AAL2关键技术的研究
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摘要
出于经济方面的考虑，人们对用一个综合业务网同时承载数据业务和话音业务的兴趣日益浓厚。与传统的电路交换方式的话音相比，在相同的输出链路速率下，用分组网络承载话音业务可以接入更多的话音呼叫；除了话音业务外，分组网络还能承载数据、视频等其它业务，为用户终端提供更多的业务支持。这些优点都促进了分组话音技术的发展。与其它网络技术相比，ATM承载话音业务有其独特的优势。在ATM适配层技术中，AAL2可以更有效地承载窄带实时可变比特率业务，代表着用ATM承载话音业务的发展方向，具有广阔的应用前景。目前，针对AAL2技术的研究已成为分组话音技术研究的重点。
本文在消化现有理论研究成果的基础上，针对AAL2分组话音复接器模型、带宽分配算法、AAL2话音分组缓冲器的容量和比特丢弃门限值的选取方法、AAL2分组话音系统信元装配时延、AAL2的设计与实现这六个方面做了系统深入的研究，取得相应研究成果。全文共分七章。
第一章介绍AAL2技术的基本概念和研究现状，概述本文的研究内容以及取得的研究成果。
第二章根据UAS模型基本原理研究无比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器的分组丢弃概率，推导出计算分组丢弃概率需用到的主要参数的计算公式。而后，提出话音业务到达率随系统状态变化的M'／D／1／K模型，并用此模型研究在输入端进行比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器性能，推导出分组丢弃概率、平均分组排队时延、每采样点平均比特数等主要性能指标的计算公式。通过将模型计算结果与仿真结果相比较证实M'／D／1／K模型可很好地描述在话音分组缓冲器的输入端进行比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器的性能。
第三章研究AAL2分组话音复接器带宽分配算法。提出并证明：对于无比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器，当ATM VC输出速率较高(即复接的话路数较多)时，按平均速率分配带宽基本上可以满足话音服务质量要求；适当降低带宽利用率，可以进一步改善话音质量。在上述结论的基础上，提出一种有效的带宽分配算法。该算法在保证话音业务服务质量要求得到满足的前提下，可根据ATM VC输出速率控制接入AAL2分组话音复接器中的话音源数，或当已知接入的话音源数时，确定ATM VC的输出速率。对于带比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器，按平均速率分配带宽完全满足话音服务质量要求，能获得较高的话音质量。
第四章研究AAL2话音分组缓冲器容量和比特丢弃门限值的确定方法。提出并证明：对于带比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器，当按平均速率分配带宽时，用话音分组的最大排队时延为9ms作为话音分组缓冲器容量的确定标准可很好地满足分组话音
n 摘要
服务质量要求。同时提出用话音分组为单位来表示话音分组缓冲器容量和比特丢弃门
限值，并推导出相应的确定算法。
第五章首先提出一种onoff话音源话音分组产生过程仿真算法。该仿真算法能将
多个话音源复接后的分组产生时刻用一维数组来表示。而后研究AALZ分组话音复接
器的信元装配时延。得出结论：在AALZ分组话音系统中，ATM信元装配时延由话音
源编码速率、分组占用时长和接入AALZ分组话音复接器中的话音源数确定。当话音
源采用 skb／s G．729编码时，可令信元装配定时器的时限值为 3ms；当话音源采用 32kb／s
G．726编码，分组占用时长为sins且接入的话音源数较多时，一般无需使用定时器。
第六章首先分析第三代移动通信系统无线接入网的特点和在无线接入网中引入
AALZ技术的原因。而后提出 AALZ分组发送控制模块和 AALZ分组接收控制模块的
设计与实现方案。AALZ分组发送控制模块支持将同一条ATM VC上的来自不同用户
的 AALZ分组装入 ATM信元载荷域中，形成完整的 ATM信元。当需要支持的 ATM VC
数量增加时，只需增加 AALZ分组发送控制模块，并将其进行简单的组合，即可灵活
地扩大容量，支持更多的用户。AALZ分组接收控制模块完成了从ATM信元中提取出
AALZ分组的功能。将AALZ分组接收控制模块与AALZ分接／交换控制模块组合，即
可完成AALZ分接和 AALZ交换功能。设计和实现了完成AALZ分组发送控制模块和
AALZ分组接收控制模块功能的单片FPGA芯片，芯片工作稳定，且达到预定要求。
第七章总结全文，并对未来的研究内容做出展望。
Driven by economics, people are interested in developing an integrated service network to carry both data and voice service. Compared with traditional circuit-switched mode, packet-switched mode can carry more voice calls when the transmission links are of the same bandwidth. Besides voice, packet-switched networks can also support data and video, and provide more services support for the end user. All these contribute to the rapid development of carrying voice over packet-switched networks. ATM has in principle several intrinsic
advantages over other networking technologies when it comes to voice. Among all the ATM adaptation layers, AAL2 can efficiently support low-bite-rate and delay-sensitive variable bit rate services, which is the most suitable technique for delivering voice over ATM. Delivering voice using AAL2 has received wide acceptance and much research interests.
Based on the AAL2 specifications and the previous academic research, this dissertation investigates the following subjects. These subjects include the models for the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer, the bandwidth allocation algorithm suitable to the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer, the AAL2 voice packet buffer queue and the bit dropping thresholds, the ATM cell assembly delay, and the implementation of AAL2. This dissertation consists of the following seven chapters.
Chapter one introduces the basic concepts of AAL2 and the current research status. Then it overviews the research contents carried out and the main achievements.
Chapter two analyzes the models for the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer. A set of computation formulae for some parameters are presented, which use the UAS model to accurately predict the packet loss ratio of the AAL2 packet multiplexer without bit dropping. Then an M'/D/l/K model is built on the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer with bit dropping at the input port. Its performance is also analyzed. Simulation results show that the M'/D/l/K model works well with the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer with bit dropping at the input port.
I.
Chapter three discusses the bandwidth allocation algorithm suitable to the AAL2 packet
voice multiplexer. A conclusion is drawn that bandwidth assignment on average rate can basically meet the quality of service requirements of AAL2 packet voice multiplexer without bit dropping if the ATM VC bandwidth is high. If the ATM VC bandwidth utilization is suitably reduced, we can further improve voice quality. Based on the above conclusion, a bandwidth allocation algorithm suitable to the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer is proposed. The algorithm can easily control the number of voice calls that can be multiplexed into the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer when the ATM VC bandwidth is given, or determine the ATM VC bandwidth if the voice calls multiplexed are known. As far as the AAL2 packet
iv
voice multiplexer with bit dropping is concerned, bandwidth assignment on average rate can well meet the quality of service requirements of packet voice and can result in good voice quality.
Chapter four investigates how to determine the AAL2 packet buffer size and the bit dropping thresholds. A conclusion is drawn that for the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer with bit dropping, the buffer size which corresponds to a delay budget of 9 ms is suffice to meet the quality, of service requirements of AAL2 packet voice if bandwidth assignment on average rate is applied. In addition, the author proposes to use the number of packets to represent the bit dropping thresholds with relevant computation formulae presented.
In chapter five, the simulation algorithm of voice packet generator for the on-off voice source model is given. The algorithm uses one dimension matrix to represent the arriving time of voice packets which are produced by multiple voice sources. Then the issues related to the cell assembly delay introduced by filling AAL2 packets from different users into the payloads of ATM cells are investigated. A conclusion is drawn that the cell assembly delay is affected by the voi
本文在消化现有理论研究成果的基础上，针对AAL2分组话音复接器模型、带宽分配算法、AAL2话音分组缓冲器的容量和比特丢弃门限值的选取方法、AAL2分组话音系统信元装配时延、AAL2的设计与实现这六个方面做了系统深入的研究，取得相应研究成果。全文共分七章。
第一章介绍AAL2技术的基本概念和研究现状，概述本文的研究内容以及取得的研究成果。
第二章根据UAS模型基本原理研究无比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器的分组丢弃概率，推导出计算分组丢弃概率需用到的主要参数的计算公式。而后，提出话音业务到达率随系统状态变化的M'／D／1／K模型，并用此模型研究在输入端进行比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器性能，推导出分组丢弃概率、平均分组排队时延、每采样点平均比特数等主要性能指标的计算公式。通过将模型计算结果与仿真结果相比较证实M'／D／1／K模型可很好地描述在话音分组缓冲器的输入端进行比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器的性能。
第三章研究AAL2分组话音复接器带宽分配算法。提出并证明：对于无比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器，当ATM VC输出速率较高(即复接的话路数较多)时，按平均速率分配带宽基本上可以满足话音服务质量要求；适当降低带宽利用率，可以进一步改善话音质量。在上述结论的基础上，提出一种有效的带宽分配算法。该算法在保证话音业务服务质量要求得到满足的前提下，可根据ATM VC输出速率控制接入AAL2分组话音复接器中的话音源数，或当已知接入的话音源数时，确定ATM VC的输出速率。对于带比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器，按平均速率分配带宽完全满足话音服务质量要求，能获得较高的话音质量。
第四章研究AAL2话音分组缓冲器容量和比特丢弃门限值的确定方法。提出并证明：对于带比特丢弃的AAL2分组话音复接器，当按平均速率分配带宽时，用话音分组的最大排队时延为9ms作为话音分组缓冲器容量的确定标准可很好地满足分组话音
n 摘要
服务质量要求。同时提出用话音分组为单位来表示话音分组缓冲器容量和比特丢弃门
限值，并推导出相应的确定算法。
第五章首先提出一种onoff话音源话音分组产生过程仿真算法。该仿真算法能将
多个话音源复接后的分组产生时刻用一维数组来表示。而后研究AALZ分组话音复接
器的信元装配时延。得出结论：在AALZ分组话音系统中，ATM信元装配时延由话音
源编码速率、分组占用时长和接入AALZ分组话音复接器中的话音源数确定。当话音
源采用 skb／s G．729编码时，可令信元装配定时器的时限值为 3ms；当话音源采用 32kb／s
G．726编码，分组占用时长为sins且接入的话音源数较多时，一般无需使用定时器。
第六章首先分析第三代移动通信系统无线接入网的特点和在无线接入网中引入
AALZ技术的原因。而后提出 AALZ分组发送控制模块和 AALZ分组接收控制模块的
设计与实现方案。AALZ分组发送控制模块支持将同一条ATM VC上的来自不同用户
的 AALZ分组装入 ATM信元载荷域中，形成完整的 ATM信元。当需要支持的 ATM VC
数量增加时，只需增加 AALZ分组发送控制模块，并将其进行简单的组合，即可灵活
地扩大容量，支持更多的用户。AALZ分组接收控制模块完成了从ATM信元中提取出
AALZ分组的功能。将AALZ分组接收控制模块与AALZ分接／交换控制模块组合，即
可完成AALZ分接和 AALZ交换功能。设计和实现了完成AALZ分组发送控制模块和
AALZ分组接收控制模块功能的单片FPGA芯片，芯片工作稳定，且达到预定要求。
第七章总结全文，并对未来的研究内容做出展望。
Driven by economics, people are interested in developing an integrated service network to carry both data and voice service. Compared with traditional circuit-switched mode, packet-switched mode can carry more voice calls when the transmission links are of the same bandwidth. Besides voice, packet-switched networks can also support data and video, and provide more services support for the end user. All these contribute to the rapid development of carrying voice over packet-switched networks. ATM has in principle several intrinsic
advantages over other networking technologies when it comes to voice. Among all the ATM adaptation layers, AAL2 can efficiently support low-bite-rate and delay-sensitive variable bit rate services, which is the most suitable technique for delivering voice over ATM. Delivering voice using AAL2 has received wide acceptance and much research interests.
Based on the AAL2 specifications and the previous academic research, this dissertation investigates the following subjects. These subjects include the models for the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer, the bandwidth allocation algorithm suitable to the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer, the AAL2 voice packet buffer queue and the bit dropping thresholds, the ATM cell assembly delay, and the implementation of AAL2. This dissertation consists of the following seven chapters.
Chapter one introduces the basic concepts of AAL2 and the current research status. Then it overviews the research contents carried out and the main achievements.
Chapter two analyzes the models for the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer. A set of computation formulae for some parameters are presented, which use the UAS model to accurately predict the packet loss ratio of the AAL2 packet multiplexer without bit dropping. Then an M'/D/l/K model is built on the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer with bit dropping at the input port. Its performance is also analyzed. Simulation results show that the M'/D/l/K model works well with the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer with bit dropping at the input port.
I.
Chapter three discusses the bandwidth allocation algorithm suitable to the AAL2 packet
voice multiplexer. A conclusion is drawn that bandwidth assignment on average rate can basically meet the quality of service requirements of AAL2 packet voice multiplexer without bit dropping if the ATM VC bandwidth is high. If the ATM VC bandwidth utilization is suitably reduced, we can further improve voice quality. Based on the above conclusion, a bandwidth allocation algorithm suitable to the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer is proposed. The algorithm can easily control the number of voice calls that can be multiplexed into the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer when the ATM VC bandwidth is given, or determine the ATM VC bandwidth if the voice calls multiplexed are known. As far as the AAL2 packet
iv
voice multiplexer with bit dropping is concerned, bandwidth assignment on average rate can well meet the quality of service requirements of packet voice and can result in good voice quality.
Chapter four investigates how to determine the AAL2 packet buffer size and the bit dropping thresholds. A conclusion is drawn that for the AAL2 packet voice multiplexer with bit dropping, the buffer size which corresponds to a delay budget of 9 ms is suffice to meet the quality, of service requirements of AAL2 packet voice if bandwidth assignment on average rate is applied. In addition, the author proposes to use the number of packets to represent the bit dropping thresholds with relevant computation formulae presented.
In chapter five, the simulation algorithm of voice packet generator for the on-off voice source model is given. The algorithm uses one dimension matrix to represent the arriving time of voice packets which are produced by multiple voice sources. Then the issues related to the cell assembly delay introduced by filling AAL2 packets from different users into the payloads of ATM cells are investigated. A conclusion is drawn that the cell assembly delay is affected by the voi
引文
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