基于生物特征的身份认证技术研究
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摘要
随着人们对社会安全要求的增加,基于生物特征的身份识别方法逐渐受到广泛的关注。生物特征识别系统中图像的预处理算法和嵌入式的生物识别系统是当前生物特征识别领域研究的热点问题。本文对掌纹和虹膜识别系统中的图像预处理问题进行了研究,并对嵌入式掌纹识别系统进行了探讨。本文的主要工作如下:
1、针对掌纹识别系统中图像预处理的难点问题,提出了一种快速鲁棒的掌纹图像预处理算法,首先对掌纹图像进行二值化处理,根据几何矩计算手掌的朝向,再进行形态学滤波得到特征提取区域的位置。针对虹膜识别系统中图像预处理的难点问题,提出了一种基于虹膜光斑的虹膜快速定位算法,首先由虹膜光斑给出的信息粗定位虹膜区域,再使用活动圆模板对虹膜边缘进行精定位。
2、阐述了当今虹膜识别系统中使用的排序测度特征的思想,实现了中科院自动化研究所孙哲南博士提出的基于排序测度特征的掌纹特征提取算法,讨论了其在嵌入式系统中应用的可能性。
3、设计了基于ARM9处理器的嵌入式掌纹识别系统的硬件平台,移植了Linux操作系统,开发了ZC0301摄像头芯片驱动及基于Video for Linux的掌纹图像采集程序,开发了基于QT/Embedded的嵌入式掌纹识别系统软件。
With the increasing requirements for security, biometrics based personal identification methods have received extensive attention.Recently, image pre-processing and embedded personal identification system are becoming an active topic in biometrics.This thesis takes a research on the image pre-processing algorithm and discusses the plamprint identification system based on embedded system.
The main contributions of this thesis are summarized as follows:
1、The diffcult problems in image pre-processing algorithm of the plamprint and iris identification system are discussed.A new algorithm based on inertia moment is proposed to locate the palm.First,calculate the orientation of the palm using inertia moment in the binarization image;then locate the palm through morphological filter.A novel iris coarse localization algorithm is proposed to assist the subsequent precise localization. First, a spot-search kernel is developed to locate all the light spots in the iris image;then the approximate center of the pupil is estimated.
2、Introduce the idea of ordinal feature which is using in the state-of-the-art iris recogniton system. The algorithm is implemented on the palmprint recognition system which is proposed by Dr Zhenan Sun.
3、A palmprint verification system based on ARM9 embedded system is designed.By virtue of embedded Linux transplanted to ARM, device drivers and applications for USB camera module and palmprint image acquisition program are developed.
1、针对掌纹识别系统中图像预处理的难点问题,提出了一种快速鲁棒的掌纹图像预处理算法,首先对掌纹图像进行二值化处理,根据几何矩计算手掌的朝向,再进行形态学滤波得到特征提取区域的位置。针对虹膜识别系统中图像预处理的难点问题,提出了一种基于虹膜光斑的虹膜快速定位算法,首先由虹膜光斑给出的信息粗定位虹膜区域,再使用活动圆模板对虹膜边缘进行精定位。
2、阐述了当今虹膜识别系统中使用的排序测度特征的思想,实现了中科院自动化研究所孙哲南博士提出的基于排序测度特征的掌纹特征提取算法,讨论了其在嵌入式系统中应用的可能性。
3、设计了基于ARM9处理器的嵌入式掌纹识别系统的硬件平台,移植了Linux操作系统,开发了ZC0301摄像头芯片驱动及基于Video for Linux的掌纹图像采集程序,开发了基于QT/Embedded的嵌入式掌纹识别系统软件。
With the increasing requirements for security, biometrics based personal identification methods have received extensive attention.Recently, image pre-processing and embedded personal identification system are becoming an active topic in biometrics.This thesis takes a research on the image pre-processing algorithm and discusses the plamprint identification system based on embedded system.
The main contributions of this thesis are summarized as follows:
1、The diffcult problems in image pre-processing algorithm of the plamprint and iris identification system are discussed.A new algorithm based on inertia moment is proposed to locate the palm.First,calculate the orientation of the palm using inertia moment in the binarization image;then locate the palm through morphological filter.A novel iris coarse localization algorithm is proposed to assist the subsequent precise localization. First, a spot-search kernel is developed to locate all the light spots in the iris image;then the approximate center of the pupil is estimated.
2、Introduce the idea of ordinal feature which is using in the state-of-the-art iris recogniton system. The algorithm is implemented on the palmprint recognition system which is proposed by Dr Zhenan Sun.
3、A palmprint verification system based on ARM9 embedded system is designed.By virtue of embedded Linux transplanted to ARM, device drivers and applications for USB camera module and palmprint image acquisition program are developed.
引文
[1] A.K.Jain, R. Bolle, S. Pankanti, Biometrics: Personal Identification in a Networked Society, Kluwer, Norwell, 1999.
[2] N Duta,A.K Jain,KV Mardia,Matching of palmprints, Pattern Recognition letters,2002,23[4]: 477-485.
[3] D.Zhang, Automated Biometrics-Technologies and Systems,Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
[4] Stan Z. Li ,Anil K. Jain. Handbook of Face Recognition,Berlin,Springer, 2005.
[5] J. Daugman, High Confidence Visual Recognition of Persons by a Test of Statistical Independence, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1993, 15(11):1148-1161.
[6] R. Wildes, Iris Recognition: An Emerging Biometric Technology, Proceedings of the IEEE, 1997 ,vol. 85,1348-1363.
[7] Li Ma, Tieniu Tan, Yunhong Wang,etal.,Personal Identification Based on Iris Texture Analysis,IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,2003, 25(12): 1519-1533.
[8] A.K.Jain, L. Hong, R. Bolle,On-line fingerprint verification,IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1997, 19(4): 302-314.
[9] D Zhang,W Kong,J You,Online Palmprint Identification,IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,2003,25(9):1041-1050.
[10]Sanchez-Reillo R,Sanchez-Avila C,Gonzalez-Marcos A,Biometric identification through hand geometry measurements,IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,2000,vol. 22:1168- 1171.
[11] Fujitsu-Laboratories-Ltd,Fujitsu Laboratories Develops Technology for World's First Contactless Palm Vein Pattern Biometric Authentication System, Online: http://pr.fujitsu.com/en/news/2003/03/31.html,March 31 2003
[12]VS. Nalwa,Automatic on-line signature verification,Proceedings of IEEE,1997, 85(2):215-239.
[13] L Wang, Tieniu Tan, W Hu,etal.,Automatic gait recognition based on statistical shapeanalysis. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2003,12(9):1120-1131.
[14] M Lockie,Hand-based Biometrics, Biometric Technology Today, July/August 2003,9-11.
[15] D. Zhang and W. Shu, Two Novel Characteristics in Palmprint Verification: Datum Point Invariance and Line Feature Matching,Pattern Recognition,1999,32(4):691-702.
[16] M Shiono, H Ishikawa, H Shimada,An experiment on personal identification for gate security using hand shape and palm-print,Transactions of the Institute of Electronics,Information and Communication Engineering D-II,1991,J74D-II(6):688～697
[17] Lixin Fan,Kah Kay Sung,Face Detection and Pose Alignment Using Color, Shape and Texture Information,Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Workshop on Visual Surveillance(VS'2000), 2000,Page: 19. [18 Paul S Wu,M Li,Pyramid edge detection based on stack filter,Pattern Recognition Letters, 1997, vol. 18:239-248.
[19] D Zhang,Wei Shu.Two novel characteristics in palmprintverification: Datum pointing variance and line feature matching,Pattern Recognition,1999,vol. 32:691-70.
[20]黎明,严超华,刘高航,基于掌纹图像分析的身份识别系统,中国图像图形学报,2000, 5(2):134-137.
[21] W Li,D Zhang,Z Xu,J You,Texture-based approach to palmprint Retrieval for personal identification,Proceedings of SPIE,2000,43(15):415-420.
[22] J You,W Li,D Zhang,Hierarchical palmprint identification via multiple feature extraction, Pattern Recognition,2002,35(4):847-859.
[23]张泽,束为,荣钢,基于乳突纹方向特性的掌纹自动分类方法,清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(9):1222-122。
[24] C Han,H Chen,C Lin,etal.,Personal authentication using palm-print features,Pattern Recognition,2003,36(2):371-381.
[25] W Kong,D Zhang,WLi,Palmprint feature extraction using2-D Gabor filters,Pattern Recognition,2003,vol. 36:2339-2347.
[26] W K Kong,D Zhang,Palmprint texture analysis based on low-resolution images for personal authentication,IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition,2002,vol. 3:807-810.
[27] X Wu, D Zhang, K Wang,etal., Palmprint Classification Using Principal Lines,Pattern Recognition,2004, 37(10):1987-1998,.
[28] G Lu, D Zhang and K Wang, Palmprint Recognition Using Eigenpalms Features,PatternRecognition Letters,2003,24(9):1463-1467,
[29] X Q Wu, D Zhang and K K Wang,Fisherpalms based palmprint recognition,Pattern Recognition Letters,2003, 24(15):2829-2838.
[30] Tee Connie, Andrew Teoh Beng Jin, Michael Goh Kah Ong ,etal.,An automated palmprint recognition system, Image and Vision Computing,1 May 2005,23(5):501-515.
[31] W Li, D Zhang, and Z Xu, Palmprint Identification by Fourier Transform,International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence,2002., vol. 16(4):417-432.
[32] W K Kong and D Zhang, Feature-Level Fusion for Effective Palmprint Authentication, Proc. of the 1st International Conference on Biometric Authentication, 2004, LNCS 3072:761-767,.
[33] W K Kong and D Zhang, Competitive Coding Scheme for Palmprint Verification, Proc of the 17th ICPR,2004, vol.1:520-523.
[34] Zhenan Sun,Tieniu Tan,Yunhong Wang,etal.,Ordinal Palmprint Representation for Personal Identification. San Diego, CA, Proc. of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol. 1:279–284.
[35] CASIA IRIS Database 2.0, http://www.cbsr.ia.ac.cn/Databases%20CH.htm.
[36] MMU IRIS Database, http://pesona.mmu.edu.my/~ccteo/.
[37]戴青云,余英林,张大鹏,掌纹身份识别系统中的定位分割技术,广东工业大学学报,2002年3月,19(1):1-6。
[38]胜雄,张大鹏,许卓群,基于主线特征的双向匹配的掌纹识别新方法,计算机研究与发展,2004年6月,6(41):996-1002。
[39] XiangQian Wu, KuanQuan Wang, D Zhang,An Approach to Line Feature Representation and Matching for Palmprint Recognition,Journal of Software,June 2004,15(6):869-880
[40] A.K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1989.
[41] UST Hand Image Database,http://visgraph.cs.ust. hk/biometrics/Visgraph_web/index.html.
[42] J Jones,L Palmer,An evaluation of the two dimensional Gabor filter model of simplereceptive fields in cat striate cortex, Journal of Neurophysiology, 1987:1233-1258.
[43] Duane G. Albrecht,David B. Hamilton,Striate cortex of the monkey and cat: Contrastresponse function, Journal of Neuroscience,1982, 48(1):217–237.
[44] G.C. DeAngelis, I. Ohzawa, R.D. Freeman, Spatiotemporal Organization of Simple-Cell Receptive Fields in the Cat’s Striate Cortex. I. General Characteristics and Postnatal Development,Journal of Neurophysiology, 1993, 69(4):1091–1117,.
[45] Anzai, M A Bearse, R D Freeman, D Cai, Contrast coding by cells in the cat’s striate cortex: monocular vs. binocular detection, 1995, Visual Neuroscience, Vol. 12:77–93.
[46] P. Sinha, Qualitative Representations for Recognition, Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures, Berlin,Springer,2002, vol. 2525:249-262.
[47] J. Sadr, S. Mukherjee, K. Thoresz, etal., The Fidelity of Local Ordinal Encoding, T. Dietterich, S. Becker, and Z. Ghahramani ,Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002.
[48] K.J. Thoresz,Qualitative Representations for Recognition, Master Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002.
[49] PolyU Palmprint Database, http://www.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~biometrics/.
[50] J.G.Daugman, Biometric Personal Identification Systems Based on Iris Analysis, U.S.Patent No.529156,1994. [51 ]J.G.Daugman, How Iris Recognition Works, IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2004,14(1):21-30.
[52] ARM Limited, ARM920T(Rev 1) Technical Reference Manual.2000.
[53] Samsung Electronics Co.Ltd,S3C2440 32-Bit RISC Microprocessor User’s Manual (Revision 1),2004.
[54] Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd,64M 8Bit NAND Flash Memory K9F1208U0M-YCB0,2001
[55] National Semiconductor,LM2586S,Simple Switcher 150KHz 3A,2002.
[56] Linear Technology,LT1086,1.5A Low Dropout Position Regulator,1988.
[57] Linear Technology,LTC3404EMS8,1.4MHz High Efficiency Monolithic Synchronous Step-Down Regulator, 2000
[58] Maxim,MAX708TESA,+3V Voltage Monitoring,Low-Cost,Up Supervisory Circuits,Rev 3,2001.
[59] Test Technology Standards Committee of IEEE Computer Society,IEEE Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture, 2001
[60] Cirrus Logic Inc, Crystal LAN ISA Ethernet Controller CS8900A, 2001.
[61] Hynix Semiconductor Inc, 4 Banks 4M 16Bit CMOS SDRAM HY57V561620, 2003
[62] Silicon Storage Technology Inc, 16 Mbit (x16) Multi-Purpose Flash SST39VF160,2002.
[63] Vimicro Corporation,ZC0301 VGA & CIF USB PC Camera Controller,2002.
[64]王学龙,嵌入式Linux系统设计与应用,北京,清华大学出版社,2001
[65] A Kumar, DCM Wong, HC Shen, AK Jain, Personal verification using palmprint and hand geometry biometric, Lecture Notes in Computer Science:Audio- andVideo-Based Biometric Person Authentication, Berlin,Springer,2003.
[66] Alan Cox,Video4Linux Programming,2000
[2] N Duta,A.K Jain,KV Mardia,Matching of palmprints, Pattern Recognition letters,2002,23[4]: 477-485.
[3] D.Zhang, Automated Biometrics-Technologies and Systems,Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
[4] Stan Z. Li ,Anil K. Jain. Handbook of Face Recognition,Berlin,Springer, 2005.
[5] J. Daugman, High Confidence Visual Recognition of Persons by a Test of Statistical Independence, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1993, 15(11):1148-1161.
[6] R. Wildes, Iris Recognition: An Emerging Biometric Technology, Proceedings of the IEEE, 1997 ,vol. 85,1348-1363.
[7] Li Ma, Tieniu Tan, Yunhong Wang,etal.,Personal Identification Based on Iris Texture Analysis,IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,2003, 25(12): 1519-1533.
[8] A.K.Jain, L. Hong, R. Bolle,On-line fingerprint verification,IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,1997, 19(4): 302-314.
[9] D Zhang,W Kong,J You,Online Palmprint Identification,IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,2003,25(9):1041-1050.
[10]Sanchez-Reillo R,Sanchez-Avila C,Gonzalez-Marcos A,Biometric identification through hand geometry measurements,IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,2000,vol. 22:1168- 1171.
[11] Fujitsu-Laboratories-Ltd,Fujitsu Laboratories Develops Technology for World's First Contactless Palm Vein Pattern Biometric Authentication System, Online: http://pr.fujitsu.com/en/news/2003/03/31.html,March 31 2003
[12]VS. Nalwa,Automatic on-line signature verification,Proceedings of IEEE,1997, 85(2):215-239.
[13] L Wang, Tieniu Tan, W Hu,etal.,Automatic gait recognition based on statistical shapeanalysis. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,2003,12(9):1120-1131.
[14] M Lockie,Hand-based Biometrics, Biometric Technology Today, July/August 2003,9-11.
[15] D. Zhang and W. Shu, Two Novel Characteristics in Palmprint Verification: Datum Point Invariance and Line Feature Matching,Pattern Recognition,1999,32(4):691-702.
[16] M Shiono, H Ishikawa, H Shimada,An experiment on personal identification for gate security using hand shape and palm-print,Transactions of the Institute of Electronics,Information and Communication Engineering D-II,1991,J74D-II(6):688～697
[17] Lixin Fan,Kah Kay Sung,Face Detection and Pose Alignment Using Color, Shape and Texture Information,Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Workshop on Visual Surveillance(VS'2000), 2000,Page: 19. [18 Paul S Wu,M Li,Pyramid edge detection based on stack filter,Pattern Recognition Letters, 1997, vol. 18:239-248.
[19] D Zhang,Wei Shu.Two novel characteristics in palmprintverification: Datum pointing variance and line feature matching,Pattern Recognition,1999,vol. 32:691-70.
[20]黎明,严超华,刘高航,基于掌纹图像分析的身份识别系统,中国图像图形学报,2000, 5(2):134-137.
[21] W Li,D Zhang,Z Xu,J You,Texture-based approach to palmprint Retrieval for personal identification,Proceedings of SPIE,2000,43(15):415-420.
[22] J You,W Li,D Zhang,Hierarchical palmprint identification via multiple feature extraction, Pattern Recognition,2002,35(4):847-859.
[23]张泽,束为,荣钢,基于乳突纹方向特性的掌纹自动分类方法,清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002,42(9):1222-122。
[24] C Han,H Chen,C Lin,etal.,Personal authentication using palm-print features,Pattern Recognition,2003,36(2):371-381.
[25] W Kong,D Zhang,WLi,Palmprint feature extraction using2-D Gabor filters,Pattern Recognition,2003,vol. 36:2339-2347.
[26] W K Kong,D Zhang,Palmprint texture analysis based on low-resolution images for personal authentication,IEEE International Conference on Pattern Recognition,2002,vol. 3:807-810.
[27] X Wu, D Zhang, K Wang,etal., Palmprint Classification Using Principal Lines,Pattern Recognition,2004, 37(10):1987-1998,.
[28] G Lu, D Zhang and K Wang, Palmprint Recognition Using Eigenpalms Features,PatternRecognition Letters,2003,24(9):1463-1467,
[29] X Q Wu, D Zhang and K K Wang,Fisherpalms based palmprint recognition,Pattern Recognition Letters,2003, 24(15):2829-2838.
[30] Tee Connie, Andrew Teoh Beng Jin, Michael Goh Kah Ong ,etal.,An automated palmprint recognition system, Image and Vision Computing,1 May 2005,23(5):501-515.
[31] W Li, D Zhang, and Z Xu, Palmprint Identification by Fourier Transform,International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence,2002., vol. 16(4):417-432.
[32] W K Kong and D Zhang, Feature-Level Fusion for Effective Palmprint Authentication, Proc. of the 1st International Conference on Biometric Authentication, 2004, LNCS 3072:761-767,.
[33] W K Kong and D Zhang, Competitive Coding Scheme for Palmprint Verification, Proc of the 17th ICPR,2004, vol.1:520-523.
[34] Zhenan Sun,Tieniu Tan,Yunhong Wang,etal.,Ordinal Palmprint Representation for Personal Identification. San Diego, CA, Proc. of IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, vol. 1:279–284.
[35] CASIA IRIS Database 2.0, http://www.cbsr.ia.ac.cn/Databases%20CH.htm.
[36] MMU IRIS Database, http://pesona.mmu.edu.my/~ccteo/.
[37]戴青云,余英林,张大鹏,掌纹身份识别系统中的定位分割技术,广东工业大学学报,2002年3月,19(1):1-6。
[38]胜雄,张大鹏,许卓群,基于主线特征的双向匹配的掌纹识别新方法,计算机研究与发展,2004年6月,6(41):996-1002。
[39] XiangQian Wu, KuanQuan Wang, D Zhang,An Approach to Line Feature Representation and Matching for Palmprint Recognition,Journal of Software,June 2004,15(6):869-880
[40] A.K. Jain, Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall Inc., 1989.
[41] UST Hand Image Database,http://visgraph.cs.ust. hk/biometrics/Visgraph_web/index.html.
[42] J Jones,L Palmer,An evaluation of the two dimensional Gabor filter model of simplereceptive fields in cat striate cortex, Journal of Neurophysiology, 1987:1233-1258.
[43] Duane G. Albrecht,David B. Hamilton,Striate cortex of the monkey and cat: Contrastresponse function, Journal of Neuroscience,1982, 48(1):217–237.
[44] G.C. DeAngelis, I. Ohzawa, R.D. Freeman, Spatiotemporal Organization of Simple-Cell Receptive Fields in the Cat’s Striate Cortex. I. General Characteristics and Postnatal Development,Journal of Neurophysiology, 1993, 69(4):1091–1117,.
[45] Anzai, M A Bearse, R D Freeman, D Cai, Contrast coding by cells in the cat’s striate cortex: monocular vs. binocular detection, 1995, Visual Neuroscience, Vol. 12:77–93.
[46] P. Sinha, Qualitative Representations for Recognition, Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures, Berlin,Springer,2002, vol. 2525:249-262.
[47] J. Sadr, S. Mukherjee, K. Thoresz, etal., The Fidelity of Local Ordinal Encoding, T. Dietterich, S. Becker, and Z. Ghahramani ,Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2002.
[48] K.J. Thoresz,Qualitative Representations for Recognition, Master Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002.
[49] PolyU Palmprint Database, http://www.comp.polyu.edu.hk/~biometrics/.
[50] J.G.Daugman, Biometric Personal Identification Systems Based on Iris Analysis, U.S.Patent No.529156,1994. [51 ]J.G.Daugman, How Iris Recognition Works, IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2004,14(1):21-30.
[52] ARM Limited, ARM920T(Rev 1) Technical Reference Manual.2000.
[53] Samsung Electronics Co.Ltd,S3C2440 32-Bit RISC Microprocessor User’s Manual (Revision 1),2004.
[54] Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd,64M 8Bit NAND Flash Memory K9F1208U0M-YCB0,2001
[55] National Semiconductor,LM2586S,Simple Switcher 150KHz 3A,2002.
[56] Linear Technology,LT1086,1.5A Low Dropout Position Regulator,1988.
[57] Linear Technology,LTC3404EMS8,1.4MHz High Efficiency Monolithic Synchronous Step-Down Regulator, 2000
[58] Maxim,MAX708TESA,+3V Voltage Monitoring,Low-Cost,Up Supervisory Circuits,Rev 3,2001.
[59] Test Technology Standards Committee of IEEE Computer Society,IEEE Standard Test Access Port and Boundary-Scan Architecture, 2001
[60] Cirrus Logic Inc, Crystal LAN ISA Ethernet Controller CS8900A, 2001.
[61] Hynix Semiconductor Inc, 4 Banks 4M 16Bit CMOS SDRAM HY57V561620, 2003
[62] Silicon Storage Technology Inc, 16 Mbit (x16) Multi-Purpose Flash SST39VF160,2002.
[63] Vimicro Corporation,ZC0301 VGA & CIF USB PC Camera Controller,2002.
[64]王学龙,嵌入式Linux系统设计与应用,北京,清华大学出版社,2001
[65] A Kumar, DCM Wong, HC Shen, AK Jain, Personal verification using palmprint and hand geometry biometric, Lecture Notes in Computer Science:Audio- andVideo-Based Biometric Person Authentication, Berlin,Springer,2003.
[66] Alan Cox,Video4Linux Programming,2000