圆口铜鱼卵巢发育及卵子发生的初步研究
摘要
2001年10月—2002年10月，收集长江木洞江段和金沙江攀枝花江段的圆口铜鱼雌性165尾，用常规解剖观察及组织学、电镜等技术对其卵巢发育及卵子发生进行了初步研究，结果表明：
圆口铜鱼卵巢一对，左右各一，位于鳔和消化道两侧，紧贴于肾脏腹面，其末端相通，以一极短的输卵管开口于尿殖突。按卵巢的外形特点、色洋、大小、重量、成熟系数、血管分布状况等特征，并根据卵子发生的组织学和细胞学特点，将卵巢发育分为5期，本文报导第Ⅰ-Ⅳ期卵巢的发育。第Ⅰ期卵巢较细，呈线状。第Ⅱ期卵巢体积增加，呈“∨”形，没有血管分布，Bouin氏液固定后可以和肾组织分开。第Ⅲ期卵巢因血管分布使得卵巢呈微红色，固定后，肉眼可见其呈分叶状；早期卵母细胞没有充满卵巢，可观察到透明的卵巢膜；晚期卵母细胞则充满卵巢。第Ⅳ期卵巢中卵母细胞明显，卵巢呈囊状，卵巢膜韧性较强，血管分布丰富；早期卵粒呈青灰色，卵粒之间不易分离；晚期卵粒呈金黄色，卵粒易分离。
根据卵母细胞大小，核仁数目及大小，核质、核膜变化，结合细胞质中卵黄核、生长环的分布，液泡、卵黄颗粒的出现及其变化，滤泡膜组成及变化等特征，将圆口铜鱼的卵子发生过程分为5个时相，本文报导第Ⅰ-Ⅳ时相。第Ⅰ时相，卵原细胞排列紧密，成团分布。细胞呈圆形，核仁多为1个，强嗜碱性，核质比大。第Ⅱ时相，卵母细胞开始进入小生长期，细胞体积逐渐增大，数目明显增多；卵巢壁开始形成产卵板，逐渐生长充满卵巢腔。早期：卵母细胞的细胞核成念珠状，核质纤丝状，核仁数目增加；卵母细胞周围出现零散滤泡细胞；卵原细胞在卵巢中仍有相当比例。中期：卵母细胞的细胞质中开始出现卵黄核和生长环；卵母细胞外滤泡细胞数量增加。晚期：生长环使得细胞质出现不同染色区域；生长环随卵母细胞的发育逐渐向外扩展直到消失，同时细胞质边缘出现液泡，这是进入第Ⅲ时相的标志。第Ⅲ时相，液泡分布逐渐由细胞质边缘到充满细胞质；卵黄颗粒随着液泡也逐渐充满细胞质，在不同分布区有形态差别；大、小核仁区别明显，核仁物质有外排现象；细胞质嗜酸性增强，由于液泡、卵黄颗粒的充满，细胞基质少，仅在皮质区分布多；中期出现放射带；卵母细胞之间毛细血管分布较多；滤泡细胞数量增加，形成单层扁平滤泡层。第Ⅳ时相，卵黄泡逐渐退化，数量减少，卵黄颗粒则逐渐充满细胞质，颗粒逐渐增大，有融合趋势；有的卵母细胞核膜消失，核区与细胞质区别明显；核仁数目多，体积减小；放射带逐
汕 内 州JN 人 学川1。｝，顾 卜。｝位 论 义
渐增厚，放射纹明显；滤泡层分为2层，ghjki分小颗粒细胞，外层分介鞘膜纠l胞。
超微结构显示：第1时相，卵原细胞’己圆彤，细胞核较人，核仁一个，山纤维中
心、致密纤维组分、颗粒组分组成；核内异染色质少，常染色质多；细胞质中有1－2
个核仁样体，线粒体数量少，其基质电＊密度低，峭个发达。第11时相，卵母细IM体
积增大，核仁数目增多，形态卜出现大小卜别。‘Hw：细胞质。。！。核仁样体增多，靠近
核膜，不被线粒体包围；光面内质网较多，糖原颗粒均匀分布；线粒体出现聚集现象。
中期：线粒体包围核仁样体。晚期：核仁样体山大变小，逐渐消失，纠删膜边缘）－I’始
）f＄成胞质突起。第＊时相，卵母细胞的细胞质形成大量突起，且越来越明显；I。P期：
放射带开始形成：滤泡细胞出现颗粒细胞和鞘膜细胞的分化，两种细胞超微结构有显
著差异。本文讨论了核仁外排物，生长环、液泡、卵黄颗粒、线粒体等在卵母细胞发
育过程的变化，圆口铜鱼生存环境、资源状况，比较了圆口铜鱼和铜鱼卵于发生的异
同等问题。
From Oct. 2001 to Oct. 2002, 165 Core/us guichenoti was collected in Ghangjiang River and the Jinsha River. The structure of oocyte of Core/us guichenoti was observed by means of ordinary anatomy, light microscope, transmission electron microscope. The results are as follows:
Core/us guichenoti has a pair of ovaries, which are located at the two sides of swim bladder and alimentary canal, and attach to the abdominal part of kidney. The two ovaries join together at the end, which lead to ureter by a very short oviduct. The ovary development is divided into stages I V according to the external feature, color, size, weight, SGD(sexual gland index), blood vessel's distribution, histological and cytobiological characters of oocyte. The present paper reports stages I -IV. As for the stage I , the ovary is relatively slim in the shape of thread. During the stage II, the volume of the ovary gets bigger in the shape of "V". There is no blood vessel and it can be separated from kidney by means of Bouin's liquid. In the stage III, we can see red because of the distribution of blood vessel, and we also can see leaves shape by means of fixation. Since oocyte does not fill the ovary during the early period of this stage, we can see the transparent ovary membrane. With the development of oocyte
, the ovary is filled by oocyte. As for the stage IV, we can clearly see oocyte. Blood vessel distributes on the ovary, which gets in the shape of bag. During the early period of this stage, the ovary is caesious and attaches to each other while their color turns gold by separated ways. The oogenesis also can be divided into phrases I - V according to the following characters: the size of oocyte, the number and volum of nucleolus, the change of karyoplasm and karyothec, the appearance and change of yolk nucleolus in cytoplasm, the distribution of granulose cell, vacuole, and yolk granule as well as the histological traits of the components and change of follicle cell. This paper reports phrases I -IV. As for the phrase I : oogania are close to each other and distribute in groups. Most of the cells are round with one nucleolus which is prone to absorbing alkali and has the big ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm. In the phrase II, the distinctive traits are as follows: oocyte goes into the small growth stage; the n
umber and volume of oocyte get bigger and bigger; the ovarian wall forms spawning plates which comes to
fill the ovary cavity. In the course of early period of this stage, the karyon forms into beads-like shape, and its plasma is the silk shape. The number of nucleolus gets bigger; follicular cells begin to scatter around the oocytes, and oogonia still take a remarkable proportion. In the middle period of the phrase II, loop of growth helps to form the different chromatin area. With the development of oocytes, loop of growth also developes till disappears. When yolk vacuole appears on the verge of cytoplasma, the development of oocytes goes into the phrase III. As for the phrase III, the vacuole extends to the area of nucleolus till it fill cytoplasm; the yolk granules extend with the movement of vacuole. The yolk granules have different morphological structure in different areas; the big nucleolus are different from those little ones, and there is also excluding phenomenon of karyoplasm. The ability of absorbing acid of cytoplasm becomes stronger. Cytoplasm only appears in the area of cortical layer. The vacuole and yolk granules are filled in the cytoplasm; in the middle period of this phrase, zone radiata appears; there are many capillaries appear among the oocytes; follicular cells increase and form one layer flat follicle cells. As for the phrase IV, vacuole begins to degenerate and its number decreases, while yolk granules begin to fill the cytoplasm. Yolk granule has the tendency to conjugate together; some nucleolus membrane disappears and diffuses into cytoplasm; there are many nucleolus in small volume, zone radiata gets thicker and its channel become very apparent; follicular layer differentiate into two layers. The
圆口铜鱼卵巢一对，左右各一，位于鳔和消化道两侧，紧贴于肾脏腹面，其末端相通，以一极短的输卵管开口于尿殖突。按卵巢的外形特点、色洋、大小、重量、成熟系数、血管分布状况等特征，并根据卵子发生的组织学和细胞学特点，将卵巢发育分为5期，本文报导第Ⅰ-Ⅳ期卵巢的发育。第Ⅰ期卵巢较细，呈线状。第Ⅱ期卵巢体积增加，呈“∨”形，没有血管分布，Bouin氏液固定后可以和肾组织分开。第Ⅲ期卵巢因血管分布使得卵巢呈微红色，固定后，肉眼可见其呈分叶状；早期卵母细胞没有充满卵巢，可观察到透明的卵巢膜；晚期卵母细胞则充满卵巢。第Ⅳ期卵巢中卵母细胞明显，卵巢呈囊状，卵巢膜韧性较强，血管分布丰富；早期卵粒呈青灰色，卵粒之间不易分离；晚期卵粒呈金黄色，卵粒易分离。
根据卵母细胞大小，核仁数目及大小，核质、核膜变化，结合细胞质中卵黄核、生长环的分布，液泡、卵黄颗粒的出现及其变化，滤泡膜组成及变化等特征，将圆口铜鱼的卵子发生过程分为5个时相，本文报导第Ⅰ-Ⅳ时相。第Ⅰ时相，卵原细胞排列紧密，成团分布。细胞呈圆形，核仁多为1个，强嗜碱性，核质比大。第Ⅱ时相，卵母细胞开始进入小生长期，细胞体积逐渐增大，数目明显增多；卵巢壁开始形成产卵板，逐渐生长充满卵巢腔。早期：卵母细胞的细胞核成念珠状，核质纤丝状，核仁数目增加；卵母细胞周围出现零散滤泡细胞；卵原细胞在卵巢中仍有相当比例。中期：卵母细胞的细胞质中开始出现卵黄核和生长环；卵母细胞外滤泡细胞数量增加。晚期：生长环使得细胞质出现不同染色区域；生长环随卵母细胞的发育逐渐向外扩展直到消失，同时细胞质边缘出现液泡，这是进入第Ⅲ时相的标志。第Ⅲ时相，液泡分布逐渐由细胞质边缘到充满细胞质；卵黄颗粒随着液泡也逐渐充满细胞质，在不同分布区有形态差别；大、小核仁区别明显，核仁物质有外排现象；细胞质嗜酸性增强，由于液泡、卵黄颗粒的充满，细胞基质少，仅在皮质区分布多；中期出现放射带；卵母细胞之间毛细血管分布较多；滤泡细胞数量增加，形成单层扁平滤泡层。第Ⅳ时相，卵黄泡逐渐退化，数量减少，卵黄颗粒则逐渐充满细胞质，颗粒逐渐增大，有融合趋势；有的卵母细胞核膜消失，核区与细胞质区别明显；核仁数目多，体积减小；放射带逐
汕 内 州JN 人 学川1。｝，顾 卜。｝位 论 义
渐增厚，放射纹明显；滤泡层分为2层，ghjki分小颗粒细胞，外层分介鞘膜纠l胞。
超微结构显示：第1时相，卵原细胞’己圆彤，细胞核较人，核仁一个，山纤维中
心、致密纤维组分、颗粒组分组成；核内异染色质少，常染色质多；细胞质中有1－2
个核仁样体，线粒体数量少，其基质电＊密度低，峭个发达。第11时相，卵母细IM体
积增大，核仁数目增多，形态卜出现大小卜别。‘Hw：细胞质。。！。核仁样体增多，靠近
核膜，不被线粒体包围；光面内质网较多，糖原颗粒均匀分布；线粒体出现聚集现象。
中期：线粒体包围核仁样体。晚期：核仁样体山大变小，逐渐消失，纠删膜边缘）－I’始
）f＄成胞质突起。第＊时相，卵母细胞的细胞质形成大量突起，且越来越明显；I。P期：
放射带开始形成：滤泡细胞出现颗粒细胞和鞘膜细胞的分化，两种细胞超微结构有显
著差异。本文讨论了核仁外排物，生长环、液泡、卵黄颗粒、线粒体等在卵母细胞发
育过程的变化，圆口铜鱼生存环境、资源状况，比较了圆口铜鱼和铜鱼卵于发生的异
同等问题。
From Oct. 2001 to Oct. 2002, 165 Core/us guichenoti was collected in Ghangjiang River and the Jinsha River. The structure of oocyte of Core/us guichenoti was observed by means of ordinary anatomy, light microscope, transmission electron microscope. The results are as follows:
Core/us guichenoti has a pair of ovaries, which are located at the two sides of swim bladder and alimentary canal, and attach to the abdominal part of kidney. The two ovaries join together at the end, which lead to ureter by a very short oviduct. The ovary development is divided into stages I V according to the external feature, color, size, weight, SGD(sexual gland index), blood vessel's distribution, histological and cytobiological characters of oocyte. The present paper reports stages I -IV. As for the stage I , the ovary is relatively slim in the shape of thread. During the stage II, the volume of the ovary gets bigger in the shape of "V". There is no blood vessel and it can be separated from kidney by means of Bouin's liquid. In the stage III, we can see red because of the distribution of blood vessel, and we also can see leaves shape by means of fixation. Since oocyte does not fill the ovary during the early period of this stage, we can see the transparent ovary membrane. With the development of oocyte
, the ovary is filled by oocyte. As for the stage IV, we can clearly see oocyte. Blood vessel distributes on the ovary, which gets in the shape of bag. During the early period of this stage, the ovary is caesious and attaches to each other while their color turns gold by separated ways. The oogenesis also can be divided into phrases I - V according to the following characters: the size of oocyte, the number and volum of nucleolus, the change of karyoplasm and karyothec, the appearance and change of yolk nucleolus in cytoplasm, the distribution of granulose cell, vacuole, and yolk granule as well as the histological traits of the components and change of follicle cell. This paper reports phrases I -IV. As for the phrase I : oogania are close to each other and distribute in groups. Most of the cells are round with one nucleolus which is prone to absorbing alkali and has the big ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm. In the phrase II, the distinctive traits are as follows: oocyte goes into the small growth stage; the n
umber and volume of oocyte get bigger and bigger; the ovarian wall forms spawning plates which comes to
fill the ovary cavity. In the course of early period of this stage, the karyon forms into beads-like shape, and its plasma is the silk shape. The number of nucleolus gets bigger; follicular cells begin to scatter around the oocytes, and oogonia still take a remarkable proportion. In the middle period of the phrase II, loop of growth helps to form the different chromatin area. With the development of oocytes, loop of growth also developes till disappears. When yolk vacuole appears on the verge of cytoplasma, the development of oocytes goes into the phrase III. As for the phrase III, the vacuole extends to the area of nucleolus till it fill cytoplasm; the yolk granules extend with the movement of vacuole. The yolk granules have different morphological structure in different areas; the big nucleolus are different from those little ones, and there is also excluding phenomenon of karyoplasm. The ability of absorbing acid of cytoplasm becomes stronger. Cytoplasm only appears in the area of cortical layer. The vacuole and yolk granules are filled in the cytoplasm; in the middle period of this phrase, zone radiata appears; there are many capillaries appear among the oocytes; follicular cells increase and form one layer flat follicle cells. As for the phrase IV, vacuole begins to degenerate and its number decreases, while yolk granules begin to fill the cytoplasm. Yolk granule has the tendency to conjugate together; some nucleolus membrane disappears and diffuses into cytoplasm; there are many nucleolus in small volume, zone radiata gets thicker and its channel become very apparent; follicular layer differentiate into two layers. The
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