基于带宽探测的Ad Hoc多径QoS路由协议研究
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摘要
无线Ad Hoc网络以其组网灵活、快捷等特点,在军事、应急等组网通信中具有广泛的应用前景,广受业界青睐。然而,Ad Hoc网络共享无线信道,无线资源十分有限,如何合理、高效使用紧缺的无线资源,提高网络传输性能,为高层业务提供QoS保障,一直是人们研究的热点。实时、准确探测网络中当前无线链路的状况是高效使用无线资源的前提。本文针对这一问题,对现有典型的Ad Hoc网络无线链路带宽探测算法进行了分析,在此基础上提出了一种较为准确的Ad Hoc网络无线链路带宽的探测算法,并结合Ad Hoc网络多路径策略,提出了一种基于无线链路带宽探测的Ad Hoc多路径QoS路由协议。具体研究内容如下:
(1)分析了影响Ad Hoc网络无线链路质量的因素,探讨了无线链路带宽的表示方法,对当前Ad Hoc无线链路带宽探测算法做了深入研究,分别从主动探测和被动探测两种角度,提出了基于捎带传输的PBBE链路带宽探测算法,以及基于信道空闲时间的LBE链路带宽探测算法,通过数学推导和仿真验证了PBBE算法和LBE算法都比基础算法有较大改进,同时,LBE算法比PBBE进一步提高了链路带宽探测的准确性。
(2)分析了无线Ad Hoc网络多路径的特点,以多路径路由协议AODVM为基础,着重比较分析了多路并行使用和备份路由的两种多路径使用策略,通过仿真分析得出了多路并行使用策略在Ad Hoc中没有优势的结论,从而选择实现相对简单的备份路由方式作为多路径的使用策略,为多径QoS路由协议的设计奠定基础。
(3)结合本文提出的无线链路带宽探测算法以及使用备份方式的多路径策略,以AODVM为基础进行改进,提出了一种新的基于链路探测的多路径QoS路由协议QB-AODVM。并通过仿真分析,验证了QB-AODVM协议具有良好的QoS性能。
本文的主要贡献在于提出了两种较准确Ad Hoc无线链路带宽探测算法,并将其中一种算法结合多路径路由协议应用于Ad Hoc网络QoS保障中,保证有带宽需求业务的QoS。为Ad Hoc网络QoS路由的研究提供了一种思路,并奠定了一定的研究基础。
Wireless Ad Hoc Network has a broad application prospect in the military and emergency network communication because of its flexible and easy to construction characteristic. However, Ad Hoc networks use shared wireless channel, the resources are limited, how to use the scarce wireless resources more effectively to improve network performance, and how to provide QoS for high-level services, has been a research hotspot. The premise of efficient use of wireless resources is to estimate the wireless link status in time and accurately. This paper analyzed the existing Ad Hoc networks bandwidth estimation algorithm, proposed a accurate estimation algorithm, combined with Ad Hoc network multi-path routing strategy, proposed a wireless bandwidth estimation based Ad Hoc multi-path QoS routing protocol. Specific studies are as follows:
(1) This paper analyzed the factor that impact the quality of Ad Hoc network link and the presentation of Ad Hoc network bandwidth, studied the existing active and passive estimation method as a basis for improvement, proposed a piggyback based PBBE bandwidth estimation algorithm, this paper also proposed a idle time based LBE algorithm as improvement. Through mathematical derivation and simulation proved that this algorithm further improved the estimation accuracy compared with PBBE.
(2) After the analysis of the characteristics of Ad Hoc multi-path routing protocols, this paper focused on the comparing of parallel transmit strategy and backup strategy based on AODVM, and obtained the conclusion that there is no advantage with parallel strategy in Ad Hoc networks. This conclusion is the foundation for multi-path QoS routing protocol design.
(3) This paper also combined the wireless link bandwidth estimation and the backup multi-path routing strategy, proposed bandwidth estimation based multi-path QoS routing protocol QB-AODVM based on AODVM. Simulation analysis proved that QB-AODVM has good QoS performance.
The main contribution of this paper is to propose two Ad Hoc wireless bandwidth estimation algorithm, combined with multi-path routing protocol and used for Ad Hoc network QoS guarantee to ensure the bandwidth requirement. This paper provided a idea in Ad Hoc network QoS routing, also laid a foundation of research.
(1)分析了影响Ad Hoc网络无线链路质量的因素,探讨了无线链路带宽的表示方法,对当前Ad Hoc无线链路带宽探测算法做了深入研究,分别从主动探测和被动探测两种角度,提出了基于捎带传输的PBBE链路带宽探测算法,以及基于信道空闲时间的LBE链路带宽探测算法,通过数学推导和仿真验证了PBBE算法和LBE算法都比基础算法有较大改进,同时,LBE算法比PBBE进一步提高了链路带宽探测的准确性。
(2)分析了无线Ad Hoc网络多路径的特点,以多路径路由协议AODVM为基础,着重比较分析了多路并行使用和备份路由的两种多路径使用策略,通过仿真分析得出了多路并行使用策略在Ad Hoc中没有优势的结论,从而选择实现相对简单的备份路由方式作为多路径的使用策略,为多径QoS路由协议的设计奠定基础。
(3)结合本文提出的无线链路带宽探测算法以及使用备份方式的多路径策略,以AODVM为基础进行改进,提出了一种新的基于链路探测的多路径QoS路由协议QB-AODVM。并通过仿真分析,验证了QB-AODVM协议具有良好的QoS性能。
本文的主要贡献在于提出了两种较准确Ad Hoc无线链路带宽探测算法,并将其中一种算法结合多路径路由协议应用于Ad Hoc网络QoS保障中,保证有带宽需求业务的QoS。为Ad Hoc网络QoS路由的研究提供了一种思路,并奠定了一定的研究基础。
Wireless Ad Hoc Network has a broad application prospect in the military and emergency network communication because of its flexible and easy to construction characteristic. However, Ad Hoc networks use shared wireless channel, the resources are limited, how to use the scarce wireless resources more effectively to improve network performance, and how to provide QoS for high-level services, has been a research hotspot. The premise of efficient use of wireless resources is to estimate the wireless link status in time and accurately. This paper analyzed the existing Ad Hoc networks bandwidth estimation algorithm, proposed a accurate estimation algorithm, combined with Ad Hoc network multi-path routing strategy, proposed a wireless bandwidth estimation based Ad Hoc multi-path QoS routing protocol. Specific studies are as follows:
(1) This paper analyzed the factor that impact the quality of Ad Hoc network link and the presentation of Ad Hoc network bandwidth, studied the existing active and passive estimation method as a basis for improvement, proposed a piggyback based PBBE bandwidth estimation algorithm, this paper also proposed a idle time based LBE algorithm as improvement. Through mathematical derivation and simulation proved that this algorithm further improved the estimation accuracy compared with PBBE.
(2) After the analysis of the characteristics of Ad Hoc multi-path routing protocols, this paper focused on the comparing of parallel transmit strategy and backup strategy based on AODVM, and obtained the conclusion that there is no advantage with parallel strategy in Ad Hoc networks. This conclusion is the foundation for multi-path QoS routing protocol design.
(3) This paper also combined the wireless link bandwidth estimation and the backup multi-path routing strategy, proposed bandwidth estimation based multi-path QoS routing protocol QB-AODVM based on AODVM. Simulation analysis proved that QB-AODVM has good QoS performance.
The main contribution of this paper is to propose two Ad Hoc wireless bandwidth estimation algorithm, combined with multi-path routing protocol and used for Ad Hoc network QoS guarantee to ensure the bandwidth requirement. This paper provided a idea in Ad Hoc network QoS routing, also laid a foundation of research.
引文
[1]余宏毅等,无线移动自组织网.北京:人民邮电出版社,2006.
[2] IEEE 802.11 WC.Information technology-telecommunications and information Exchange between systems-local and metropolitan area networks-specific Requirements. Part 11: wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications.
[3] C.E. Perkins, P. Bhagwat. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computer. Computer Comm. Rev., October 1994, pp.234-244.
[4] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, S. Das. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing. RFC 3561, July 2003
[5] D. Johnson, Y. Hu, D. Maltz. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for IPv4. RFC4728, February 2007
[6] Hass Z J, Pearlman M R, Samar P. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). IETF Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-zrp-04.txt, July 2002
[7] Qi Xue, Aura Ganz. Ad hoc Qos on-demand routing (AQOR) in mobile ad hoc networks.[J].J.Parallel Distrib. Comput. 2003; Pages: 154-165.
[8] Raghupathy Sivakumar, Prasun Sinha, Vaduvur Bharghavan. CEDAR: A Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing Algorithm. IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, 1999:17(8): 1454-1465.
[9] Shu Wang L, Yang Y T, Dong O W W, Zhang L F. Adaptive Multipath Source Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE International Conference on Communications, Helsinki, Finland: 2001: 867.
[10] Lei Chen, Wendi B. Heinzelman. Qos-Aware Routing Based on Bandwidth Estimation for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.[J].Selected Areas in Communication, IEEE Journal, 2005, Volume 23 Issue 3; Pages: 561-572.
[11] Heung Ki Lee, Varrian Hall, Ki Hwan Yum, Kyoung Ill Kim and Eun Jung Kim. Bandwidth estimation in wireless Lans for Multimedia streaming services.[J].Advances in Multimedia, 2007, Volume 2007, Issue 1 (January 2007); Pages: 9-9.
[12] K. Lakshiminarayanan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and J.Padhye, Bandwidth Estimation in BroadbandAccess Networks, in IMC, 2004.
[13] M. Davis,“A Wireless Traffic Probe for Radio Resource Management and QoS Provisioning in IEEE 802.11 WLANs,”in Proc. of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, 2004.
[14] Wang Lei,Zhang Lianfang ShuYantai. MultiPath source routing in wireless ad hoc networks. In: Proe. Of Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2000:497~483.
[15] S J Lee, M Gerla, Split Multi-Path Routing with Maximaly Disjoint Paths in Ad Hoc Networks[A]. ICC’01[C].2001
[16] Mateen Wajahat, Raza Saqib, Uzmi Zartash A. Adaptive multi-path on-demand routing in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings-Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Object Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing, ISORC 2005, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Enginers Inc. 2003:260~269.
[17] Mahesh K.Marina, Samir R.Das. On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks. Network Protocols, 2001. Ninth International Conference. 2001.
[18] Zhenqiang Ye, SrikanthV. Krishnamurthy, Satish K. Tripathi. A Framework for Reliable Routing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE INFOCOM. 2003
[19] K Xu, M Gerla, S bae. How effective is the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS handshake in ad hoc networks. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2002.
[20]于斌,孙斌,温暖等.NS2与网络模拟.北京:人民有电出版社,2007:89-9.
[21]郑四海,李腊元. Ad Hoc网络的QoS路由协议与NS2仿真研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉理工大学,2008.
[22] Kui Wu and Janelle Harms, On-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.
[23] M. R. Pearlman, Z. J. Haas, P. Sholander, and S. S. Tabrizi,“On the Impact of Alternate Path Routing for Load Balancing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,”Proc. ACM MobiHoc, 2000.
[24] D. Saha, S. Roy, S. Bandyopadhyay, T. Ueda and S. Tanaka,“An Adaptive Framework for Multipath Routing via Maximally Zone-Disjoint Shortest Paths in Ad hoc Wireless Networks with Directional Antenna”, Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM 2003.
[25] Pham Peter P.,Perreau Sylvie. Performance analysis of shortest path and multi-path routing mechanicsm with load balance. In:Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM. Institute of Eletrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.,2003:251~259.
[26] Xuhui Hu, Yang Liu, Myung J.Lee, Tarek N. Saadawi. Decoupled Multipath Structure forThroughput Enhancement in Wireless Mesh Networks. In:Proceedings of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC. 2006.
[27] I.D.Chakeres and E.M.Belding-Royer. Perceptive admission control for mobile wireless networks. In Processdings of the First International Conference on Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Wired/Wireless Networks (QShine), TX, October 2004.
[28] Thomas Staub, Stefan Ott and Torsten Braun. Experimental Evaluation of Multi-Path Routing in a Wireless Mesh Network Inside a Building. Electronic Communications of the EASST Volume 17 (2009).
[29] Y. Yang and R. Kravets. Contention-Aware Admission Control for Ad Hoc Networks. Technical Report 2003-2337, University of Illionis at Urbana-Champaign, April 2003.
[30] I. Chakeres and E. Belding-Royer. PAC: Perceptive Admission Control for Mobile Wireless Networks. In QShine, Dallas, TX, October 2004.
[31] Kimaya Sanzgiri, Ian D. Chakeres and Elizabeth M. Belding-Royer. Determining Intra-Flow Contention along Multihop Paths in Wireless Networks.
[2] IEEE 802.11 WC.Information technology-telecommunications and information Exchange between systems-local and metropolitan area networks-specific Requirements. Part 11: wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications.
[3] C.E. Perkins, P. Bhagwat. Highly Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector Routing (DSDV) for Mobile Computer. Computer Comm. Rev., October 1994, pp.234-244.
[4] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, S. Das. Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing. RFC 3561, July 2003
[5] D. Johnson, Y. Hu, D. Maltz. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for IPv4. RFC4728, February 2007
[6] Hass Z J, Pearlman M R, Samar P. Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP). IETF Internet Draft, draft-ietf-manet-zrp-04.txt, July 2002
[7] Qi Xue, Aura Ganz. Ad hoc Qos on-demand routing (AQOR) in mobile ad hoc networks.[J].J.Parallel Distrib. Comput. 2003; Pages: 154-165.
[8] Raghupathy Sivakumar, Prasun Sinha, Vaduvur Bharghavan. CEDAR: A Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing Algorithm. IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, 1999:17(8): 1454-1465.
[9] Shu Wang L, Yang Y T, Dong O W W, Zhang L F. Adaptive Multipath Source Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Communications, IEEE International Conference on Communications, Helsinki, Finland: 2001: 867.
[10] Lei Chen, Wendi B. Heinzelman. Qos-Aware Routing Based on Bandwidth Estimation for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.[J].Selected Areas in Communication, IEEE Journal, 2005, Volume 23 Issue 3; Pages: 561-572.
[11] Heung Ki Lee, Varrian Hall, Ki Hwan Yum, Kyoung Ill Kim and Eun Jung Kim. Bandwidth estimation in wireless Lans for Multimedia streaming services.[J].Advances in Multimedia, 2007, Volume 2007, Issue 1 (January 2007); Pages: 9-9.
[12] K. Lakshiminarayanan, V. N. Padmanabhan, and J.Padhye, Bandwidth Estimation in BroadbandAccess Networks, in IMC, 2004.
[13] M. Davis,“A Wireless Traffic Probe for Radio Resource Management and QoS Provisioning in IEEE 802.11 WLANs,”in Proc. of the 7th ACM International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems, 2004.
[14] Wang Lei,Zhang Lianfang ShuYantai. MultiPath source routing in wireless ad hoc networks. In: Proe. Of Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2000:497~483.
[15] S J Lee, M Gerla, Split Multi-Path Routing with Maximaly Disjoint Paths in Ad Hoc Networks[A]. ICC’01[C].2001
[16] Mateen Wajahat, Raza Saqib, Uzmi Zartash A. Adaptive multi-path on-demand routing in mobile ad hoc networks. In: Proceedings-Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Object Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing, ISORC 2005, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Enginers Inc. 2003:260~269.
[17] Mahesh K.Marina, Samir R.Das. On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks. Network Protocols, 2001. Ninth International Conference. 2001.
[18] Zhenqiang Ye, SrikanthV. Krishnamurthy, Satish K. Tripathi. A Framework for Reliable Routing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE INFOCOM. 2003
[19] K Xu, M Gerla, S bae. How effective is the IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS handshake in ad hoc networks. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference, 2002.
[20]于斌,孙斌,温暖等.NS2与网络模拟.北京:人民有电出版社,2007:89-9.
[21]郑四海,李腊元. Ad Hoc网络的QoS路由协议与NS2仿真研究.[硕士学位论文].武汉理工大学,2008.
[22] Kui Wu and Janelle Harms, On-Demand Multipath Routing for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.
[23] M. R. Pearlman, Z. J. Haas, P. Sholander, and S. S. Tabrizi,“On the Impact of Alternate Path Routing for Load Balancing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks,”Proc. ACM MobiHoc, 2000.
[24] D. Saha, S. Roy, S. Bandyopadhyay, T. Ueda and S. Tanaka,“An Adaptive Framework for Multipath Routing via Maximally Zone-Disjoint Shortest Paths in Ad hoc Wireless Networks with Directional Antenna”, Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM 2003.
[25] Pham Peter P.,Perreau Sylvie. Performance analysis of shortest path and multi-path routing mechanicsm with load balance. In:Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM. Institute of Eletrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.,2003:251~259.
[26] Xuhui Hu, Yang Liu, Myung J.Lee, Tarek N. Saadawi. Decoupled Multipath Structure forThroughput Enhancement in Wireless Mesh Networks. In:Proceedings of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the WCNC. 2006.
[27] I.D.Chakeres and E.M.Belding-Royer. Perceptive admission control for mobile wireless networks. In Processdings of the First International Conference on Quality of Service in Heterogeneous Wired/Wireless Networks (QShine), TX, October 2004.
[28] Thomas Staub, Stefan Ott and Torsten Braun. Experimental Evaluation of Multi-Path Routing in a Wireless Mesh Network Inside a Building. Electronic Communications of the EASST Volume 17 (2009).
[29] Y. Yang and R. Kravets. Contention-Aware Admission Control for Ad Hoc Networks. Technical Report 2003-2337, University of Illionis at Urbana-Champaign, April 2003.
[30] I. Chakeres and E. Belding-Royer. PAC: Perceptive Admission Control for Mobile Wireless Networks. In QShine, Dallas, TX, October 2004.
[31] Kimaya Sanzgiri, Ian D. Chakeres and Elizabeth M. Belding-Royer. Determining Intra-Flow Contention along Multihop Paths in Wireless Networks.