第79页。
    621 纪文华、黄萃:《WTO与FTA争端解决管辖权的竞合与协调》,载于《法学》2006年第7期。
    622 Kyung Kwak and Gabrielle Marceau,Overlaps and conflicts of jurisdiction between the WTO and RTS, Conference on regional trade agreements and WTO, 26 April 2002
    623 Kyung Kwak and Gabrielle Marceau, Overlaps and conflicts of jurisdiction between the WTO and RTS, Conference on regional trade agreements and WTO, 26 April 2002
    624 参见WTO专家组报告: WT/DSI46/R, Panel Report, India—Measures affecting the automotive sector, 21 December 2001; WT/DS 175/R, Panel Report, India—Measures Affecting Trade and Investment in the Motor Vehicle Sector, 21 December 2001
    625 参见WTO专家组报告: WT/DS241/R, Report of the Panel, Argentina—Definitive Anti-Dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil, 22 April 2003
    626 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组报告和WTO专家组报告:MEX-USA-98-1904-01, Final Decision, Review of the Final Determination of the Antidumping Investigation on Imports of High Fructose Corn Syrup, origing from the United States of America, August 3, 2001 ; WT/DS132/R, Report of the Panel, Mexico -Antidumping investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, 28 January 2000
    627 参见NAFTA和WTO官方网站。
    628 1998年12月22日,美国商务部对原产于加拿大的活牛进口启动反补贴调查。1999年3月19日,加拿大政府请求与美国就该反补贴调查进行WTO争端解决机制下的磋商。加拿大指控:美国发起反补贴调查违反了美国在《补贴与反补贴协定》中的义务,国内产业没有向美国商务部提出书面调查申请,没有《补贴与反补贴协定》所要求的发起反补贴调查所具备的关于被控补贴措施或行为的足够信息;被指控的补贴措施或者行为在法律上和事实上不属于《补贴与反补贴协定》所述的补贴,而且也没有超过《补贴与反补贴协定》规定的微量水平;反补贴调查违反了美国在《农业协定》中关于适当克制的义务。在该案中,加拿大政府未向WTO提出设立专家组的请求,双方也没有通知WTO该纠纷已经解决。参见Request for Consultations by Canada,United States—Countervailing Duty Investigation with Respect to Live Cattle from Canada,WT/DSl67/1,G/L/302,G/SCM/D31/1,G/AG/GEN/34,25 March 1999。此外,就该反补贴事件,在NAFTA第19章还发生了两个案件:一是加拿大政府在1999年针对美国商务部在该案中作出的否定性最终反补贴裁定提起的案件,二是加拿大生产商于1999年针对美国国际贸易委员会的 关于损害的最终裁定提起的案件。由于争端双方达成一致,两个案件均终止,双边专家组未作出任何裁决。参见USA-CDA-99-1904-06(Terminated-No Decision Issued),Live Cattle from Canada (Department of Commerce Final Negative Countervailing Duty Determination);USA-CDA-99-1904-07(Terminated-No Decision Issued),Live Cattle from Canada (USITC Final Injury Determination)。
    629 美国于1999年6月8日针对原产于墨西哥的不锈钢产品作出最终反倾销裁定。该反倾销事件在WTO引发了两起案件。第一起案件是:2005年1月5日,墨西哥请求与美国就美国商务部对原产于墨西哥的不锈钢钢板和卷板作出的最终反倾销裁定以及美国反倾销法、规则和做法进行磋商。墨西哥的指控涉及四个裁定:1999年6月8日发布的反倾销调查最终裁决及7月27日的修改,2002年4月2日、2003年3月20日、2004年2月10日分别发布的反倾销行政复审最终结果。在上诉四个裁定中,商务部都采用了将负值倾销幅度归零的做法,致使美国商务部对倾销幅度作出错误的裁定和进行了不公正的对比。到目前,墨西哥没有请求WTO设立专家组,美国和墨西哥双方也没有通知WTO已经解决争端。第二起案件是:2006年5月26日,墨西哥请求与美国就美国商务部对原产于墨西哥的不锈钢和卷板采取的最终反倾销措施进行磋商。磋商事项涉及:美国法律的有关规定、美国商务部在初始调查和行政复审中认定被控产品整体倾销幅度时将负值倾销幅度归零的做法。墨西哥认为,上述法律法规和做法使得墨西哥在WTO协定及其附件中的直接和间接利益归于无效和减损。到目前,墨西哥也没有请求WTO成立专家组。参见:WT/DS325,United States—Anti-Dumping Determinations regarding Stainless Steel from Mexico (Complainant:Mexico),5 January 2005;WT/DS344,United States—Final Anti-dumping Measures on Stainless Steel from Mexico (Complainant:Mexico),26 May 2006。此外,上述反倾销事件在NAFTA第19章还发生了两起案件:一是墨西哥生产商在2005年针对美国国际贸易委员会对反倾销令的五年复审裁定提起的案件,二是墨西哥生产生针对商务部作出的行政复审裁定提起的案件。到目前,NAFTA双边专家组还未作出裁决。参见:USA-MEX-2005-1904-06(Active),Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip in Coils from Mexico(USITC Five-Year Review of the Antidumping Duty Order);USA-MEX-2007-1904-01(Active),Stainless Steel Sheet and Strip in Coils from Mexico (Department of Commerce Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review)。
    630 2005年12月3日,加拿大就原产于美国的未加工玉米发布临时征收反倾销税和反补贴税的命令。2006年3月17日,美国请求与加拿大就该措施进行磋商。美国认为,这些临时反倾销税和反补贴措施违反了GATTl994、《反倾销协定》和《反补贴协定》的某些规定。该案件至今未请求设立专家组。参见:WT/DS338,Canada—Provisional Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duties on Grain Corn from the United States(Complainant:United States),17 March 2006。此外,2006年,美国生产商还针对加拿大反倾销和反补贴最终裁决向NAFTA第19章提起争议解决,目前,该案还没有作出裁决。参见:CDA-USA-2006-1904-01(active),Unprocessec Grain Corn,Excluding Seed Corn(for Reproductive Purposes),Sweet Corn and Popping Corn,Originationg in or Exported from the United States of America(dumping and subsidizing)。
    631 2002年9月13日,美国相关产业向美国商务部就原产于加拿大的硬红春麦提起反倾销和反补贴调查申请。2003年10月20日,国际贸易委员会(ITC)签发肯定性最终裁定,认定原产于加拿大的硬红春麦补贴进口的倾销进口对美国国内产业造成实质损害。2003年9月5日,商务部签发肯定性最终反倾销裁定和最终反补贴裁定。2003年10月23日,商务部签发最终反倾销令和反补贴令。2004年4月8日,加拿大请求与美国就ITC对原产于加拿大的硬红春麦进口进行的反倾销和反补贴损害调查以及做出的肯定性最终损害裁决、美国商务部发布的肯定性最终反倾销和反补贴令进行WTO框架下的磋商。加拿大指控,美国采取的上述措施违反了GATT1994、《反倾销协定》、《补贴与反补贴协定》的相关规定。2004年6月10日,加拿大请求设立专家组,到目前,WTO专家组仍未设立,WTO也没有接到已经解决争端的通知。参见:WT/DS310:United States—Determination of the International Trade Commission in Hard Red Spring Wheat from Canada(Complainant:Canada),8 April 2004。此外,上述事件在NAFTA第19章下还发生了一起案件,即2003年11月24日,加拿大生产商代表(加拿大小麦委员会)针对ITC作出的肯定性最终裁决提起NAFTA第19章争端解决程序,指控ITC的最终裁决缺乏实质证据支持。NAFTA第19章双边专家组于2005年6月7日做出裁定,驳回ITC的最终裁决。2005年10月5日,ITC签发
    635 在WTO争端解决程序中,一旦提出磋商请求后,秘书处就会分配一个连续计算的案号,这个案件就算是在DSB登记立案了。参见:纪文华、姜丽勇著:《WTO争端解决规则与中国的实践》,北京大学出版社2005年版,第49页。
    636 纪文华、黄萃:《WTO与FTA争端解决管辖权的竞合与协调》,载于《法学》2006年第7期。
    637 纪文华、黄萃:《WTO与FTA争端解决管辖权的竞合与协调》,载于《法学》2006年第7期。
    638 NAFTA第101条。
    639 GATT1994第24条第4款。
    640 GATT1994第24条第5款。
    641 GATT1994第24条第8款(b)。
    642 NAFTA第301.1条。
    643 NAFTA第2101.1条。
    644 参见WTO专家组报告: WT/DS282, Panel Report, United States—Anti-Dumping Measures on Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) from Mexico (Complainant: Mexico), 18 February 2003
    645 参见NAFTA第19章双边专家组裁决:USA-95-1904-04, Oil Country Tubular Goods from Mexico (Dumping); USA-MEX-2001-1904-03(Active), Oil Country Tubular Goods from Mexico (Department of Commerce Final Results of the Full Sunset Review of the Antidumping Duty Order): USA-MEX-2001-1904-05(Active), Oil Country Tubular Goods from Mexico (Department of Commerce Final Results of the 4th Antidumping Duty Administrative Review and Determination Not To Revoke); USA-MEX-2001-1904-06 (Active), Oil Country Tubular Goods from Mexico (USITC Dismissal of a Request to Institute a Section 751 (b) Investigation); USA-MEX-2006-1904-06, Oil Country Tubular Goods from Mexico (Department of Commerce Antidumping Administrative Review).
    646 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS308/R, Panel Report, Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks, 7 October 2005. para.3.1
    647 参见NAFTA第20章双边专家组裁决:USA-97-2008-01,Final Panel Report,The U.S.Safeguard Action Taken on Broom Corn Brooms from Mexico, January 30, 1998.
    648 参见WTO专家组报告: WT/DS308/R, Panel Report, Mexico -Tax Measures on Soft Drinks, 7 October 2005.para.5.41
    649 该案在WTO未上诉。参见WTO专家组报告: WT/DS132/R, Panel Report,Mexico—Anti-Dumping Investigation of High-Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, 28 January 2000.
    650 参见WTO专家组报告:WT/DS308/R,Panel Report,Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks,7 October 2005.
    651 参见WTO上诉机构报告:WT/DS308/AB/R,Report of the Appellate Body,Mexico—Tax Measures on Soft Drinks,6 March 2006.
    652 参见GATT专家组报告: BISD 30S/129, Panel Report, EEC - Quantitative Restrictions against Imports of Certain Products from Hong Kong, para.33.
    653 参见GATT专家组报告: BISD 30S/140,Canada— Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act (FIRA).
    654 参见GATT专家组报告: BISD31S/67, United States - Imports of Sugar from Nicaragua, para.4.5-4.6.
    655 参见GATT专家组报告: BISD 31S/74, United States - Manufacturing Clause, para.40.
    656 参见GATT专家组报告: BISD 35S/116, Japan - Trade in Semi-Conductors, para.122.
    657 参见GATT专家组报告: BISD 35S/163, Japan - Restrictions on Imports of Certain Agricultural Products, para.5.4.2.
    658 参见GATT专家组报告: BISD 37S/132, EEC - Regulations on Imports of Parts and Components, para.5.10,5.22,27.
    659 参见GATT专家组报告: BISD 35S/37, Canada - Import, Distribution and Sale of Certain Alcoholic Drinks by Provincial Marketing Agencies, para.5.6.
    660 参见GATT专家组报告: BISD 39S/128, United States - Denial of Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment as to Non-Rubber Footwear from Brazil, para.6.18.
    661 参见WTO专家组报告: WT/DS18/AB/R, Appellate Body Report on Australia - Measures Affecting the Importation of Salmon, 6 November 1998, para.224—226.
    662 参见WTO专家组报告: WT/DS33/R, Report of the Panel, United States- MeasureAffecting Imports of Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India, 6 January 1997. para.6.6.
    663 参见WTO上诉机构报告: WT/DS33/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, United States- Measure Affecting Imports of Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India, 25 April 1997. 第六个问题.
    664 参见WTO上诉机构报告: WT/DS276/AB/R, Report of the Appellate Body, Canada—Measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of Imported Grain, 30 August 2004.para. 133.
    665 Isabelle Van Damme, Sixth Annual WTO Conference: An Overview, Journal of International Economic Law, September, 2006.
    666 参见WTO上诉机构报告: WT/DS33/AB/R and Corr. 1, Appellate Body Report, United States - Measure Affecting Imports of Woven Wool Shirts and Blouses from India, 23 May 1997, pp.339-340; WT/DS50/AB/R, Appellate Body Report, India—Patent Protection for Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Chemical Products ('India— Patents (US)'), 16 January 1998. p. 87; WT/DS166/AB/R, Appellate Body Report, United States—Definitive Safeguard Measures on Imports of Wheat Gluten from the European Communities ('US—Wheat Gluten'),19 January 2001.p. 183.
    667 参见WTO上诉机构报告: WT/DS138/AB/R, Appellate Body Report, United States—Imposition of Countervailing Duties on Certain Hot-Rolled Lead and Bismuth Carbon Steel Products Originating in the United Kingdom ('US—Lead and Bismuth Ⅱ'), 7 June 2000. p. 71.
    668 Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary, West Publishing Co. 1999, Eighth Edition. p.863
    669 Bernard E. Nodzon, Jr., Civil Procedure—The Minnesota Supreme Court Inserts a Greater Degree of Judicial Efficiency into Multi-Party Litigation Engvall v. Soo Line Railroad Co., 605 N.W.2D 738 (MINN. 2000), William Mitchell Law Review, 2000
    670 Ana Frischtak, Balancing Judicial Economy, State Opportunism, and Dueprocess Concerns in the WTO, Michigan Journal of International Law, Spring 2005
    671 Bernard E. Nodzon, Jr., Civil Procedure--The Minnesota Supreme Court Inserts a Greater Degree of Judicial Efficiency into Multi-Party Litigation Engvall v. Soo Line Railroad Co., 605 N.W.2D 738 (MINN. 2000), William Mitchell Law Review, 2000
    672 钱弘道著:《经济分析法学》,法律出版社2003年版,第173页。
    673 [美]罗宾·保罗·马洛伊著,钱弘道、朱素梅译:《法律和市场经济——法律经济学价值的重新诠释》,法律出版社2006年版,第4页。马洛伊教授认为,在法律和市场理论的研究中,效率不应该放在首要位置。效率在法律和市场理论中有一定作用,但不能充分选择创造力,因为创造力是不确定的。法律和市场经济的关系是一个动态和复杂的过程,它不仅仅是实证的、效率的、财富最大化的,或者是一个剥削、压迫的、混乱的过程,在这些之外,还有更多的东西。见该书第5页。德沃金教授也指出,司法必须保护个人权利,如果司法不依原则,而以效率、财富增长为依据,就会破坏社会的公平、正义。社会进步的标志不仅仅是物质财富的增长,人民道德水准的提高、社会的公平和正义都是很重要的。见该书第3页。但也有学者指出,公平是好的,但不能为了达到公平而付出巨大的代价。效率与公平概念经常是一致的,只有在效率提高的前提下才能实现更高层次的公平。见该书第8页。
    674 钱弘道著:《经济分析法学》,法律出版社2003年版,第179页,第181页。
    675 钱弘道著:《经济分析法学》,法律出版社2003年版,第260页。
    676 钱弘道著:《经济分析法学》,法律出版社2003年版,第261页。
    677 王勇飞、王启富:《中国法理纵论》,中国政法大学出版社1996年版,第310页。
    678 钱弘道著:《经济分析法学》,法律出版社2003年版,第179页,第181页。
    679 纪文华、黄萃:《WTO与FTA争端解决管辖权的竞合与协调》,载于《法学》2006年第7期。
    680 Bryan A.Garner,Black's Law Dictionary,West Publishing Co.1999,Eighth Edition.p.284
    681 例如,1801年发生了一个外国船只上船长与船员之间的争议,美国海事法院以互惠、礼让为由,撤销了这一在其管辖范围内的争议。参见徐文超:《海牙管辖权条约》条件下的不方便法院制度,载于《山东社会科学》2004年底6期。
    682 参见WTO专家组报告: WT/DS132/R, Report of the Panel, Mexico - Antidumping investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, 28 January 2000.
    683 参见WTO专家组报告: WT/DS132/R, Report of the Panel, Mexico - Antidumping Investigation of High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) from the United States, 28 January 2000. para. 5.89-5.113.
    684 根据阿根廷、巴西、巴拉圭和乌拉圭于1991年3月26日签署的《亚松森条约》成立。条约于1991年11月29日生效,1994年底基本消除所有关税和非关税壁垒,形成自由贸易区。1995年1月1日,关税 联盟开始生效,实行统一对外关税税率,区域内相互贸易中执行零关税。南方共同市场(简称“南共市”,South American Common Market--MERCOSUR)的最高权力机构是理事会,由成员国外交部长和经济部长组成。理事会主席由各缔约国外长轮流担任,任期半年。每年至少举行一次成员国首脑会议。各国成员组成的共同市场小组为执行机构,负责实施条约和理事会作出的决议。智利(1996年10月)、玻利维亚(1997年)、秘鲁(2003年)、厄瓜多尔(2004年12月)和哥伦比亚(2004年12月)6国为其联系国。委内瑞拉于2006年7月加入。墨西哥和玻利维亚正在申请加入。
    685 参见WTO专家组报告 WT/DS241/R, Report of the Panel, Argentina—Definitive Anti-Dumping Duties on Poultry from Brazil, 22 April 2003
    686 参见WTO上诉机构报告: WT/DS277/RW, Report of the Panel, Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by Canada, United StatesS - Investigation of the International Trade Commission in Softwood Lumber from Canada, 15 November 2005.
    688 中国香港和中国澳门均在1995年1月1日以中国单独关税区的身份成为WTO成员。
    689 中国商务部台港澳司编写:《内地与香港、澳门(更紧密经贸关系安排)重述文本》,参见商务部网站。
    690 《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》第1条;《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》第1条。
    691 GATT1994第24条第8(b)款。
    692 1986年4月23日,英国声明并通知总干事,香港在处理其对外商务关系和GATT规定的其他事项中具有充分的自治权。根据GATT1947第26条第5款第3项的规定,并根据香港的意愿,香港将被视为缔约方。1995年1月1日,香港成为WTO的创始成员。香港作为单独关税区,以发达成员身份成为WTO的创设成员。1962年,葡萄牙加入GATT。加入议定书规定,葡萄牙代表其所有关税区域适用中协定。1987年3月,中葡两国政府就澳门问题发表联合声明,宣布澳门作为自由港和单独关税区,可以同各地区保持和发展经贸关系,可以继续参加GATT和其他有关国际组织和国际贸易协定。1991年1月,中葡两国政府同时向GATT秘书处递交声明,葡萄牙的声明指出:自1999年12月20日起,澳门特别行政区可以“中国澳门”的名义继续作为GATT的单独成员。1995年,澳门以“中国澳门”名义成为WTO的创始成员方。参见:慕亚平主编:《WTO中的“一国四席”》,法律出版社2004年版,第171页、第187—188页。
    693 WTO,Regional Trade Agreements Notified to the GATT/WTO and in Force,aS of 1 March 2007.国内有学者认为:“CEPA属于世界贸易组织所倡导的区域性自由贸易协议的一种特殊表现形式。”“区域性自由贸易协议是指国与国之间签订的贸易协议,具有明显的国际性质。而内地与港澳之间签署《安排》属于一国内不同地区之间的签约行为,所以,《安排》应当是地区性自由贸易协议。”参见:马进保著:《CEPA框架下的经贸争端解决机制与程序》,中国人民公安大学出版社2005年版,第12页。国内还有学者将一国内单独关税区之间的经贸合作关系视为“特殊的国内不同经济区域的经济合作模式”或者“中国不同关税区之间的经济合作模式”。参见:李伯桥、偻莉莉:《WTO协议规则在我国内地、台湾的不同实施情况及其协调》,载于慕亚平主编:《WTO中的“一国四席”》,法律出版社2004年版,第206页。
    694 1995年1月1日成为WTO成员。
    695 1995年1月1日成为WTO成员。
    696 1995年1月1日成为WTO成员。
    697 1995年1月1日成为WTO成员。
    698 1995年1月1日成为WTO成员。
    699 越南于2007年1月11日成为WTO成员。
    700 到2007年3月底仍然是WTO的观察员。1997年7月16日,老挝递交加入申请,1998年2月19日成立老挝加入WTO工作组。2006年11月3日开始进行双边市场准入谈判。2006年11月,工作组组召开了第二次会议,继续审议老挝的对外贸易制度。
    701 1995年1月1日成为WTO成员。
    702 到2007年3月底,文莱和柬埔寨没有加入WTO,也不是WTO的观察员。
    703 指《关于发展中国家差别和更优惠待遇、互惠和更充分参与的决定》,由GATT缔约方于1979年11月28日签署。
    708 菲律宾和泰国政府至今没有完成核准程序,所以还不是《曼谷协定》的成员。
    709 指《关于发展中国家差别和更优惠待遇、互惠和更充分参与的决定》,由GATT缔约方于1979年11月28日签署。
    710 韩国、孟加拉、印度、斯里兰卡均在1995年1月1日成为WTO成员,中国于2001年12月11日成为WTO成员,老挝是WTO的观察员。
    711 《亚太贸易协定》第4条。
    712 《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第25条,《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第52条。
    713 《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》及《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》第7条。
    714 《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》及《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》第8条。
    715 《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》及《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》第9条。
    716 《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》第1条;《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》第1条。
    717 《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》第四条中国加入世界贸易组织法律文件中特定条款的不适用:“双方认识到,内地经过20多年的改革开放,市场经济体制不断完善,内地企业的生产与经营活动已经符合市场经济的要求。双方同意《中国加入世界贸易组织议定书》第15条和第16条,以及《中国加入世界贸易组织工作组报告书》第242段的内容不再适用于内地与香港之间的贸易。”议定书第15条是关于“确定补贴和倾销时的价格可比性”的规定,第16条是关于“特定产品过渡性保障机制”的规定,工作组报告第242段是关于纺织品特别保障措施的规定。
    718 《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》及《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》第9条。
    719 《中国与东盟货物贸易协议》第9条第2款。
    720 《中国与东盟货物贸易协议》第9条第3款。
    721 《中国与东盟货物贸易协议》第9条第7款。
    722 该条规定了“保障措施的实施”。
    723 该条规定了“发展中国家成员”。
    724 该条规定了“监督”。
    725 该条规定了“争端解决”。
    726 《中国与东盟货物贸易协议》第9条第6款。
    727 《中国与东盟货物贸易协议》第9条第11款。
    728 关于中国加入世界贸易组织法律文件的说明,见石广生主编:《中国加入世界贸易组织法律文件导读》,人民出版社2002年出版,第6页。
    729 《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第25条,《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第52条。
    730 2004年9月4日,东盟10国(印尼、马来西亚、泰国、新加坡、文莱、菲律宾、越南、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸)正式承认中国的全面市场经济地位。
    731 智利于2004年11月18日承认中国的完全市场经济地位。
    732 巴基斯坦于2004年12月15日正式承认中国具有完全市场经济地位。
    733 《内地与香港关于建立更紧密经贸关系的安排》及《内地与澳门关于建立更紧密经济关系的安排》第19条第3款。
    734 《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第51条。
    735 《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第26条第2款。
    736 《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第52条。
    737 《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第25条第2款。
    738 《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第52条第1款;《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第25条第1款。
    739 《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第26条第1款。《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第51条第2款也有类似规定。
    740 《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第三条;《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第三条。
    741 《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第八十条;《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第五十八条。
    742 《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第27条第2款。
    743 WTO《保障措施协定》第2条第1款。
    744 《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第44条。
    745 WTO《保障措施协定》第5条第1款。
    746 《中国与东盟争端解决机制协议》第4条第6款。
    747 《中国与东盟争端解决机制协议》第5条。
    749 《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第八十条;《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第五十八条。
    750 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第82条。
    751 《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第59条。
    752 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第83条。
    753 《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第61条。
    754 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第84条。
    755 《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第62条。
    756 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第85条,《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第63条。
    757 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第85条第2—5款。
    758 《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第63条第2—5款。
    759 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第85条第7款,《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第63条第6款。
    760 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第85条第6款,《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第63条第7款。
    761 《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第63条第8款。
    762 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第85条第9款。
    763 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第86条,《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第64条。
    764 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第87条第4款。
    765 《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第64条第2款。
    766 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第87条一第89条,《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第65—68条。
    767 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第90条第2—4款。
    768 《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第69条。
    769 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第90条第3,5—7款;《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第69条第3,5—7款。
    770 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第91条,《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第70条。
    771 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第92条。
    772 《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第71条。
    773 《中国与智利自由贸易协定》第93条—94条。
    774 《中国与巴基斯坦自由贸易协定》第72—73条。
    775 海湾合作委员会(Gulf Cooperation Council,英文缩写是“GCC”)的全称是“海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会”,1981年5月在阿联酋阿布扎比成立,其成员包括6个国家:沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋、科威特、阿曼、卡塔尔和巴林。成员国的主要资源为石油和天然气。科威特和巴林于1995年1月1日成为WTO成员,阿曼于2000年11月9日成为WTO成员。其他4个成员均不是WTO,也不是WTO的观察员。
    776 2004年4月14日承认。
    777 1995年1月1日成为WTO成员。渔业是冰岛国民经济的支柱产业,绝大部分渔产品出口。
    778 2005年5月1日,中冰签署《关于加强中冰经贸合作的谅解备忘录》,冰方承认我国的市场经济地位,同时,双方决定启动建立中冰自贸区的可行性研究。
    779 WTO: AD Initiations: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06
    780 WTO: CV Initiations: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06.但新西兰对其他WTO成员发起6次反补贴调查,最终采取过4次反补贴措施;澳大利亚对其他WTO成员发起6反补贴调查,但最终未采取反补贴措施。见WTO:CV Initiations:By Reporting Member From:01/01/95 To:30/06/06; WTO: CV Measures: By Reporting Member From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06
    781 WTO: Safeguard Initiations by Reporting Member, Period: 01/01/1995 to 23/10/2006; WTO: Safeguard Measures by Reporting Member, Period: 01/01/1995 to 23/10/2006
    782 WTO: CV Initiations: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06; AD Measures: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06
    783 除越南于2007年1月11日成为WTO成员外,其他国家均在1995年1月1日成为WTO成员。
    784 但智利对其他WTO成员发起过4保障措施调查,有2起采取保障措施。
    785 WTO: Safeguard Initiations by Reporting Member, Period: 01/01/1995 to 23/10/2006
    786 WTO: Safeguard Measures by Reporting Member, Period: 01/01/1995 to 23/10/2006
    787 WTO: AD Initiations: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06; AD Measures: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06
    788 WTO: CV Initiations: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06; AD Measures: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06
    789 WTO: CV Initiations: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06: AD Measures: Reporting Member vs Exporting Country From: 01/01/95 To: 30/06/06
    790 除越南于2007年1月11日成为WTO成员外,其他国家均在1995年1月1日成为WTO成员。
    791 但智利对其他WTO成员发起过4保障措施调查,有2起采取保障措施。
    792 欧共体经历了六次扩大,到2007年3月底有27个成员:奥地利、比利时、保加利亚、塞浦路斯、捷克、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、意大利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、卢森堡、马 耳他、荷兰、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞士、英国。
    793 Agreement on the European EconomicArea.第五部分:“竞争和其他共同规则”。欧洲经济区现有4个成员:冰岛、列支敦士登、挪威和欧洲共同体。
    794 Convention Establishing the European FreeTrade Association.第五部分:“竞争规则”。欧洲自由贸易联盟现有4个成员国:冰岛、列支敦士登、挪威、瑞士。
    795 《新西兰与新加坡更紧密经济关系协定》第9条1(a)款。
    796 《新西兰与新加坡更紧密经济关系协定》第9条1(c)款。
    797 WTO: Safeguard Initiations by Reporting Member, Period: 01/01/1995 to 23/10/2006; WTO: Safeguard Measures by Reporting Member, Period: 01/01/1995 to 23/10/2006
    798 《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第52条。
    799 《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第25条第2款。
    800 《中华人民共和国政府和智利共和国政府自由贸易协定》第51条。
    801 《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府自由贸易协定》第26条第2款。
    802 曾令良:《区域贸易协定的最新趋势及其对多哈发展议程的负面影响》,载于《法学研究》,2004年第5期。
    803 第7条
    804 洪德钦著:《法律与政策专题研究》,中国人民大学出版社2004年版,第200页。
    805 赵维田著:《世贸组织(WTO)的法律制度》,吉林人民出版社2000年版,第86页。
    806 伯纳德·霍克曼,迈克尔·考斯泰基著,刘平等译:《世界贸易体制的政治经济学——从关贸总协定到世界贸易组织》,法律出版社1999年版,第224页。
    1.[美]罗宾·保罗·马洛伊著,钱弘道、朱素梅译:《法律和市场经济——法律经济学价值的重新诠释》,法律出版社2006年版。
    2.王琴华主编:《贸易救济理论前沿与实务探究》,机械工业出版社2006年版。
    3.蔡春林主编:《贸易救济法》,对外经贸大学出版社2006年版。
    4.郭双焦著:《WTO贸易救济法律制度改革研究》,国防科技大学出版社2006年版。
    5.余敏友、陈喜峰、马冉、蔡强编著:《世贸组织保障措施协定解析》,湖南科学技术出版社2006年版。
    6.陈立虎、黄涧秋著:《保障措施法比较研究》,北京大学出版社2006年版。
    7.严建苗著:《WTO框架下保障措施经济学》,浙江大学出版社2006版。
    8.向志国、傅激波著:《WTO保障措施与中国对策》,中南大学出版社2006年版。
    9.余菲著:《WTO保障措施及其例外法律制度研究》,上海人民出版社2006年版。
    10.王传丽编著:《补贴与反补贴措施协定条文释义》,湖南科学技术出版社2006年版。
    11.沈四宝、刘彤编著:《WTO反倾销协议解读》,湖南科学技术出版社2006版。
    12.张亮著:《反倾销法损害确定问题研究》,法律出版社2006年版。
    13.肖伟主编:《国际反倾销法律与实务》(WTO卷),知识产权出版社2006年版。
    14.杨仕辉著:《贸易争端解决的博弈分析与策略》,中国经济出版社2006年版。
    15.贺小勇著:《国际贸易争端解决与中国对策研究——以WTO为视角》,法律出版社2006年版。
    16.孙南申著:《WTO体系下的司法审查制度》,法律出版社2006年版。
    17.朱家贤著:《WTO竞争规则与中国竞争立法》,经济管理出版社2006年版。
    18.刘光溪著:《互补性竞争论——区域集团与多边贸易体制》,经济日报出版社2006年版。
    19.叶兴平著:《国际争端解决机制的最新发展:北美自由贸易区的法律与实践》, 法律出版社2006年版。
    20.程信和主编:《中国——东盟自由贸易区法律模式研究》,人民法院出版社2006年版。
    21.程红星著:《WTO司法哲学的能动主义之维》,北京大学出版社2006年版。
    22.WTO总干事顾问委员会著,商务部世界贸易组织司译:《WTO的未来——应对新千年的体制性挑战》,中国商务出版社2005年版。
    23.何其荣编著:《WTO贸易救济》,贵州人民出版社2005年版。
    24.莫世健著:《贸易保障措施研究》,北京大学出版社2005年版。
    25.陈卫东著:《美国对中国保障措施及特保措施案例解析》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2005年版。
    26.黄东黎著:《WTO规则运用中的法治——中国纺织品特别保障措施研究》,人民出版社2005年版。
    27.段爱群著:《法律较量与政策权衡——WTO中补贴与反补贴规则的实证分析》,经济科学出版社2005年版。
    28.蔡镇顺、范利平、帅海燕著:《反倾销与反补贴法研究》,中山大学出版社2005年版。
    29.刘勇著:《反倾销协定研究》,厦门大学出版社2005年版。
    30.李昌奎主编:《WTO反倾销协定释义》,机械工业出版社2005年版。
    31.朱淑娣著:《WTO体制下国际贸易救济审查制度研究》,时事出版社2005年版。
    32.[美]戴维·帕尔米特,[希腊]佩特罗斯·C·马弗鲁第斯著,罗培新、李春林译:《WTO中的争端解决实践与程序》,北京大学出版社2005年版。
    33.杨国华著:《中国与WTO争端解决机制专题研究》,中国商务出版社2005年版。
    34.纪文华、姜丽勇著:《WTO争端解决规则与中国的实践》,北京大学出版社2005年版。
    35.张东平著:《WTO司法解释论》,厦门大学出版社2005年版。
    36.张东江著:《WTO竞争政策谈判与发展中国家的选择》,中国社会科学出版社2005年版。
    37.王先林著:《WTO竞争政策与中国反垄断立法》,北京大学出版社2005年版。
    38.[比]约斯林·鲍威林著,周忠海等译:《国际公法规则之冲突——WTO法与其他国际法规则如何联系》,法律出版社2005年版。
    39.黄志雄:《WTO体制内的发展问题与国际发展法研究》,武汉大学出版社2005年版。
    40.马进保著:《CEPA框架下的经贸争端解决机制与程序》,中国人民公安大学出版社2005年版。
    41.杨仕辉:《反倾销的国际比较、博弈与我国对策研究》,科学出版社2005年版。
    42.霍伟东编著:《中国——东盟自由贸易区研究》,西南财经大学出版社2005年版。
    43.[美]康斯坦丁·米查洛普罗斯著、黄震华译:《WTO中的发展中国家》,中国对外经济贸易出版社2004年版。
    44.肖又贤著:《WTO保障措施制度理论与争端解决实践研究》,法律出版社2004年版。
    45.黄文俊著:《保障措施法研究——理论框架与实证分析》,法律出版社2004年版。
    46.中国商务部产业损害调查局,南开大学WTO研究中心组编,胡昭玲主编:《反倾销规则与实践》,南开大学出版社2004年版。
    47.蔡镇顺主编:《WTO反倾销法》,中国对外经济贸易出版社2004年版。
    48.尹立著:《国际反倾销法研究》,泰山出版社2004年版。
    49.王林生、张汉林主编:《反倾销热点问题剖析》,人民出版社2004年版。
    50.孙雯著:《反倾销司法审查制度比较研究》,南京大学出版社2004年版。
    51.于永达、戴天宇著:《反倾销理论与实务》,清华大学出版社2004年版。
    52.袁磊著:《反倾销会计》,中国财政经济出版社2004年版。
    53.杨国华、李泳箑著:《WTO争端解决程序详解》,中国方正出版社2004年版。
    54.赵维田、缪剑文、王海英著:《WTO的司法机制》,上海人民出版社2004年版。
    55.王贵国主编:《区域安排法律问题研究》,北京大学出版社2004年版。
    56.刘俊著:《区域贸易安排的法学进路——GATT/WTO框架下区域贸易一体化的法理学及其实证研究》,中信出版社2004年版。
    57.黄静波著:《多边贸易体制的理论与实践》,中山大学出版社2004年版。
    58.[德]彼得——托比亚斯·施托尔、[德]弗兰克·朔尔科普夫著,丁勇等译:《WTO-世界贸易制度和世界贸易法》,法律出版社2004年版。
    59.杨丽艳著:《区域经济一体化法律制度研究》,法律出版社2004年版。
    60.洪德钦著:《法律与政策专题研究》,中国人民大学出版社2004年版。
    61.WTO秘书处编、索必成译:《WTO争端解决程序》,法律出版社2003年版。
    62.尚明编著:《反倾销——WTO规则及中外法律与实践》,法律出版社2003年版。
    63.吴喜梅著《WTO反倾销立法与各国实践》,郑州大学出版社2003年版。
    64.[美]雅各布·瓦伊纳著:《倾销:国际贸易中的一个问题》,商务印书馆2003年版。
    65.王贵国著:《世界贸易组织法》,法律出版社2003年版。
    66.余劲松主编:《国际经济法问题专论》,武汉大学出版社2003年版。
    67.钱弘道著:《经济分析法学》,法律出版社2003年版。
    68.许宁宁编著:《中国——东盟自由贸易区》,红旗出版社2003年版。
    69.陈建国:《WTO的新议题与多边贸易体制》,天津大学出版社2003年版。
    70.[美]理查德·A·波斯纳著,苏力译:《正义/司法的经济学》,中国政法大学出版社2002年版。
    71.[美]安妮·O·克鲁格编,黄理平、彭利平、刘军等译:《作为国际组织的WTO》,上海人民出版社2002年版。
    72.陈卫东著:《WTO例外条款解读》,对外经济贸易大学出版社2002年版。
    73.黄立、李贵英、林彩瑜合著:《WTO:国际贸易法论》,台北,元照出版有限公司2002年版。
    74.[美]安妮·O·克鲁格著,黄理平等译:《作为国际组织的WTO》,上海人民出版社2002年第1版。
    75.[美]约翰·H·杰克逊著,张玉卿等译:《GATT/WTO法理与实践》,新华出版社2002年第1版。
    76.[美]约翰·H·杰克逊著,张乃根译:《世界贸易体制》,复旦大学出版社2001年版。
    77.刘世元:《区域国际经济法研究》,吉林大学出版社2001年第1版。
    78.赵维田著:《世贸组织(WTO)的法律制度》,吉林人民出版社2000年版。
    79.宫占奎等著:《区域经济组织研究:欧盟、北美自由贸易区、亚太经合组织》,经济科学出版社2000年版。
    80.世界贸易组织秘书处编写,张江波、索必成译,张向晨校译:《贸易走向未来》,法律出版社1999年出版。
    81.[英]伯纳德·霍克曼和迈克尔·考斯泰基著,刘平、洪晓东、许明德等译:《世界贸易体制的政治经济学——从关贸总协定到贸易组织》,法律出版社1999年版。
    82.刘光溪:《互补性竞争论一区域集团与多边贸易体制》,经济日报出版社1996年第1版。
    83.王勇飞、王启富:《中国法理纵论》,中国政法大学出版社1996年版。
    84.叶兴平著:《和平解决国际争端》,武汉测绘科技大学出版社1994年版。
    85.陆航、许树新编:《北美自由贸易协定业务手册》,中国经济出版社1993版。
    86.周茂荣著:《美加自由贸易协定研究》,武汉大学出版社1993年版。
    87.奥列佛·隆著,童守云译:《关贸总协定多边贸易体制的法律及其局限》,中国社会科学出版社1989年版。
    1.郭策:《保障措施制度在GATT/WTO框架下的演进》,对外经济贸易大学2006年博士论文。
    2.黄涧秋:《保障措施实施条件研究》,苏州大学2005年博士论文。
    3.陈玉祥:《美国反倾销法自由裁量权问题研究》,武汉大学2005年博士论文。
    4.赵生祥:《贸易救济制度研究》,西南政法大学2005年博士论文。
    5.朱淑娣:《WTO体制下国际贸易救济审查制度研究》,华东政法学院2005年博士论文。
    6.肖又贤:《WTO保障措施制度理论与争端解决实践研究》,中国政法大学2004年博士论文。
    7.李萍:《NAFTA国际投资法律问题研究》,中国政法大学2003年博士论文。
    1.罗津:《自由贸易协定中的贸易救济问题研究》,对外经济贸易大学2006年硕士论文。
    2.张静,《北美自由贸易协定对墨西哥经济发展的影响》,东北财经大学2006年硕士论文。
    3.程似锦:《中国—东盟自由贸易区争端解决机制研究》,四川大学2006年硕士论文。
    4.于翠萍:《自由贸易协定的福利效应研究》,东南大学2006年硕士论文。
    5.杨彬:《在自由和保护下的多边贸易体制理论价值的分析》,哈尔滨工业大学2006年硕士论文。
    6.于志远:《WTO体制下的区域贸易协定》,吉林大学2006年硕士论文。
    7.杜永涛:《WTO与区域贸易协定争端解决机制管辖权重叠问题研究》,中国政法大学2006年硕士论文。
    8.熊云英:《区域贸易安排成员实施WTO保障措施中的若干问题研究》,苏州大学2005年硕士论文。
    9.郑勇:《WTO关于区域贸易安排的法律规则研究》,湖南师范大学2005年硕士论文。
    10.于洋:《WTO规则与自由贸易区制度竞合研究》,福州大学2005年硕士论文。
    11.费赫夫:《北美自由贸易区争端解决机制研究》,广西师范大学2004年硕士论文。
    12.皮晓峰:《论NAFTA与WTO规则的冲突与协调》,华东政法学院2002年硕士论文。
    1.蒋帅:《WTO与区域贸易组织管辖权的冲突与协调》,载于《对外经贸实务》 2007年第2期。
    2.江鋆华,《自由贸易区的发展态势及其对策》,载于《对外经贸实务》2007年第2期。
    3.邓宁:《北美自由贸易区(NAFTA)保障措施研究》,载于《法制与经济》2006年第4期。
    4.黄涧秋:《区域贸易协定与WTO保障条款的冲突及其解决》,载于《当代法学》2006年第2期。
    5.王俊:《三大区域贸易组织保障措施法比较研究》,载于《江海学刊》2006年第3期。
    6.纪文华、黄萃:《WTO与FTA争端解决管辖权的竞合与协调》,载于《法学》 2006年第7期。
    7.纪文华、黄萃:《从案例看WTO如何处理RTA争端管辖权问题》,载于《河北法学》2006年第11期。
    8.姚新超、冷柏军:《区域贸易协定成员间实施保障措施的争论及对中国的启示》,载于《国际贸易问题》2006年第11期。
    9.林欣宇:《试论区域贸易安排背景下保障措施的实施》,载于《法制社会》2006年第15期。
    10.廖凡:《WTO框架下的区域自由贸易协定与区域经济一体化》,载于《中国社会科学院院报》2006年4月25日。
    11.李仁真、庞永三:《区域经济一体化对GATT/WTO体制的冲击和影响》,载于《法学论坛》2006年第2期。
    12.费赫夫:《北美自由贸易区争端解决机制——一个独特的争端解决模式》,载于《南华大学学报(社会科学版)》2006年第3期。
    13.费赫夫《北美自由贸易区一般争端解决机制的运行分析》,载于《法制与经济》 2006年第12期。
    14.母连龙:《经济一体化下的北美自由贸易协定制度研究》,载于《财经界》2006年第11期。
    15.孙玉红:《交叉重叠的自由贸易协定对世界多边贸易体制的挑战》,载于《世 界经济研究》2006年第7期。
    16.成新轩、张玉柯:《重叠式自由贸易区与多边贸易协议的关系》,载于《南开学报(哲学社会科学版)》2006年第5期。
    17.孟夏:《中国的自由贸易安排及其与WTO的关系》,载于《南开学报(社学社会科学版)》2006年第4期。
    18.刘海燕:《论中国自由贸易区法律制度的构建》,载于《理论界》2006年第8期。
    19.黄勇:《论贸易政策和竞争政策的相互关系及其对策建议》,载于《国际贸易》 2006年第6期。
    20.宋利芳、杨琦:《国际反倾销政策的局限性及其改革思路》,载于《国际贸易》 2006年第7期。
    21.苟大凯:《WTO争端解决活动与非WTO条约若干相关因素》,载于《国际贸易》2006年第12期。
    22.岳云霞:《《中国与智利自由贸易协定》评价》,载于《拉丁美洲研究》2006年第1期。
    23.陈焰、蒋榕榕:《建立中智自由贸易区的可行性分析》,载于《亚太经济》2006年第2期。
    24.杨红强、武亮:《美国自由贸易协定战略安排与中国竞争地位研究》,载于《现代财经》2006年第1期。
    25.钟立国:《贸易自由与贸易保护一个两悖的命题》,载于《决策与信息》2006年第1期。
    26.平新乔:《现时代的自由贸易与保护主义之争——一个理论述评》,载于《经济社会体制比较》,2006年第3期。
    27.周燕、张国梅:《南北区域经济集团化的典型——北美自由贸易区》,载于《决策咨询通讯》2006年第3期。
    28.中国驻墨西哥经商参处:《墨西哥遭受北美自由贸易区利弊双重影响》,载于《中国贸易报》2006年6月20日。
    29.夏志红:《自由贸易协定与多边贸易体制的冲击与协调》,载于《郑州轻工业学院学报(社会科学版)》2006年第4期。
    30.姚新超:《多边主义还是区域(双边)主义——区域(双边)主义下自贸协定的发展趋势、创新及争议》,载于《国际贸易》2006年第8期。
    31.高静:《以互利共赢的制度保障双边经贸的顺利发展——《中国与智利自由贸易协定》的意义》,载于《拉丁美洲研究》2006年第5期。
    32.宋锡祥、吴鹏:《论中国—东盟自由贸易区争端解决机制及其完善》,载于《时 代法学》2006年第5期。
    33.孙若彦:《美洲自由贸易区与美拉关系》,载于《山东师范大学学报》2006年第6期。
    34.沈木珠:《区域贸易优惠与最惠国待遇关系的冲突与法律协调——兼论我国之应对措施》,载于《国际贸易问题》2005年第2期。
    35.龚柏华:《区域经济一体化争端解决机制比较研究》,载于《世界贸易组织动态与研究》2005年第8期。
    36.徐运良:《论区域贸易组织与WTO争端解决机制管辖权冲突的协调》,载于 《福建广播电视大学学报》2005年第5期。
    37.陈立虎:《区域贸易成员实施WTO保障措施问题研究》,载于《现代法学》 2005年第6期。
    38.王先东、胡建国:《关税同盟或自由贸易区背景下保障措施的适用》,载于《中国律师》2005年第12期。
    39.洪文:《新一代双边自由贸易协定析》,载于《经济问题探索》2005年第6期。
    40.彭莉:《自由贸易区的法律思考:模式、依据及框架》,载于《政法论坛》2005年第3期。
    41.杨长春、刘妮:《自由贸易理论与反倾销原理是否形成悖论》,载于《国际贸易问题》2005年第5期。
    42.杨红强、沈文星:《CAFTA的制度约束与中新双边自由贸易区建设研究》,载于《国际贸易问题》2005年第6期。
    43.杜国胜:《北美自由贸易区竞争政策特征初探》,载于《韶关学院学报》2005年第7期。
    44.刘昌黎:《世界双边自由贸易发展的原因特点与我国的对策》,载于《世界经济研究》2005年第4期。
    45.麻慧:《中国——东盟自由贸易区争端解决机制之探讨——以比较研究为视角》,载于《东南亚研究》2005年第4期。
    46.王翠文:《签订北美自由贸易协定以来墨美关系的复合相互依赖分析(二)》,载于《拉丁美洲研究》2005年第1期。
    47.郭晓丹:《浅析北美自由贸易协定中悬而未决的问题》,载于《黑龙江对外经贸》2005年第2期。
    48.贺双荣:《墨西哥国内外有关北美自由贸易协定对墨西哥经济影响的争论及背景》,载于《拉丁美洲研究》2005年第2期。
    49.谌园庭、冯峰:《北美自由贸易协定对墨西哥经济的影响》,载于《拉丁美洲研究》2005年第2期。
    50.杨志敏:《对当前美洲自由贸易谈判进程的分析》,载于《拉丁美洲研究》2005年第3期。
    51.王翠文:《签订北美自由贸易协定以来墨美关系的复合相互依赖分析(一)》,载于《拉丁美洲研究》2004年第6期。
    52.刘世元:《区域经济一体化对多边贸易体制的影响及其法律调整》,载于《国际经贸探索》2004年第6期。
    53.杨志敏:《墨西哥加入北美自由贸易协定10年历程评价》,载于《拉丁美洲研究》2004年的4期。
    54.周志伟:《“NAFTA十周年回顾”研讨会综述》,载于《拉丁美洲研究》2004年第6期。
    55.刘世元:《区域经济一体化对多边贸易体制的影响及其法律调整》,载于《国际经贸探索》2004年第6期。
    56.曾令良:《区域贸易协定的最新趋势及其对多哈发展议程的负面影响》,载于 《法学研究》2004年第5期。
    57.李双元、彭乾芳、冯寿波:《论区域贸易安排与多边贸易体制的互动走势》,载于《浙江社会科学》2004年第2期。
    59.慕亚平、冼一帆:《对WTO体制下区域经济一体化的法律分析》,载于《学术研究》2003年第6期。
    60.戴德生:《世贸组织区域经济一体化法律规则与中国的对策》,载于《国际贸易问题》2003年第4期。
    61.韩龙:《世贸组织的区域经济一体化制度刍议》,载于《国际贸易问题》2003年第3期。
    62.张洁:《RTAs的新特点及对WTO的法律影响》,载于《当代法学》2003年第9期。
    63.高江南:《现代国际法与国际民商事诉讼管辖权冲突的解决》,载于《法律适用》2003年第11期。
    64.夏毅:《WTO争端解决机制管辖权探讨》,载于《当代法学》2002年第1期。
    65.李揆哲、喻杰:《NAFTA争端解决机制评述——兼与WTO争端解决机制比较》,载于《国际经济法论丛》第5卷,法律出版社2002年版。
    66.易小英、涂志勇:《区域经济一体化与多边世贸体系的统一性》,载于《国外财经》2001年第1期。
    67.栾信杰:《论外贸政策措施的成本——效益分析》,载于《对外经贸》1998年第1期。
    1. Patricia Fernandez-kelly and Jon Shefner, Nafta and Beyond: Alternative Perspectives in the Study of Global Trade and Development, Sage Pubns (March 7, 2007).
    2. John S. Odell, Negotiating Trade: Developing Countries in the WTO and NAFTA, Cambridge University Press; 1 edition (March 6,2006).
    3. Francesco Duina, The Social Construction of Free Trade: The European Union, NAFTA, and Mercosur, Princeton University Press (February 1,2006).
    4. Ralph H. Folsom, David A. Gantz, David Lopez, and Michael Wallace, Documents Supplement to NAFTA and Free Trade in the Americas: A Problem-Oriented Coursebook, West; 2nd edition (April 1, 2005).
    5. Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, Paul L. E. Grieco, and Yee Wong, NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges, Institute for International Economics (October 15, 2005).
    6. J. H. H. Weiler, The EU, the WTO, and the NAFTA: Towards a Common Law of International Trade? Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (August 30, 2005).
    7. Ralph H. Folsom, Nafta and Free Trade in the Americas, West Group Publishing; 2nd edition (February 2004).
    8. Todd Weiler, International Law and Arbitration: Leading Cases from the ICSID, NAFTA, Bilateral Treaties and Customary International Law, Cameron May (December 2004).
    9. Louis E.V. Nevaer, NAFTA'S Second Decade: Assessing Opportunities in the Mexican and Canadian Markets, South-Western Educational Pub; 1 edition (January 12,2004).
    10. Daniel Lederman, William F. Maloney, and Luis Serven, Lessons From NAFTA for Latin America and the Caribbean, World Bank Publications (December 2004).
    11. Sidney Weintraub, Nafta's Impact On North America: The First Decade, Center for Strategic & International Studies (September 2004).
    12. Kevin C. Kennedy, The First Decade Of Nafta: The Future of Free Trade in North America, Transnational Publishers (October 30, 2004).
    13. Dilip K. Das, Regionalism in global trade, Edward Elgar, 2004.
    14. Carmen Zechner, Expanding NAFTA: Economic Effects on Chile of Free Trade With the United States, Lit Verlag (January 1,2003).
    15. Gary Horlick, WTO & NAFTA Rules and Dispute Resolution, Cameron May (April 2003).
    16. Sampson, Gary P., Regionalism, multilateralism, and economic integration : the recent experience ,United Nations University Press, 2003.
    17. Oesch, Matthias,Standards of review in WTO dispute resolution, Oxford University Press, 2003.
    18. Peter Hakim and Robert E. Litan, The Future of North American Integration: Beyond Nafta, Brookings Institution Press (September 1, 2002).
    19. Edward J. Chambers and Peter H. Smith, NAFTA in the New Millennium, The University of Alberta Press (October 31, 2002).
    20. Carolyn L. Deere and Daniel C. Esty, Greening the Americas: NAFTA's Lessons for Hemispheric Trade, The MIT Press (September 9,2002).
    21. Joseph H. H. Weiler, EU THE WTO & THE NAFTA, Oxford University Press(UK) (2001).
    22. John R. MacArthur, The Selling of "Free Trade": NAFTA, Washington, and the Subversion of American Democracy, University of California Press (October 16, 2001).
    23. Jaime Suchlicki, Mexico: From Montezuma to Nafta, Chiapas, and Beyond, Transaction Publishers; 2nd edition (July 26,2000).
    24. Don D. Marshall, Caribbean Political Economy At the Crossroads: NAFTA and Regional Developmentalism(International Political Economy) , Palgrave Macmillan (October 15, 1998).
    25. Frederick W. Mayer, Interpreting NAFTA, Columbia University Press (October 15, 1998).
    26. Nicholas V. Gianaris, The North American free trade agreement and the European Union, Praeger Publishers(1998).
    27. William A Orme Jr, Understanding NAFTA: Mexico, Free Trade, and the New North America, University of Texas Press; 2nd edition (1996).
    28. Ralph H. Folsom, W. Davis Folsom, Understanding Nafta and Its International Business Implications, Matthew Bender & Co (June 1996).
    29. Commerce Clearing House, NAFTA Text: Final Version, Including Supplemental Agreements, Commerce Clearing House (January 1994).
    30. Michael Hart, Bill Dymond & Colin Robertson, Decision at Midnight: Inside the Canada-US Free Trade Negotiations, UBC Press, Vancouver, 1994.
    31. Ralph Nader and Jerry Brown, The Case Against Free Trade: GATT, NAFTA, and the Globalization of Corporate Power, North Atlantic Books (September 22, 1993).
    32. Steven Globerman and Michael Walker, Assessing NAFTA: A Trinational Analysis, Fraser Inst (June 1993).
    1. David A. Gantz, The United States and NAFTA Dispute Settlement: Ambivalence, Frustration and Occasional Defiance, Arizona Legal Studies, Discussion Paper No. 06-26, July 2006.
    2. Rosella Brevetti, Lumber Industry Files Federal Court Challenge to Constitutionality of Chapter 19,22 Int'l Trade Rep. (BNA) (Sep. 15, 2005).
    3. Conference remarks, The Future of NAFTA Chapter 19 Dispute Settlement, D.C. Bar, May 11, 2005.
    4. Patricia Isela Hansen, "Dispute settlement in the NAFTA and beyond", Texas International Law Journal, Spring 2005.
    5. Karen B. Sigmond, Dispute Settlement under the North American Free Trade Agreement-A Model for Future Trade Agreement? EGAP Working Papers(2004).
    6. Baker & Hostetler LLP, Duties and Dumping: What's Going Wrong with Chapter 19? Working Papers, The Canadian-American Business Council and the Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 2004.
    7. Joost Pauwelyn /'Going global, regional or both? Dispute settlement in the Southern African Development Community(SADC) and overlaps with the WTO and other jurisdiction", Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 2004, Summer.
    8. Patricia Isela Hansen, Judicialization and Globalization in the North American Free Trade Agreement, 38 Tex. Int'l L.J. (2003).
    9. Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Jeffrey J. Schott, and Yee Wong, NAFTA Dispute Settlement Systems, Institute for International Economics (2003).
    10. Carrie Anne Arnett, The Mexican Trucking Dispute: A Bottleneck to Free Trade. A Tough (Road) Test on the NAFTA Dispute Settlement Mechanism, 25 Hous. J. Int'l L. (2003).
    11. Patrick Macrory, NAFTA Chapter 19: A Successful Experiment in International Trade Dispute Resolution, CD. Howe Institute Commentary, No. 168 (Sep. 2002).
    12. Jennifer Danner Riccardi, The Failure of Chapter 19 in Design and Practice: An Opportunity for Reform, 28 Ohio, N.U.L. Rev. (2002).
    13. Rogelio Ramirez De la 0, Mexico, NAFTA and the Prospects for North American Integration, CD. Howe Institute, Commentary, The Border Papers, No. 172, November 2002.
    14. Kyung Kwak and Gabrielle Marceau, Overlaps and conflicts of jurisdiction between the WTO and RTS, Conference on regional trade agreements and WTO, 26 April 2002.
    15. Lucian Cernat, Assessing Regional Trade Arrangements: Are South-South RTAs More Trade Diverting, UNCTAD, 2001.
    16. Richard O. Cunningham, NAFTA CHAPTER 19: How Much Does it Work? How Much is Needed? Proceedings of the Canada-United States Law Institute Conference, The Management and Resolution of Cross Border Disputes as Canada/U.S. Enter the 21st Century, Cleveland, Ohio, April 14-26, 2000, 26 Can.-U.S. L.J. (2000).
    17. Michael Wallace Gordon, Forms of Dispute Resolution in the North American Free Trade Agreement, 13 Fla. J. Int'l L. (2000).
    18. David A. Gantz, Dispute Settlement Under the NAFTA and the WTO: Choice of Forum Opportunities and Risks for the NAFTA Parties, 14 American U. Int'l L.R.. (1999).
    19. David A. Gantz, Resolution of Trade Disputes Under NAFTA's Chapter 19: The Lessons of Extending the Binational Panel Process to Mexico, 29 Law & Policy in Int'l Business (1998).
    20. Patrick Specht, "The dispute settlement systems of WTO and NAFTA-Analysis and comparison", The Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, Fall 1998.
    21. NAFTA: Group Files Constitutional Challenge to NAFTA, Binational Panel System, Int'l Trade Daily (BNA) (Jan. 17, 1997.)
    22. David Lopez, Dispute Resolution Under NAFTA: Lessons from the Early Experience, 32 Tex. Int'l L.J. (1997).
    23. Richard O. Cunningham, "NAFTA in the global context", 23 Canada-United States Law Journal, 1997.
    24. Stephen J.Powell and Elizabeth Seastrum, Straight talk about A Complex Issues: the US standard of Review of antidumping and countervailing duty determinations:an important challenge for NAFTA panel's, Fordham International Law Jounral, April, 1996.
    25. GAO Report, CUSFTA: Factors Contributing to Controversy in Appeals of Trade Remedy Cases to Binational Panels, June 1995 (GAO/GGD-95-177BR).
    26. Harry B. Endsley, Dispute Settlement Under the CFTA and NAFTA: From Eleventh-Hour Innovation to Accepted Institution, 18 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. (1995).
    27. Homer E. Moyer, Jr., Chapter 19 of the NAFTA: Binational Panels as the Trade Courts of Last Resort, in the North American Free Trade Agreement: a New Frontier in International Trade and Investment in the Americas, Judith H. Bello et al., eds. 1994.
    28. Jeffrey P. Bialos & Deborah E. Siegel, Dispute Resolution Under NAFTA: The New and Improved Model, in the North American Free Trade Agreement: a New Frontier in International Trade and Investment in the Americas, Judith H. Bello et al., eds. 1994.
    29. Michael Krauss, The Record of the United States-Canada Binational Dispute Resolution Panels, 6 N.Y.INT'L L.REV.1993.
    30. Kayumi Rosa, "Old wine, new skins: NAFTA and the evolution of international trade dispute resolution", 15 Michigan J. International Law255,1993.
    31. Gary N. Horlick and F. Amanda DeBusk, Dispute Resolution Panels of the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement: The First Two and One-Half Years, (1992) 37 McGill L.J.

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700