西南岩溶山区汇水条件及其对越岭隧道涌突水的控制作用
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摘要
在碳酸盐岩广泛分布的中国西南地区,穿越碳酸盐岩地层的铁路隧道大多数都不同程度的遭遇岩溶突水、突泥灾害,隧道工程所面临的这些主要工程地质问题与区域气候特征、地层岩性、地质构造、地形地貌等因素相关。其中,岩溶山区的地形地貌是影响岩溶发育、控制岩溶隧道涌突水的重要因素之一,它主要控制着区内岩溶水的汇水条件。
本文以西南岩溶山区为研究对象,以岩溶地貌的形态划分为基础,结合大量的工程实例,研究西南地区最为典型的五类岩溶地貌形态的汇水特征及其对岩溶水补径排条件的影响,并进一步结合西南地区的隧道实例,研究地形地貌对隧道涌突水的控制作用。论文工作所取得的主要研究成果如下:
(1)对岩溶地貌按形态进行类型划分,主要划分为正负地形组合和斜坡两大类汇水地貌。正负地形组合地貌又细化为封闭型汇水地貌、半封闭型汇水地貌和开启型汇水地貌,斜坡细化为沟谷切割型斜坡和完整斜坡。
(2)以岩溶地貌类型划分为基础,以岩溶地貌汇水形态为重点,结合大量的工程实例分类分析,展开对典型岩溶地貌形态的汇水特征分析,揭示了各种岩溶地貌形态降水入渗系数的取值范围及其对岩溶水补径排条件的影响。其中,以封闭型汇水结构形态为主的峰丛洼地地貌汇水条件最好,降雨入渗系数在0.6以上,而属于开启型汇水结构形态的完整斜坡汇水条件最差,降雨入渗系数通常小于0.3。
(3)结合西南地区岩溶隧道工程实例,分析了隧道区地形地貌对岩溶发育的影响,包括水文网发育特征、地形坡度、地表岩溶形态及其分布等因素对岩溶发育的影响。探讨了地形地貌对隧道突水来源的控制,揭示了地形地貌,尤其汇水地貌形态是隧道发生涌突水的重要影响因素,最后总结了岩溶隧道涌突水的主要防治原则及应采取的主要防治措施。
In southwest china where carbonate rocks distribute widely, the tunnel through carbonate rocks all occur karst water and mud bursting different degree. There is close relation between climatic characteristics, formation lithology, geological structure , topography and geomorphology with the problem of engineering geology in tunnel project. Topography and geomorphology are important factors to influent karst development and control tunnel karst water bursting, which control karst groundwater catchment.
This thesis taking karst region in southweat china as study object, basing on karst geomorphology shapes and types classification, combining with lots of engineering examples, we research the most five typical karst geomorphology shape’water catchment and drainage in southweat china. and that influences on the situation of karst supplied. Furthermore, combining with tunnel examples, research the topography and geomorphology control on tunnel karst water bursting. The main results are as follows:
(1)It divides to types according to collecting form .The compound feature of plus and minus configuration also can divides into enclosed catchment feature、semi-enclosed catchment feature and opening catchment feature detailedly,slope can divides into ravinated slope and integrated slope.
(2)It study with the characteristic of water draining and catchment divideing by karst feature type. taking the most typical karst geomorphology shape as emphasis, this thesis analyzes karst groundwater catchment and drainage features about each karst geomorphology shape. Combining with many engineering examples, it is to confirm the value range of precipitation recharge coefficient, and to conclude karst groundwater supplyment, catchment and drainage.the rainfall infiltration factor is above 0.6.However,integrated slope which belongs to opening catchment configuration is the worst, the drainage.the rainfall infiltration factor is below 0.3.
(3) Combining with tunnel examples in southwest china, this thesis analyzes topography and geomorphology influent on karst development and control on tunnel karst water bursting. It further concluding topography and geomorphology control on karst groundwater catchment and drainage. It reveal that topography and geomorphology are important factors to influent karst water bursting in tunnel. Finally, it makes some prevented principles and measures for tunnel water bursting.
本文以西南岩溶山区为研究对象,以岩溶地貌的形态划分为基础,结合大量的工程实例,研究西南地区最为典型的五类岩溶地貌形态的汇水特征及其对岩溶水补径排条件的影响,并进一步结合西南地区的隧道实例,研究地形地貌对隧道涌突水的控制作用。论文工作所取得的主要研究成果如下:
(1)对岩溶地貌按形态进行类型划分,主要划分为正负地形组合和斜坡两大类汇水地貌。正负地形组合地貌又细化为封闭型汇水地貌、半封闭型汇水地貌和开启型汇水地貌,斜坡细化为沟谷切割型斜坡和完整斜坡。
(2)以岩溶地貌类型划分为基础,以岩溶地貌汇水形态为重点,结合大量的工程实例分类分析,展开对典型岩溶地貌形态的汇水特征分析,揭示了各种岩溶地貌形态降水入渗系数的取值范围及其对岩溶水补径排条件的影响。其中,以封闭型汇水结构形态为主的峰丛洼地地貌汇水条件最好,降雨入渗系数在0.6以上,而属于开启型汇水结构形态的完整斜坡汇水条件最差,降雨入渗系数通常小于0.3。
(3)结合西南地区岩溶隧道工程实例,分析了隧道区地形地貌对岩溶发育的影响,包括水文网发育特征、地形坡度、地表岩溶形态及其分布等因素对岩溶发育的影响。探讨了地形地貌对隧道突水来源的控制,揭示了地形地貌,尤其汇水地貌形态是隧道发生涌突水的重要影响因素,最后总结了岩溶隧道涌突水的主要防治原则及应采取的主要防治措施。
In southwest china where carbonate rocks distribute widely, the tunnel through carbonate rocks all occur karst water and mud bursting different degree. There is close relation between climatic characteristics, formation lithology, geological structure , topography and geomorphology with the problem of engineering geology in tunnel project. Topography and geomorphology are important factors to influent karst development and control tunnel karst water bursting, which control karst groundwater catchment.
This thesis taking karst region in southweat china as study object, basing on karst geomorphology shapes and types classification, combining with lots of engineering examples, we research the most five typical karst geomorphology shape’water catchment and drainage in southweat china. and that influences on the situation of karst supplied. Furthermore, combining with tunnel examples, research the topography and geomorphology control on tunnel karst water bursting. The main results are as follows:
(1)It divides to types according to collecting form .The compound feature of plus and minus configuration also can divides into enclosed catchment feature、semi-enclosed catchment feature and opening catchment feature detailedly,slope can divides into ravinated slope and integrated slope.
(2)It study with the characteristic of water draining and catchment divideing by karst feature type. taking the most typical karst geomorphology shape as emphasis, this thesis analyzes karst groundwater catchment and drainage features about each karst geomorphology shape. Combining with many engineering examples, it is to confirm the value range of precipitation recharge coefficient, and to conclude karst groundwater supplyment, catchment and drainage.the rainfall infiltration factor is above 0.6.However,integrated slope which belongs to opening catchment configuration is the worst, the drainage.the rainfall infiltration factor is below 0.3.
(3) Combining with tunnel examples in southwest china, this thesis analyzes topography and geomorphology influent on karst development and control on tunnel karst water bursting. It further concluding topography and geomorphology control on karst groundwater catchment and drainage. It reveal that topography and geomorphology are important factors to influent karst water bursting in tunnel. Finally, it makes some prevented principles and measures for tunnel water bursting.
引文
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[6] M.M.Sweeting and Bao Haosheng.Study on karst in China from a world perspective.Carsologica Sinica (December 1990), 9(4):342-352
[7] Paul W. Williams,Derek C. Ford.Global distribution of carbonate rocks.Borntraeger, Berlin [u.a.], (2006)1-2
[8] Stephen R.H. Worthington and Derek C. Ford. Differences between hydrological and topographic watershed boundaries in carbonate aquifers.Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America (October 2007), 39(6):515
[9] Tony Waltham. The origin and form of cave systems.Studies in Speleology (2006), 14 59-65
[10] W. H. Monroe. Caves and canyons in the karst belt of northern Puerto Rico.Zeitschrift fuer Geomorphologie. Supplementband (1979), (32):21-24
[11] William B. White.Kinetic and mass transport effects in the development of karstic drainage systems; the transition from fracture to conduit permeability.Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America (August 1980), 12(7):548
[12] William B. White.Models for karst processes. old and new paradigms.Geo (super 2) (1988), 15(1-3):34
[13] William Back, Janet S. Herman, and Henri Paloc.Hydrogeology of selected karst regions.International Contributions to Hydrogeology (1992), 13 493 pp.
[14]程建铝,宋战平.喀斯特地区铁路隧道工程地质灾害研究初探[J].水利与建筑工程学报. 2006(03): 18-21
[15]车用太.中国的喀斯特[M].北京:地质出版社, 1985
[16]陈传友,西南水资源开发战略研究[M],北京:中国科学技术出版社, 1991
[17]陈灿荣,王光明.道县岩溶地貌的分类及其形成过程[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报, 1984,(01) 1
[18]陈宏峰,夏日元,梁彬.鄂西齐岳山地区岩溶发育特征及其对隧道涌水的影响[J].中国岩溶, 2003(04)
[19]陈力,刘青泉.坡面降雨入渗产流规律的数值模拟研究[J].泥沙研究, 2001(04)
[20]曹建华,袁道先等.受地质条件制约的中国西南岩溶生态系统[M].北京:地质出版社, 2005
[21]邓谊明,杜文山.齐岳山隧道德胜场槽谷暗河岩溶水文地质问题[J].铁道工程学报, 2005(02)
[22]何宇彬.试论喀斯特水动力剖面模式[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报, 1994(01) .
[23]黄润秋,王士天,张倬元等.中国西南地壳浅表层动力学过程及其工程环境效应研究[M].成都:四川大学出版社, 2001
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