低仰角下宽带地空通信研究
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摘要
随着航空平台的不断发展,宽带地空通信的需求迅速增长,建立多种数据传输链路来满足各种不同的航空平台执行不同任务的需求,是一项迫在眉睫的重要任务。作为宽带通信网的节点,飞行器载荷通常需要具有数据采集、交换与分发等多种功能,其中的关键环节是宽带地空链路。
地空通信系统在地面站天线仰角较低时,由于地物反射的多径效应显得很严重,即多径时延很大,大到几百个符号周期,多普勒效应显著,使信道参数快速时变。这是因为传输距离很大,加之飞行器的运动速度通常比地面车辆要快得多。这些因素使这种多径效应具有快速时变的频率选择性衰落特点,因此这种条件下的抗多径衰落传输是一个具有挑战性的难题。
为了探索最适合宽带地空通信的抗多径传输方法,本文针对宽带地空通信的特点,建立了低仰角下的地空信道模型;深入分析了目前宽带移动通信中的抗多径技术用于低仰角宽带地空通信的局限性,提出了适合宽带地空通信的传输新体制,将滤波器组频域均衡技术(FB-FDE)作为核心技术应用到宽带地空通信系统中,理论分析和仿真验证表明它具有一定的优越性,并且易于工程实现。同时针对地空通信中应用FB-FDE技术所涉及到的信道估计、多址接入以及窄带干扰抑制等相关问题,开展了一系列的研究工作。论文的主要创新点如下:
1.对地空信道低仰角下的宽带信道模型的建模方法进行了系统的分析和论述,在综合考虑莱斯因子的大小、信道时变特性、方位时延功率谱分布、多普勒扩展功率谱特性以及天线的相关性等因素的基础上,提出了一种莱斯衰落信道模型;并给出了地空信道的仿真方法和仿真结果,以便对模型进行评价。
2.在分析OFDM和SC-FDE系统的传输机制和原理的基础上,指出这两种技术应用于地空通信系统中抗多径传输存在一定的局限性,进而提出了一种基于滤波器组频域均衡的传输系统方案,其中在滤波器组原型滤波器的设计和信号重构方法方面有所创新。在研究FB-FDE方法及其实现中,提出了一种同步方法和一种接收分集算法。通过理论分析和仿真实验,对基于本文所提出方法的FB-FDE系统与常规SC-FDE系统进行了性能对比研究,其结果能够验证FB-FDE技术作为宽带地空通信的核心技术的可行性。
3.本文的分析表明,FB-FDE系统在信道时变适应性方面明显优于SC-FDE或OFDM系统,但是如果FB-FDE系统中采用常规的LMS算法,由于其收敛速度较慢,难以充分发挥FB-FDE的优势以便跟踪地空信道的快速变化。如果代之以采用RLS算法,虽然其收敛速度快,但是其计算复杂度太高( O ( M 2)量级)。本文提出了一种快速RLS信道估计自适应均衡算法用于FB-FDE系统,其中RLS算法的改进,不仅显著加快了收敛速度,而且计算复杂度也大幅度降低,达到与LMS算法同一数量级。分析和仿真表明,这种改进的RLS算法能够保证系统性能,并且可以推广应用于SC-FDE系统。
4.针对宽带地空通信中一个地面站和多个飞行器或多个地面站和一个飞行器构成通信网络的两种需求,提出了一种基于星型网络拓扑结构的多址接入组网方案;其外向链路为同步传输链路,采用基于FB-FDE的M元多码扩频多址复用方式,具有较好的信道效率和信道动态时变适应能力;其内向链路为异步传输链路,采用正交码分复用技术和FB-FDE相结合的方式,使得系统具有良好的传输特性,同时还提出了一种采用分组编码方法改善正交码分复用系统误码性能的方法。
5.文中分析了FB-FDE系统和SC-FDE系统结合窄带干扰抑制技术的抗干扰效果,仿真验证表明,前者具有更好的性能。
本文还在总结所提宽带地空通信方案研究结果的基础上,指出了进一步工程实现的努力方向。
With the development of the aviation terrace, the demands for wideband ground-air communications are rapidly increasing. It is an urgent and important task to build several data transmission links to satisfy the requirement of various missions executed by many kinds of aviation terraces. As a node of a wideband communication network, aircraft payload needs various functions, such as relay,repeat/forward, resource scheduling, data switching and data distribution, etc., where the key technique is the wideband ground-air link.
When the elevation of the antenna in the ground station is very low, the multipath effect, resulted from the reflection of ground surface features, appears to be serious, multipath time delay is rather large (hundreds of symbol periods), and the Doppler effect is remarkable. This is because that its transmission distance is very large and the moving speed of the aircraft is much greater than that of the vehicle. Therefore, its multi-path fading is characterized as fast varying frequency selective, so that anti-fading transmission in this case is a challenging issue.
For the sake of exploring the most suitable method for anti-multipath transmitting in a wideband ground-air communication with low elevation, this dissertation proposes a model of ground-air channels to reflect their characteristics. After analyzing the limitations of the existing anti-multipath techniques, which are commonly used in the conventional wideband mobile communications, a novel transmission scheme is proposed, where the Filter Banks for Frequency Domain Equalization (FB-FDE) is employed as the kernel technique for anti-multipath fading. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments show that the FB-FDE scheme behaves well and less complexity for engineering implementation. Besides, the dissertation researches on several issues involved in the FB-FDE applied to such cases, such as channel estimation, multiple access and narrowband interference (NBI) suppressing, etc. The author’s main contributions are as follows.
1. The dissertation discusses the methodology about modeling the channel of wideband ground-air communications with low elevation, and proposes a Rice fading channel model by synthetically considering several factors, such as Rice factor, the time-variation of the channel parameters, the power spectrum distribution of azimuth and time delay, the Doppler spreading spectrum property as well as the correlation between multiple antennas. Moreover, the channel model simulating method and some simulation results are given for its evaluation.
2. After analyzing the transmission mechanism and principle of OFDM and SC-FDE systems, the dissertation indicates the limitations of the two techniques applied to anti-multipath fading in the wideband ground-air communication. A scheme of transmission systems based on FB-FDE is proposed, where the prototype filter design as well as the signal reproducing is novel. In researching on FB-FDE and its implementation, a synchronization method and a diversity reception algorithm are proposed. Through theoretical analysis and simulation experiments, the performance of the proposed FB-FDE system and the conventional SC-FDE system are compared, which can validate the feasibility of the FB-FDE to be applied to the wideband ground-air communication as a kernel technique.
3. After theoretical analyzing, the dissertation indicates that the FB-BDE system over-performs the conventional SC-FDE or OFDM systems in the ability adaptive to rapid variation of the channel. However, the FB-FDE system can not exert its superiority if it is combined with Least Mean Squares (LMS) adaptive algorithm because of LMS’s slow convergence. If Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm instead of LMS is employed to the FB-FDE system, its computational complexity is too high( O ( M 2)grade) although it has faster convergence. In the dissertation, a modified RLS algorithm is proposed and applied to FB-FDE system, where the RLS not only has much faster convergence performance than LMS, but also has very low implementation complexity to be similar as LMS. Analysis and simulations show that the modified RLS algorithm can guarantee the performance of the system; moreover, it can also be applied to SC-FDE system.
4. A multiple access and networking scheme based on star-shape topology is proposed, which can satisfy two kinds of requirements for ground-air communications in networking, where the one is composed of multiple ground stations with one aircraft-loaded hub station, the other is composed of multiple aircraft-loaded terminals with one hub ground station. In the proposed system, the forward link is an synchronous transmission link, using FB-FDE based M-ary multi-codes spreading multi-access mode, and it has good performance in channel efficiency and dynamic adaptive ability for channel variation; while the reverse link is a asynchronous transmission link based on Orthogonal Code Division Multiplexing(OCDM) combined with FB-FDE, and a novel block coding method for improving transmission performance of the OCDM is also proposed.
5. Through analyzing the performance of suppressing narrowband interference of two systems, i.e. FB-FDE and SC-FDE systems when they are combined with a similar NBI suppressing method, the dissertation indicates that the former has stronger NBI suppressing ability than the latter.
Finally, the dissertation summarizes the research results and indicates some issues which worth further endeavor in engineering realization.
地空通信系统在地面站天线仰角较低时,由于地物反射的多径效应显得很严重,即多径时延很大,大到几百个符号周期,多普勒效应显著,使信道参数快速时变。这是因为传输距离很大,加之飞行器的运动速度通常比地面车辆要快得多。这些因素使这种多径效应具有快速时变的频率选择性衰落特点,因此这种条件下的抗多径衰落传输是一个具有挑战性的难题。
为了探索最适合宽带地空通信的抗多径传输方法,本文针对宽带地空通信的特点,建立了低仰角下的地空信道模型;深入分析了目前宽带移动通信中的抗多径技术用于低仰角宽带地空通信的局限性,提出了适合宽带地空通信的传输新体制,将滤波器组频域均衡技术(FB-FDE)作为核心技术应用到宽带地空通信系统中,理论分析和仿真验证表明它具有一定的优越性,并且易于工程实现。同时针对地空通信中应用FB-FDE技术所涉及到的信道估计、多址接入以及窄带干扰抑制等相关问题,开展了一系列的研究工作。论文的主要创新点如下:
1.对地空信道低仰角下的宽带信道模型的建模方法进行了系统的分析和论述,在综合考虑莱斯因子的大小、信道时变特性、方位时延功率谱分布、多普勒扩展功率谱特性以及天线的相关性等因素的基础上,提出了一种莱斯衰落信道模型;并给出了地空信道的仿真方法和仿真结果,以便对模型进行评价。
2.在分析OFDM和SC-FDE系统的传输机制和原理的基础上,指出这两种技术应用于地空通信系统中抗多径传输存在一定的局限性,进而提出了一种基于滤波器组频域均衡的传输系统方案,其中在滤波器组原型滤波器的设计和信号重构方法方面有所创新。在研究FB-FDE方法及其实现中,提出了一种同步方法和一种接收分集算法。通过理论分析和仿真实验,对基于本文所提出方法的FB-FDE系统与常规SC-FDE系统进行了性能对比研究,其结果能够验证FB-FDE技术作为宽带地空通信的核心技术的可行性。
3.本文的分析表明,FB-FDE系统在信道时变适应性方面明显优于SC-FDE或OFDM系统,但是如果FB-FDE系统中采用常规的LMS算法,由于其收敛速度较慢,难以充分发挥FB-FDE的优势以便跟踪地空信道的快速变化。如果代之以采用RLS算法,虽然其收敛速度快,但是其计算复杂度太高( O ( M 2)量级)。本文提出了一种快速RLS信道估计自适应均衡算法用于FB-FDE系统,其中RLS算法的改进,不仅显著加快了收敛速度,而且计算复杂度也大幅度降低,达到与LMS算法同一数量级。分析和仿真表明,这种改进的RLS算法能够保证系统性能,并且可以推广应用于SC-FDE系统。
4.针对宽带地空通信中一个地面站和多个飞行器或多个地面站和一个飞行器构成通信网络的两种需求,提出了一种基于星型网络拓扑结构的多址接入组网方案;其外向链路为同步传输链路,采用基于FB-FDE的M元多码扩频多址复用方式,具有较好的信道效率和信道动态时变适应能力;其内向链路为异步传输链路,采用正交码分复用技术和FB-FDE相结合的方式,使得系统具有良好的传输特性,同时还提出了一种采用分组编码方法改善正交码分复用系统误码性能的方法。
5.文中分析了FB-FDE系统和SC-FDE系统结合窄带干扰抑制技术的抗干扰效果,仿真验证表明,前者具有更好的性能。
本文还在总结所提宽带地空通信方案研究结果的基础上,指出了进一步工程实现的努力方向。
With the development of the aviation terrace, the demands for wideband ground-air communications are rapidly increasing. It is an urgent and important task to build several data transmission links to satisfy the requirement of various missions executed by many kinds of aviation terraces. As a node of a wideband communication network, aircraft payload needs various functions, such as relay,repeat/forward, resource scheduling, data switching and data distribution, etc., where the key technique is the wideband ground-air link.
When the elevation of the antenna in the ground station is very low, the multipath effect, resulted from the reflection of ground surface features, appears to be serious, multipath time delay is rather large (hundreds of symbol periods), and the Doppler effect is remarkable. This is because that its transmission distance is very large and the moving speed of the aircraft is much greater than that of the vehicle. Therefore, its multi-path fading is characterized as fast varying frequency selective, so that anti-fading transmission in this case is a challenging issue.
For the sake of exploring the most suitable method for anti-multipath transmitting in a wideband ground-air communication with low elevation, this dissertation proposes a model of ground-air channels to reflect their characteristics. After analyzing the limitations of the existing anti-multipath techniques, which are commonly used in the conventional wideband mobile communications, a novel transmission scheme is proposed, where the Filter Banks for Frequency Domain Equalization (FB-FDE) is employed as the kernel technique for anti-multipath fading. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments show that the FB-FDE scheme behaves well and less complexity for engineering implementation. Besides, the dissertation researches on several issues involved in the FB-FDE applied to such cases, such as channel estimation, multiple access and narrowband interference (NBI) suppressing, etc. The author’s main contributions are as follows.
1. The dissertation discusses the methodology about modeling the channel of wideband ground-air communications with low elevation, and proposes a Rice fading channel model by synthetically considering several factors, such as Rice factor, the time-variation of the channel parameters, the power spectrum distribution of azimuth and time delay, the Doppler spreading spectrum property as well as the correlation between multiple antennas. Moreover, the channel model simulating method and some simulation results are given for its evaluation.
2. After analyzing the transmission mechanism and principle of OFDM and SC-FDE systems, the dissertation indicates the limitations of the two techniques applied to anti-multipath fading in the wideband ground-air communication. A scheme of transmission systems based on FB-FDE is proposed, where the prototype filter design as well as the signal reproducing is novel. In researching on FB-FDE and its implementation, a synchronization method and a diversity reception algorithm are proposed. Through theoretical analysis and simulation experiments, the performance of the proposed FB-FDE system and the conventional SC-FDE system are compared, which can validate the feasibility of the FB-FDE to be applied to the wideband ground-air communication as a kernel technique.
3. After theoretical analyzing, the dissertation indicates that the FB-BDE system over-performs the conventional SC-FDE or OFDM systems in the ability adaptive to rapid variation of the channel. However, the FB-FDE system can not exert its superiority if it is combined with Least Mean Squares (LMS) adaptive algorithm because of LMS’s slow convergence. If Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm instead of LMS is employed to the FB-FDE system, its computational complexity is too high( O ( M 2)grade) although it has faster convergence. In the dissertation, a modified RLS algorithm is proposed and applied to FB-FDE system, where the RLS not only has much faster convergence performance than LMS, but also has very low implementation complexity to be similar as LMS. Analysis and simulations show that the modified RLS algorithm can guarantee the performance of the system; moreover, it can also be applied to SC-FDE system.
4. A multiple access and networking scheme based on star-shape topology is proposed, which can satisfy two kinds of requirements for ground-air communications in networking, where the one is composed of multiple ground stations with one aircraft-loaded hub station, the other is composed of multiple aircraft-loaded terminals with one hub ground station. In the proposed system, the forward link is an synchronous transmission link, using FB-FDE based M-ary multi-codes spreading multi-access mode, and it has good performance in channel efficiency and dynamic adaptive ability for channel variation; while the reverse link is a asynchronous transmission link based on Orthogonal Code Division Multiplexing(OCDM) combined with FB-FDE, and a novel block coding method for improving transmission performance of the OCDM is also proposed.
5. Through analyzing the performance of suppressing narrowband interference of two systems, i.e. FB-FDE and SC-FDE systems when they are combined with a similar NBI suppressing method, the dissertation indicates that the former has stronger NBI suppressing ability than the latter.
Finally, the dissertation summarizes the research results and indicates some issues which worth further endeavor in engineering realization.
引文
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